Language: <mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="ro">
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      <text bytes="491" sha1="mq9n4ix79ym73onq4lms2c8m5h8p5gj" xml:space="preserve">'''Programul Wiki a fost instalat cu succes.'''

Consultați [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents Ghidul utilizatorului (en)] pentru informații despre utilizarea software-ului wiki.

== Primii pași ==
* [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Configuration_settings Lista parametrilor configurabili (en)]
* [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ Întrebări frecvente despre MediaWiki (en)]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce Lista de discuții a MediaWiki (en)]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2</id>
      <parentid>1</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T18:23:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
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      <origin>2</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3327" sha1="4xmyu646tj1j21km9f89zuqqj7om4so" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Welcome to the [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;For all your Bitcoin information needs.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles. Anti-spam protection from [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|This wiki]] is maintained by the Bitcoin community.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Frontpage]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forums]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Why&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Reasons}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Other pages ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

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      <contributor>
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        <id>2</id>
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      <origin>9</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3329" sha1="rfvgxqtgjkd6hpl4c5njjrmnfchyhma" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Welcome to the [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;For all your Bitcoin information needs.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles. Anti-spam protection from [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|This wiki]] is maintained by the Bitcoin community.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Frontpage]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forums]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Reasons}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Other pages ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

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        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>10</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3332" sha1="bzcot4guskqmay28d6n1wkyiuto10hm" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Welcome to the [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;For all your Bitcoin information needs.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles. Anti-spam protection from [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Frontpage]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forums]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Other pages ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3331" sha1="tfc5zm1rx0wqa7qnxk450aynnzd1pw8" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Buna venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;For all your Bitcoin information needs.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles. Anti-spam protection from [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Frontpage]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forums]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Other pages ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

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      <parentid>12</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2</id>
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      <origin>13</origin>
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| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Frontpage]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forums]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[IRC channels|Chatrooms]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Other pages ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

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      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:10:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>14</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3336" sha1="cerb4n36to6gx4z603ujn7irv7niy7e" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forumuri]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Other pages ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentation on wiki editing.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Information on this site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>14</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>15</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3346" sha1="d0yfhmjiv0n4urnu64z17qpedzgflp2" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forumuri]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.
[[de:Hauptseite]]
[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]
[[it:Pagina principale]]
[[pl:Strona główna]]
[[ru:Заглавная страница]]
[[zh-cn:首页]]
[[ro:Pagina principală]]

__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>16</id>
      <parentid>15</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:12:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>16</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3155" sha1="7621br9e2eddqgxis17unfzc9ezn1vl" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forumuri]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Topic central&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Topics}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>17</id>
      <parentid>16</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:13:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>17</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3163" sha1="p1ya5rk9wcyfssi2ems9txezk9q1d9t" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forumuri]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


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        <id>2</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3315" sha1="a7itteta8wku6pvtkmekpq5nsjo5m9v" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forumuri]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;FAQ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_FAQ}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


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      <id>20</id>
      <parentid>19</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>20</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3337" sha1="h6znzl8hq4erjh2k1oe0nl9fzodwmjd" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Forumuri]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebari frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>35</id>
      <parentid>20</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T01:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>35</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3392" sha1="5l8uazql5lcsf2pz8oj3pql6qyj1jvk" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Aceasta Wiki]] este intretinuta de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk Romania]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebari frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>63</id>
      <parentid>35</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-23T16:31:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>63</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3389" sha1="apbzef3md3czfpdtn1pvlfwabssepmv" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este intretinut de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk Romania]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebari frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122</id>
      <parentid>63</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:05:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3390" sha1="9d07oje0r2l8h1ptmfxg76brr57yfkw" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informatie legata de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protectie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este intretinut de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Prima Pagina]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk Romania]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>9d07oje0r2l8h1ptmfxg76brr57yfkw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>125</id>
      <parentid>122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:11:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tot diacritice(+schimbat din Prima Pagina in Bitcoin.org)</comment>
      <origin>125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3395" sha1="7mf6n6co18eqkpo9vj93mw9jblq8qim" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentatie necesara editarii wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informatii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>126</id>
      <parentid>125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:13:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3399" sha1="pez7zhw88t2wwlt87bnqlpkjuxzqsyy" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Help]]''' - Documentaţie necesară editării wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|About]]''' - Informaţii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>pez7zhw88t2wwlt87bnqlpkjuxzqsyy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>127</id>
      <parentid>126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:14:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3415" sha1="2tue3y9uxcvkd1plkf8tbo92oi6otg5" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Ajutor]]''' - Documentaţie necesară editării wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|Despre Bitcoin Wiki]]''' - Informaţii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>2tue3y9uxcvkd1plkf8tbo92oi6otg5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>144</id>
      <parentid>127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T03:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3424" sha1="kej7alb7xhrjp8sohj2380op27416py" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[BitcoinPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin România.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Ajutor]]''' - Documentaţie necesară editării wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|Despre Bitcoin Wiki]]''' - Informaţii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>kej7alb7xhrjp8sohj2380op27416py</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>195</id>
      <parentid>144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-03-22T22:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se renunta la BitcoinPayment in favoarea CryptoPayment, noua solutie de verificare bitcoin.it ce nu se foloseste de MtGox.</comment>
      <origin>195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3423" sha1="t47kks208yvurkdwtflwi2lfx73q0ye" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[CryptoPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''[[:Category:Stubs|Acest Wiki]] este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin România.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Ajutor]]''' - Documentaţie necesară editării wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|Despre Bitcoin Wiki]]''' - Informaţii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>t47kks208yvurkdwtflwi2lfx73q0ye</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197</id>
      <parentid>195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-03-22T23:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Inlaturat link nefolositor.</comment>
      <origin>197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3403" sha1="8r81oll6rjqj4gfsnt9cmwnlnq1mrvq" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[CryptoPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''Acest Wiki este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin România.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Ajutor]]''' - Documentaţie necesară editării wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|Despre Bitcoin Wiki]]''' - Informaţii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>8r81oll6rjqj4gfsnt9cmwnlnq1mrvq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>202</id>
      <parentid>197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-05-21T23:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Schimbat linkul de la Bitcointalk cu noul link: https://bitcointalk.org/ro + Adaugat link catre versiunea in romana a site-ului bitcoin.org, anume bitcoin.org/ro. Multumesc tuturor!</comment>
      <origin>202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3387" sha1="dj4ccdz4w8tu1ctmp8osqhstm6i7aai" xml:space="preserve">{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f6f6f6; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ddd;"
| style="width:61%; color:#000;" |
&lt;!--        "WELCOME TO BITCOIN" AND ARTICLE COUNT        --&gt;
{| style="width:100%; border:none; background:none;"
| style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
&lt;div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"&gt;Bun venit la [[Bitcoin]] wiki,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;"&gt;Pentru orice informaţie legată de Bitcoin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articole. Protecţie anti-spam prin [[CryptoPayment]]&lt;/div&gt;
'''Acest Wiki este întreţinut de comunitatea Bitcoin România.'''
|}
&lt;!--        PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE        --&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://bitcoin.org/ro Bitcoin.org]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[https://bitcointalk.org/ro BitcoinTalk România]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[[Canale IRC|Canale IRC]]&lt;/span&gt;
| style="width:13%; font-size:120%; padding-right: 40px;" |
* &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/bitcoin-romania #bitcoin-romania]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

&lt;!--        TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW        --&gt;
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:6px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
{| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px;" | &lt;h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;" | &lt;div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px"&gt;{{MainPage_Intro}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#e9caef; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;De ce&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-dyk"&gt;{{MainPage_Motive}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
&lt;!--        IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY        --&gt;
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f6e5f1; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f6e5f1;"
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Articole importante&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Articole}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! style="padding:2px" | &lt;h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#efc1e2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"&gt;Intrebări frecvente&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | &lt;div id="mp-otd"&gt;{{MainPage_Intrebari}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}


== Alte pagini ==

* '''[[mw:Help:Formatting|Ajutor]]''' - Documentaţie necesară editării wiki.
* '''[[Bitcoin.it Wiki|Despre Bitcoin Wiki]]''' - Informaţii despre acest site.


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>dj4ccdz4w8tu1ctmp8osqhstm6i7aai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:MainPage Intro</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>2</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3</id>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T18:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: '''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu [[sursa deschisa]] pentru folosirea acest...</comment>
      <origin>3</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1990" sha1="2rxz0z9g48410w4keokpyd6lxqe0ncn" xml:space="preserve">'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu [[sursa deschisa]] pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sourced from [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB
|}

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html More Bitcoin Client Software]</text>
      <sha1>2rxz0z9g48410w4keokpyd6lxqe0ncn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4</id>
      <parentid>3</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T18:33:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2046" sha1="mkr3x1fkwxmlabtpmn9omi9qy5qmlzx" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu [[sursa deschisa]] pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB
|}

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alti Clienti Software]</text>
      <sha1>mkr3x1fkwxmlabtpmn9omi9qy5qmlzx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5</id>
      <parentid>4</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T18:35:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>5</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2085" sha1="66fudrfci7o5yi227w19tqfyhxc3kra" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:https://en.bitcoin.it/w/images/en/5/5b/Bitcoin_world_map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu [[sursa deschisa]] pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB
|}

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alti Clienti Software]</text>
      <sha1>66fudrfci7o5yi227w19tqfyhxc3kra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6</id>
      <parentid>5</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T18:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2046" sha1="mkr3x1fkwxmlabtpmn9omi9qy5qmlzx" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu [[sursa deschisa]] pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB
|}

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alti Clienti Software]</text>
      <sha1>mkr3x1fkwxmlabtpmn9omi9qy5qmlzx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>24</id>
      <parentid>6</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:38:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>24</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2032" sha1="p5wcp1s4xkknb24xbpu3xhbprrv8kth" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul opensource pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o bază de date distribuită peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unui ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] 10 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] 14 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] 13 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.1/bitcoin-0.8.1-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] 12 MB
|}

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alti Clienti Software]</text>
      <sha1>p5wcp1s4xkknb24xbpu3xhbprrv8kth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>121</id>
      <parentid>24</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update Pagină Principală</comment>
      <origin>121</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2294" sha1="gn6fsg7b3ehn6xn3qwtovlyk4pyywjf" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul opensource pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o bază de date distribuită peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unui ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] ~12 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] ~14 MB
* [https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin '''Ubuntu(PPA)'''] ~4 MB
* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin '''Source Code(GitHub)''']
|}

[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/SHA256SUMS.asc/view View Release Signatures]

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alţi Clienţi Software]</text>
      <sha1>gn6fsg7b3ehn6xn3qwtovlyk4pyywjf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>168</id>
      <parentid>121</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:16:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2293" sha1="4xqez0g9mlp42ptqkyun4c9rvn4frr5" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul opensource pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o bază de date distribuită peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal(peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unui ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] ~12 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] ~14 MB
* [https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin '''Ubuntu(PPA)'''] ~4 MB
* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin '''Source Code(GitHub)''']
|}

[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/SHA256SUMS.asc/view View Release Signatures]

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alţi Clienţi Software]</text>
      <sha1>4xqez0g9mlp42ptqkyun4c9rvn4frr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>191</id>
      <parentid>168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-03-10T12:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2360" sha1="0dqb64472nksyipi0jwuc5jmmrmnaka" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este un sistem de plată electronică descentralizat și o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu [[sursa deschisa]] pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] ~12 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] ~14 MB
* [https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin '''Ubuntu(PPA)'''] ~4 MB
* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin '''Source Code(GitHub)''']
|}

[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/SHA256SUMS.asc/view View Release Signatures]

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alţi Clienţi Software]</text>
      <sha1>0dqb64472nksyipi0jwuc5jmmrmnaka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>192</id>
      <parentid>191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-03-10T13:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2370" sha1="j813ljb997m4tvqggbat6qdifcd4ccv" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este un sistem de plată electronică descentralizat și o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu sursa deschisă(open source) pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] ~12 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] ~14 MB
* [https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin '''Ubuntu(PPA)'''] ~4 MB
* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin '''Source Code(GitHub)''']
|}

[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/SHA256SUMS.asc/view View Release Signatures]

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alţi Clienţi Software]</text>
      <sha1>j813ljb997m4tvqggbat6qdifcd4ccv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>193</id>
      <parentid>192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-03-10T13:32:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Mici modificari + reparat link-uri.</comment>
      <origin>193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2462" sha1="h2szp1oe91hmdszlxja0emd36bh4dxy" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este un sistem de plată electronică descentralizat și o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu sursa deschisă(open source) pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[wikipedia:ro:Bază de date distribuită|bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[wikipedia:ro:Criptografie|criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[wikipedia:ro:Inflație|inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:ro:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32-setup.exe/download '''Windows (exe)'''] ~12 MB [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-win32.zip/download '''(zip)'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-linux.tar.gz/download '''GNU/Linux'''] ~16 MB
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/bitcoin-0.8.6-macosx.dmg/download '''Mac OS X'''] ~14 MB
* [https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin '''Ubuntu(PPA)'''] ~4 MB
* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin '''Source Code(GitHub)''']
|}

[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/SHA256SUMS.asc/view View Release Signatures]

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alţi Clienţi Software]</text>
      <sha1>h2szp1oe91hmdszlxja0emd36bh4dxy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>194</id>
      <parentid>193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-03-22T22:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Noua versiune.</comment>
      <origin>194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2295" sha1="6vs61uka4go9sp6a1am6ibpy89havxu" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este un sistem de plată electronică descentralizat și o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu sursa deschisă(open source) pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[wikipedia:ro:Bază de date distribuită|bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[wikipedia:ro:Criptografie|criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[wikipedia:ro:Inflație|inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:ro:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

'''Bitcoin-Qt:'''
{|style="background-color: inherit;"
|
* [https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/bitcoin-0.9.0-win32-setup.exe '''Windows (32bit)'''] ~11 MB 
* [https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/bitcoin-0.9.0-win64-setup.exe '''Windows (64bit)'''] ~12 MB
* [https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/bitcoin-0.9.0-linux.tar.gz '''GNU/Linux'''] ~36 MB
* [https://bitcoin.org/bin/0.9.0/bitcoin-0.9.0-macosx.dmg '''Mac OS X'''] ~13 MB
* [https://launchpad.net/~bitcoin/+archive/bitcoin '''Ubuntu(PPA)'''] ~4 MB
* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin '''Source Code(GitHub)''']
|}

[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.8.6/SHA256SUMS.asc/view View Release Signatures]

[http://bitcoin.org/clients.html Alţi Clienţi Software]</text>
      <sha1>6vs61uka4go9sp6a1am6ibpy89havxu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>210</id>
      <parentid>194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-06-03T09:16:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inlaturare linkuri directe de descarcare Bitcoin QT, actualul Bitcoin Core pentru ca erau vechi, in schimb am adaugat pgina de descarcare a ultimei versiuni de pe bitcoin.org.</comment>
      <origin>210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1698" sha1="0cfue8by8brlfuzkaingnigvvj46ydn" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Bitcoin world map.png|left|200px|Bitcoin la nivel global.]]

'''Bitcoin''' este un sistem de plată electronică descentralizat și o monedă digitală creată în 2009 de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Numele Bitcoin se referă de asemenea și la programul cu sursa deschisă(open source) pentru folosirea acestor monede, cât și la rețeaua peer-to-peer (de la egal la egal) pe care acesta o formează. Spre deosebire de majoritatea monedelor, bitcoin nu se bazează pe încrederea într-un emitor central. Bitcoin folosește o [[wikipedia:ro:Bază de date distribuită|bază de date distribuită]] peste noduri ale unei rețele de la egal la egal (peer-to-peer) pentru a inventaria tranzacțiile și se folosește de [[wikipedia:ro:Criptografie|criptografie]] pentru a furniza funcții de bază pentru securitate cum ar fi asigurarea că bitcoinii nu pot fi cheltuiți decât de cel care îi deține și decât o singură dată.

Construcția monedei bitcoin permite deținerea și transferul anonim de valoare. Bitcoinii pot fi salvați pe un computer personal sub forma unu ''fișier portofel'' sau pot fi stocați cu un serviciu de ''portofel'' a unei terțe părți, iar în ambele cazuri bitcoinii pot fi trimiși prin intermediul internetului oricărei persoane cu o ''adresă bitcoin''. Topologia de la egal la egal și lipsa unei administrații centrale fac nefezabil ca o autoritate, guvern , etc. să manipuleze valoarea bitcoin sau să introducă [[wikipedia:ro:Inflație|inflație]] prin producerea lor.

:''Sursa: [[wikipedia:ro:Bitcoin|Wikipedia]].''

Puteti alege un portofel Bitcoin potrivit nevoilor tale aici: [https://bitcoin.org/ro/alege-portofelul Alege un portofel Bitcoin]</text>
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    <title>Fișier:Bitcoin world map.png</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Nodurile Bitcoin cca 2010.</comment>
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      <text bytes="26" sha1="02y369nsrhkq7vxpvttfkfu1w0q5d37" xml:space="preserve">Nodurile Bitcoin cca 2010.</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: * Bitcoins are sent easily through the Internet, without needing to trust any third party. * [[Transactions]]: ** Are irreversible by design ** Are fast. Funds received are availab...</comment>
      <origin>8</origin>
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      <text bytes="584" sha1="8v3gars8hlal5p612lhkrema39zomnk" xml:space="preserve">* Bitcoins are sent easily through the Internet, without needing to trust any third party.
* [[Transactions]]:
** Are irreversible by design
** Are fast. Funds received are available for spending within minutes.
** Cost very little, especially compared to other payment networks.
* The supply of bitcoins is regulated by software and the agreement of users of the system and cannot be manipulated by any government, bank, organization or individual. The limited inflation of the Bitcoin system's money supply is distributed evenly (by CPU power) to miners who help secure the network.</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2</id>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: *Bitcoinii sunt trimisi cu usurinta pe Internet, fara nevoia de incredere intr-o terta parte. * Despre [[Tranzactii]]: ** Sunt ireversibile prin design. ** Sunt rapide. Fondurile p...</comment>
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      <text bytes="487" sha1="k849ostnjdtzsqwdzqh0i3rslv7oiya" xml:space="preserve">*Bitcoinii sunt trimisi cu usurinta pe Internet, fara nevoia de incredere intr-o terta parte.
* Despre [[Tranzactii]]:
** Sunt ireversibile prin design.
** Sunt rapide. Fondurile primite sunt disponibile pentru a fi cheluite in cateva minute.
** Costa foarte putin, in special comparat cu alte retele de plata.
* Numarul de bitcoini este regulat de catre software si de intelegerea dintre utilizatorii sistemului si nu poate fi manipulat de niciun guvern, banca, organizatie sau individ.</text>
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      <comment>Diacritice</comment>
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      <text bytes="520" sha1="6x23oi3zti31o4ofs2nbfiy0ihte0rn" xml:space="preserve">*Bitcoinii sunt trimişi cu uşurinţă pe Internet, fără a fi nevoit să ai încredere într-o terţă parte.
* Despre [[Tranzactii]]:
** Sunt ireversibile prin design.
** Sunt rapide. Fondurile primite sunt disponibile pentru a fi cheluite în câteva minute.
** Costă foarte putin, în special comparat cu alte reţele de plată.
* Numărul de bitcoini este regulat de către software şi de înţelegerea dintre utilizatorii sistemului şi nu poate fi manipulat de niciun guvern, bancă, organizaţie sau individ.</text>
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        <id>2</id>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;!-- Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers. Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii. --&gt;  ...</comment>
      <origin>18</origin>
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      <text bytes="1497" sha1="nkvfcwh3aqk1xf3ls8ezgi5xagchqi9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
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* [[Mining]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
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* [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]
* [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Games]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]]
* [[Meetups]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Topics|action=edit}} '''Edit''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|See More]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1504" sha1="61awnjjtzocyq0aexqgj7opll9b3qe3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
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* [[Software]]
* [[Mining]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]
* [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Games]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]]
* [[Meetups]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Edit''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1508" sha1="mrnncqv8wrjwvv1xg0ukcekz8aj1ds1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
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|-
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* [[Software]]
* [[Mining]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Exchanges]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]
* [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Games]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Donation-accepting_organizations_and_projects|Donation-accepting sites]]
* [[Meetups]]
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&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editeaza''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="0x3j0ecdj72slyn7xbbwvcxq94yvrtf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

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* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Technical articles]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]
* [[Trade|Businesses (Trade)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Intalniri]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editeaza''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1466" sha1="ankuug7ttj002dkblo6k06pwak92uzg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Getting started]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
* [[Comparatie hardware minat]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

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* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
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* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]
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* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
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* [[Intalniri]]
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&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editeaza''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1463" sha1="qiv93sk2ashbplg3c9oqd7nu8glwi0h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Primii pași]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
* [[Comparatie hardware minat]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

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* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
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* [[People]]
|
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* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economics]]
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* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Intalniri]]
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&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editeaza''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1464" sha1="1mmovp5q9qdxm57meawd936n87s5oqt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Primii pași]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
* [[Comparatie hardware minat]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru imbunatirea Bitcoin]]
|}

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* [[Minerit]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Case de schimb]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Articole tehnice]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economie]]
* [[Trade|Afaceri (Schimb)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Intalniri]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editeaza''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1470" sha1="glitrktiellmfsma6jaiwjgyv4axz8z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Primii pași]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
* [[Comparatie hardware minat]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru îmbunătățirea Bitcoin]]
|}

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|-
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
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|-
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* [[Software]]
* [[Minerit]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Case de schimb]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Articole tehnice]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economie]]
* [[Trade|Afaceri (Schimb)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Intalniri]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editeaza''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Primii pași]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
* [[Comparatie hardware minat]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru îmbunătățirea Bitcoin]]
|}

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
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|
* [[Software]]
* [[Minerit]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Case de schimb]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Articole tehnice]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economie]]
* [[Trade|Afaceri (Schimb)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Intalniri]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editează''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Serviciu de amestecare</comment>
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Primul tabel este pentru tutoriale. Coloana stanga = pagini scrise pentru utilizatori. Coloana dreapta = pagini pentru developers.
Al doilea tabel este pentru categorii.
--&gt;

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[Introducere]]
* [[:Category:Serviciu de amestecare|Anonimatul]]
* [http://www.weusecoins.com/getting-started.php Primii pași]
* [[Mituri]]
* [[Securizarea portofelului]]
* [[Comparatie hardware minat]]
| scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
* [[PHP developer intro]]
* [[Despre API (JSON-RPC)]]
* [[Specificatiile Protocolului]]
* [[Tranzactionare Securizata|Cele mai bune practici pentru traderi]]
* [[Propuneri pentru îmbunătățirea Bitcoin]]
|}

{|cellpadding="2" style="background-color: inherit;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
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* [[Software]]
* [[Minerit]]
* [[:Category:Exchanges|Case de schimb]]
* [[:Category:Directories|Local Directories]]
* [[:Category:Marketing|Marketing resources]]
* [[People]]
|
* [[:Category:Technical|Articole tehnice]]
* [[:Category:Clients|Clients]] / [[:Category:Frontends|Frontends]]
* [[:Category:Economics|Economie]]
* [[Trade|Afaceri (Schimb)]]
* [[:Category:Games|Jocuri]]
* [[Real world shops|Real world merchants map]]
* [[Intalniri]]
|}

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:Template:MainPage_Articole|action=edit}} '''Editează''']&lt;/span&gt; &amp;ndash; '''[[Special:Categories|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: '''Ce este Bitcoin?'''  A. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer currency. Peer-to-peer means that no central authority issues new money or tracks transactions. These tasks are managed collect...</comment>
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      <text bytes="996" sha1="m3iaea6kcecj83ofa4xhv9idiydp3du" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

A. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer currency. Peer-to-peer means that no central authority issues new money or tracks transactions. These tasks are managed collectively by the [[network]].

'''Cum functioneaza Bitcoin?'''

A. Bitcoin uses [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], peer-to-peer networking, and proof-of-work to process and verify payments. Bitcoins are sent (or signed over) from one address to another with each user potentially having many, many addresses. Each payment transaction is broadcast to the network and included in the blockchain so that the included bitcoins cannot be spent twice. After an hour or two, each transaction is locked in time by the massive amount of processing power that continues to extend the blockchain. Using these techniques, Bitcoin provides a fast and extremely reliable payment network that anyone can use.

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m3iaea6kcecj83ofa4xhv9idiydp3du</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1016" sha1="pf85hldgcv5yhhjrnt42g2uwfn2haso" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valuta peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer inseamna ca nu exista o autoritata centrala care emite bani noi sau urmareste tranzactiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de catre [[retea]]

'''Cum functioneaza Bitcoin?'''

A. Bitcoin uses [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], peer-to-peer networking, and proof-of-work to process and verify payments. Bitcoins are sent (or signed over) from one address to another with each user potentially having many, many addresses. Each payment transaction is broadcast to the network and included in the blockchain so that the included bitcoins cannot be spent twice. After an hour or two, each transaction is locked in time by the massive amount of processing power that continues to extend the blockchain. Using these techniques, Bitcoin provides a fast and extremely reliable payment network that anyone can use.

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pf85hldgcv5yhhjrnt42g2uwfn2haso</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>29</id>
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      <text bytes="960" sha1="8el9fnhnz58b6ny09okchm0gs41ykvw" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valuta peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer inseamna ca nu exista o autoritata centrala care emite bani noi sau urmareste tranzactiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de catre [[retea]]

'''Cum functioneaza Bitcoin?'''

A. Bitcoin uses [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], retea peer-to-peer, si proof-of-work pentru a procesa si verifica tranzactiile. Bitcoinii sunt trimisi de la o adresa la alta, iar fiecare user poate avea foarte multe adrese. Fiecare tranzactie este emisa retelei si inclusa in blockchain astfel incat bitcoinii respectivi sa nu poata fi cheltuiti de doua ori. Dupa o ora sau doua, fiecare tranzactie devine o parte a blockchain-ului, extinzandu-l. Folosind aceste tehnici, Bitcoin reprezinta o retea de plata rapida si extrem de fiabila care poate fi folosita de oricine!

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8el9fnhnz58b6ny09okchm0gs41ykvw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>30</id>
      <parentid>29</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T21:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
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      <text bytes="961" sha1="miz9wk13mv5v7ohspx3jyd4bwzg95g3" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valuta peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer inseamna ca nu exista o autoritata centrala care emite bani noi sau urmareste tranzactiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de catre [[retea]]

'''Cum functioneaza Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin foloseste[[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], retea peer-to-peer, si proof-of-work pentru a procesa si verifica tranzactiile. Bitcoinii sunt trimisi de la o adresa la alta, iar fiecare user poate avea foarte multe adrese. Fiecare tranzactie este emisa retelei si inclusa in blockchain astfel incat bitcoinii respectivi sa nu poata fi cheltuiti de doua ori. Dupa o ora sau doua, fiecare tranzactie devine o parte a blockchain-ului, extinzandu-l. Folosind aceste tehnici, Bitcoin reprezinta o retea de plata rapida si extrem de fiabila care poate fi folosita de oricine!

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>miz9wk13mv5v7ohspx3jyd4bwzg95g3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>31</id>
      <parentid>30</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T21:21:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="962" sha1="pmbyf0zu7grwj50nnr0dxg54sp3cntb" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valuta peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer inseamna ca nu exista o autoritata centrala care emite bani noi sau urmareste tranzactiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de catre [[retea]]

'''Cum functioneaza Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin foloseste [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], retea peer-to-peer, si proof-of-work pentru a procesa si verifica tranzactiile. Bitcoinii sunt trimisi de la o adresa la alta, iar fiecare user poate avea foarte multe adrese. Fiecare tranzactie este emisa retelei si inclusa in blockchain astfel incat bitcoinii respectivi sa nu poata fi cheltuiti de doua ori. Dupa o ora sau doua, fiecare tranzactie devine o parte a blockchain-ului, extinzandu-l. Folosind aceste tehnici, Bitcoin reprezinta o retea de plata rapida si extrem de fiabila care poate fi folosita de oricine!

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pmbyf0zu7grwj50nnr0dxg54sp3cntb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>123</id>
      <parentid>31</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1004" sha1="e7frjcu4l9il6is40hoiq5aaaa10ivk" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valută peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer înseamnă că nu există o autoritate centrală care emite bani noi sau urmăreşte tranzacţiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de către [[retea]]

'''Cum funcţionează Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin foloseşte [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], reţea peer-to-peer, şi proof-of-work pentru a procesa şi verifica tranzacţiile. Bitcoinii sunt trimişi de la o adresă la alta, iar fiecare user poate avea foarte multe adrese. Fiecare tranzacţie este emisă reţelei şi inclusă în blockchain astfel încât bitcoinii respectivi să nu poată fi cheltuiţi de două ori. După o oră sau două, fiecare tranzacţie devine o parte a blockchain-ului, extinzându-l. Folosind aceste tehnici, Bitcoin reprezintă o reţea de plata rapidă şi extrem de fiabilă care poate fi folosită de oricine!

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e7frjcu4l9il6is40hoiq5aaaa10ivk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>124</id>
      <parentid>123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T02:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
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      <text bytes="1003" sha1="tgxetk0fxtsdlh9y4zdk2ccdo4cg108" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valută peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer înseamnă că nu există o autoritate centrală care emite bani noi sau urmăreşte tranzacţiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de către [[retea]]

'''Cum funcţionează Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin foloseşte [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], reţea peer-to-peer şi proof-of-work pentru a procesa şi verifica tranzacţiile. Bitcoinii sunt trimişi de la o adresă la alta, iar fiecare user poate avea foarte multe adrese. Fiecare tranzacţie este emisă reţelei şi inclusă în blockchain astfel încât bitcoinii respectivi să nu poată fi cheltuiţi de două ori. După o oră sau două, fiecare tranzacţie devine o parte a blockchain-ului, extinzându-l. Folosind aceste tehnici, Bitcoin reprezintă o reţea de plata rapidă şi extrem de fiabilă care poate fi folosită de oricine!

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tgxetk0fxtsdlh9y4zdk2ccdo4cg108</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142</id>
      <parentid>124</parentid>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1004" sha1="mubsd1p3fxobobd5t5l2049sbar0t12" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valută peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer înseamnă că nu există o autoritate centrală care emite bani noi sau urmăreşte tranzacţiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de către [[reţea]]

'''Cum funcţionează Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin foloseşte [[wikipedia:Public-key cryptography|public-key cryptography]], reţea peer-to-peer şi proof-of-work pentru a procesa şi verifica tranzacţiile. Bitcoinii sunt trimişi de la o adresă la alta, iar fiecare user poate avea foarte multe adrese. Fiecare tranzacţie este emisă reţelei şi inclusă în blockchain astfel încât bitcoinii respectivi să nu poată fi cheltuiţi de două ori. După o oră sau două, fiecare tranzacţie devine o parte a blockchain-ului, extinzându-l. Folosind aceste tehnici, Bitcoin reprezintă o reţea de plata rapidă şi extrem de fiabilă care poate fi folosită de oricine!

&lt;div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"&gt;'''[[Intrebari Frecvente|Vezi mai mult]]'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mubsd1p3fxobobd5t5l2049sbar0t12</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Utilizator:CyrusV</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:59:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: == Salut! ==  Am venit cu intiativa de a crea aceasta sectiune pentru a alimenta nevoia crescanda a romanilor de informatii legate de Bitcoin.   Pe mine ma puteti gasi pe bitcointa...</comment>
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      <text bytes="336" sha1="crvm1065j5b1ftoo9wdvguyerdfjmg5" xml:space="preserve">== Salut! ==

Am venit cu intiativa de a crea aceasta sectiune pentru a alimenta nevoia crescanda a romanilor de informatii legate de Bitcoin. 

Pe mine ma puteti gasi pe bitcointalk, fiind moderator al sectiunii Romane, sau pe canalul #bitcoin-romania (IRC Freenode).

Consideri ca fac o treaba buna? 1F6yZS7v2bWLarduXyEjGLh4aK5BdwrmYR</text>
      <sha1>crvm1065j5b1ftoo9wdvguyerdfjmg5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>26</id>
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      <timestamp>2013-05-09T20:59:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="337" sha1="24hxb6tkt8bszhjofqse46y2761yjwk" xml:space="preserve">== Salut! ==

Am venit cu intiativa de a crea aceasta sectiune pentru a alimenta nevoia crescanda a romanilor de informatii legate de Bitcoin. 

Pe mine ma puteti gasi pe bitcointalk, fiind moderator al sectiunii Romane, sau pe canalul #bitcoin-romania (IRC Freenode).


Consideri ca fac o treaba buna? 1F6yZS7v2bWLarduXyEjGLh4aK5BdwrmYR</text>
      <sha1>24hxb6tkt8bszhjofqse46y2761yjwk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>209</id>
      <parentid>26</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-06-03T09:05:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
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      <minor/>
      <origin>209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="337" sha1="gz33vx3fyk3rsonsjt91tl84f1o12y6" xml:space="preserve">== Salut! ==

Am venit cu intiativa de a crea aceasta sectiune pentru a alimenta nevoia crescanda a romanilor de informatii legate de Bitcoin. 

Pe mine ma puteti gasi pe bitcointalk, fiind moderator al sectiunii Romane, sau pe canalul #bitcoin-romania (IRC Freenode).


Consideri ca fac o treaba buna? 1DqpmExajxsjVcVdUE7fR62ekRqC5segMe</text>
      <sha1>gz33vx3fyk3rsonsjt91tl84f1o12y6</sha1>
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    <title>Intrebari Frecvente</title>
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      <timestamp>2013-05-09T21:10:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: '''Ce este Bitcoin?'''  Bitcoin este o valuta peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer inseamna ca nu exista o autoritata centrala care emite bani noi sau urmareste tranzactiile. Aceste sarcini ...</comment>
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      <text bytes="225" sha1="577jzryyixyil35vhqf366a6iorpslf" xml:space="preserve">'''Ce este Bitcoin?'''

Bitcoin este o valuta peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer inseamna ca nu exista o autoritata centrala care emite bani noi sau urmareste tranzactiile. Aceste sarcini sunt administrate colectiv de catre [[retea]]</text>
      <sha1>577jzryyixyil35vhqf366a6iorpslf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>64</id>
      <parentid>28</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-24T01:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
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      <origin>64</origin>
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      <text bytes="47321" sha1="8xhwfh76wu6j00p9jgw8vuil73sy7ap" xml:space="preserve">Here you will find answers to the most commonly asked questions.

== General ==
=== What are bitcoins? ===
Bitcoins are the unit of currency of the Bitcoin system. A commonly used shorthand for this is “BTC” to refer to a price or amount (eg: “100 BTC”).
There are such things as [[physical bitcoins]], but ultimately, a bitcoin is just a number associated with a [[Address|Bitcoin Address]].  A physical bitcoin is simply an object, such as a coin, with the number carefully embedded inside.  See also an [[Introduction|easy intro]] to bitcoin.

=== How can I get bitcoins? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Does Bitcoin guarantee an influx of free money?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Can I buy bitcoins with Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Where can I find a forum to discuss Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== How are new bitcoins created? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== What's the current total number of bitcoins in existence?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== How divisible are bitcoins?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== What do I call the various denominations of bitcoin? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== How does the halving work when the number gets really small? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== How long will it take to generate all the coins? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== If no more coins are going to be generated, will more blocks be created? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== But if no more coins are generated, what happens when Bitcoins are lost? Won't that be a problem? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== If every transaction is broadcast via the network, does Bitcoin scale? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economy==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Is Bitcoin a bubble? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Is Bitcoin a Ponzi scheme? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Doesn't Bitcoin unfairly benefit early adopters? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Won't loss of wallets and the finite amount of Bitcoins create excessive deflation, destroying Bitcoin? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== What if someone bought up all the existing Bitcoins? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===What if someone creates a new block chain, or a new digital currency that renders Bitcoin obsolete?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Is Bitcoin open to value manipulation? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Sending and Receiving Payments==

=== Why do I have to wait 10 minutes before I can spend money I received? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoins are the unit of currency of the Bitcoin system. A commonly used shorthand for this is “BTC” to refer to a price or amount (eg: “100 BTC”).
There are such things as [[physical bitcoins]], but ultimately, a bitcoin is just a number associated with a [[Address|Bitcoin Address]].  A physical bitcoin is simply an object, such as a coin, with the number carefully embedded inside.  See also an [[Introduction|easy intro]] to bitcoin.

=== How can I get bitcoins? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Does Bitcoin guarantee an influx of free money?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Can I buy bitcoins with Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Where can I find a forum to discuss Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== How are new bitcoins created? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== What's the current total number of bitcoins in existence?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== How divisible are bitcoins?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== What do I call the various denominations of bitcoin? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== How does the halving work when the number gets really small? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== How long will it take to generate all the coins? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== If no more coins are going to be generated, will more blocks be created? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== But if no more coins are generated, what happens when Bitcoins are lost? Won't that be a problem? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== If every transaction is broadcast via the network, does Bitcoin scale? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economy==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Is Bitcoin a bubble? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Is Bitcoin a Ponzi scheme? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Doesn't Bitcoin unfairly benefit early adopters? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Won't loss of wallets and the finite amount of Bitcoins create excessive deflation, destroying Bitcoin? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== What if someone bought up all the existing Bitcoins? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===What if someone creates a new block chain, or a new digital currency that renders Bitcoin obsolete?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Is Bitcoin open to value manipulation? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Sending and Receiving Payments==

=== Why do I have to wait 10 minutes before I can spend money I received? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoins are the unit of currency of the Bitcoin system. A commonly used shorthand for this is “BTC” to refer to a price or amount (eg: “100 BTC”).
There are such things as [[physical bitcoins]], but ultimately, a bitcoin is just a number associated with a [[Address|Bitcoin Address]].  A physical bitcoin is simply an object, such as a coin, with the number carefully embedded inside.  See also an [[Introduction|easy intro]] to bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa retelei, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Won't loss of wallets and the finite amount of Bitcoins create excessive deflation, destroying Bitcoin? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== What if someone bought up all the existing Bitcoins? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===What if someone creates a new block chain, or a new digital currency that renders Bitcoin obsolete?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Is Bitcoin open to value manipulation? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Sending and Receiving Payments==

=== Why do I have to wait 10 minutes before I can spend money I received? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

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[[Category:Technical]]
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoins are the unit of currency of the Bitcoin system. A commonly used shorthand for this is “BTC” to refer to a price or amount (eg: “100 BTC”).
There are such things as [[physical bitcoins]], but ultimately, a bitcoin is just a number associated with a [[Address|Bitcoin Address]].  A physical bitcoin is simply an object, such as a coin, with the number carefully embedded inside.  See also an [[Introduction|easy intro]] to bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[ru:FAQ]]

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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru acest lucru este "BTC" pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Bitcoin Address]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, un [[Introducere | intro ușor ]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[ru:FAQ]]

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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru acest lucru este "BTC". Pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Bitcoin Address]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, un [[Introducere | intro ușor ]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

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[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru acest lucru este "BTC". Pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Bitcoin Address]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Bitcoin Address]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Bitcoin garanteaza un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpara bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

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      <text bytes="47489" sha1="16ib9ac6p23goeld7oyqd4sy3pxabg1" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot gasi un forum dedicat discutiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

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[[ru:FAQ]]

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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

===Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani?===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum sunt bitcoinii creati? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numarul total de bitcoini?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cat de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominarile bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum functioneaza injumatatirea cand numarul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cat timp va dura pana vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar daca nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se intampla cand se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problema? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Daca fiecare tranzactie este emisa prin retea, atunci Bitcoin este scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

==Economie==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schema piramidala/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizeaza pe nedrept investitorii initiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

===Pierderea de portofele si faptul ca numarul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflatie excesiva, distrugand Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Daca cineva ar cumpara fiecare bitcoin care a fost creat? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

===Daca cineva creaza un nou lant de blocuri(block chain), sau o noua moneda digitala care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoinul susceptibil manipularii valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

==Efectuarea si primirea de plati==

=== De ce trebuie sa astept 10 minute inainte sa pot cheltui banii primiti? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

There are a variety of ways to acquire bitcoins:

* Accept bitcoins as payment for goods or services.
* The most common way to buy bitcoins are the [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* There are several services where you can [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] for traditional currency.
* Find someone to trade cash for bitcoins in-person through a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participate in a [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* If you have a lot of mining hardware, you can solo mine and attempt to create a new [[block]] (currently yields 25 bitcoins plus transaction fees).
* Visit sites that provide [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

Since Bitcoin is a new technology, what it is and how it works may be initially unclear.  Bitcoin is sometimes presented as being one of three things:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Some sort of online 'get-rich-quick' scam.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A loophole in the market economy, the installation of which guarantees a steady influx of cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;A sure investment that will almost certainly yield a profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
In fact, none of the above are true.  Let's look at them independently.

;Is Bitcoin a 'get-rich-quick' scheme?
:If you've spent much time on the Internet, you've probably seen ads for many 'get-rich-quick' schemes. These ads usually promise huge profits for a small amounts of easy work.  Such schemes are usually pyramid/matrix-style schemes that make money from their own employees and offer nothing of any real value.  Most convince one to buy packages that will make them earn hundreds a day, which in fact  have the buyer distribute more such ads, and make minute profits.

:Bitcoin is in no way similar to these schemes. Bitcoin doesn't promise windfall profits. There is no way for the developers to make money from your involvement or to take money from you. That bitcoins are nearly impossible to acquire without the owner's consent represents one of its greatest strengths.  Bitcoin is an experimental, virtual currency that may succeed or may fail. None of its developers expect to get rich off of it. 

:A more detailed answer to this question can be found [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].

;Will I make money by installing the client?
:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?
:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>9fs9ln858x0cjw01ppbsrkhjdvnxny1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>85</id>
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      <timestamp>2013-05-30T01:49:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48106" sha1="fao7mq9lc360ntktyhs8rnq8uzt6np2" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa. . 

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Will I make money by installing the client?

:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?

:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===I'd like to learn more.  Where can I get help?===

* Read the [[Introduction|introduction to bitcoin]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Read and post on the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums|forums]]
* Chat on one of the [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|Bitcoin IRC]] channels
* Listen to [http://omegataupodcast.net/2011/03/59-bitcoin-a-digital-decentralized-currency/ this podcast], which goes into the details of how bitcoin works
* Ask questions on the [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin Stack Exchange]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
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      <text bytes="47991" sha1="7iq8jikbmpiszs45qsjpk15kjwky62b" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa. . 

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Will I make money by installing the client?

:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?

:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Help==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa. . 

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Will I make money by installing the client?

:Most people who use Bitcoin don't earn anything by doing so, and the default client has no built-in way to earn Bitcoins.  A small minority of people with dedicated, high-performance hardware do earn some Bitcoins by "''mining''" (generating new bitcoins, see [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) with special software, but joining Bitcoin shouldn't be construed as being the road to riches.  Most Bitcoin users get involved because they find the project conceptually interesting and don't earn anything by doing so.  This is also why you won't find much speculation about the political or economic repercussions of Bitcoin anywhere on this site: Bitcoin developers owe their dedication to the project's intellectual yieldings more than to those of a monetary nature.  Bitcoin is still taking its first baby steps; it may go on to do great things but right now it only has something to offer those chasing conceptually interesting projects or bleeding edge technology.

;As an investment, is Bitcoin a sure thing?

:Bitcoin is a new and interesting electronic currency, the value of which is not backed by any single government or organization.  Like other currencies, it is worth something partly because people are willing to trade it for goods and services. Its exchange rate fluctuates continuously, and sometimes wildly. It lacks wide acceptance and is vulnerable to manipulation by parties with modest funding. Security incidents such as website and account compromise may trigger major sell-offs. Other fluctuations can build into positive feedback loops and cause much larger exchange rate fluctuations. Anyone who puts money into Bitcoin should understand the risk they are taking and consider it a high-risk currency. Later, as Bitcoin becomes better known and more widely accepted, it may stabilize, but for the time being it is unpredictable. Any investment in Bitcoin should be done carefully and with a clear plan to manage the risk.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>92</id>
      <parentid>88</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-06-04T02:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
      <origin>92</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48384" sha1="f3qdz1hba7h68nzi038z00qyk7p4rq0" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="48385" sha1="18lqphle9oqbn9rgs8f0gw7abnlcoy6" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC").
Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. 
Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>18lqphle9oqbn9rgs8f0gw7abnlcoy6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>94</id>
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      <timestamp>2013-06-04T02:24:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="48384" sha1="3ruf2znojffavyql9mtvfloihwikbgz" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>3ruf2znojffavyql9mtvfloihwikbgz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cum fac rost de bitcoini? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="48385" sha1="nb43wco2tolqo4vg3y81xq6an7pb57v" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="48386" sha1="jdx5jxktwrm6k9yg657ehspew3lz35y" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>jdx5jxktwrm6k9yg657ehspew3lz35y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97</id>
      <parentid>96</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-06-04T02:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48387" sha1="ssrta4d81gc2r8dm4uuklcm9cxrvvl4" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile
în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98</id>
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      <timestamp>2013-06-04T02:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48387" sha1="l8eixln225p51g06ffkbc6g2f8f0bsm" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48388" sha1="pmn4dyqr76iygd1ns5aix578ryedouf" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând flucuatii mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="48390" sha1="77mn4e2h016q513uiz538z5h6p5rh8g" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

It is possible to buy [[physical bitcoins]] with PayPal but it is otherwise difficult and/or expensive to do so for non-physical bitcoins, because of significant risk to the seller. 

While it is possible to find an individual who wishes to sell Bitcoin to you via Paypal, (perhaps via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc] ) most exchanges do not allow funding through PayPal. This is due to repeated cases where someone pays for bitcoins with Paypal, receives their bitcoins, and then fraudulently complains to Paypal that they never received their purchase. PayPal often sides with the fraudulent buyer in this case, which means any seller needs to cover that risk with higher fees or refuse to accept PayPal altogether.

Buying Bitcoins from individuals this way is still possible, but requires the seller to have some trust that the buyer will not file a claim with PayPal to reverse the payment.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-25T12:26:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>traducerea secțiunii Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal?</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48522" sha1="l6h1o59boeenq2hehb9n1oeejxbjbc4" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este dificilă și/sau scumpă această operațiune pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului signifiant pentru vânzător

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, își primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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      <comment>/* Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? */ - mici corecturi de coerență</comment>
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      <text bytes="48515" sha1="pzv64hmpzerl6vwcygxmey13or5ahy3" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului signifiant pentru vânzător

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, își primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>/* Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? */ - corecturi</comment>
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      <text bytes="48510" sha1="l1h73imyrb6hcpc19bvbxa3kusyzflt" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Please visit the  [[Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms|Community Portal]] for links to Bitcoin-related forums.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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      <comment>/* Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="48535" sha1="pzufuadr2utxs2v1wlshytsmfwc12ii" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Number of bitcoins over time, assuming a perfect 10-minute interval.]]
New bitcoins are generated by the network through the process of "[[#What is mining?|''mining'']]". In a process that is similar to a continuous raffle draw, mining nodes on the network are awarded bitcoins each time they find the solution to a certain mathematical problem (and thereby create a new [[block]]). Creating a block is a [[proof of work]] with a difficulty that varies with the overall strength of the network.  The reward for solving a block is [[Controlled Currency Supply|automatically adjusted]] so that roughly every four years of operation of the Bitcoin network, half the amount of bitcoins created in the prior 4 years are created. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoins were created in the first 4 (approx.) years from January 2009 to November 2012.  Every four years thereafter this amount halves, so it will be {{formatnum:5250000}} over years 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} over years 8-12, and so on. Thus the total number of bitcoins in existence will never exceed {{formatnum:21000000}}. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].

Blocks are [[Mining|mined]] every 10 minutes, on average and for the first four years ({{formatnum:210000}} blocks) each block included 50 new bitcoins.  As the amount of processing power directed at mining changes, the difficulty of creating new bitcoins changes.  This difficulty factor is calculated every 2016 blocks and is based upon the time taken to generate the previous 2016 blocks. See [[Mining]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[Category:Technical]]
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      <comment>/* Cum se creează noi bitcoini? */ tadus secțiune</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48657" sha1="0ezlafjl9io7h4stkmrsr8stg0gaibg" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Current count]. Also see [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins Total bitcoins in circulation chart]

The number of blocks times the coin value of a block is the number of coins in existence. The coin value of a block is 50 BTC for each of the first {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, 25 BTC for the next {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, then 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC and so on.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>/* Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
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      <text bytes="48715" sha1="671v13dwa09d3jmdcpmcpwvp82p9sre" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places. Therefore, 0.00000001 BTC is the smallest amount that can be handled in a transaction. If necessary, the protocol and related software can be modified to handle even smaller amounts.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>/* Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
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      <text bytes="48758" sha1="1zdry8b7xo8d3c1851yvb8ax2xf2qt0" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

There is a lot of discussion about the naming of these fractions of bitcoins. The leading candidates are:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0.01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (also referred to as bitcent)
* 0.001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 millibitcoin (also referred to as mbit (pronounced em-bit) or millibit or even bitmill)
* 0.000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (also referred to as ubit (pronounced yu-bit) or microbit)

The above follows the accepted international SI prefixes for hundredths, thousandths, and millionths. There are many arguments against the special case of 0.01 BTC since it is unlikely to represent anything meaningful as the Bitcoin economy grows (it certainly won't be the equivalent of 0.01 USD, GBP or EUR). Equally, the inclusion of existing national currency denominations such as "cent", "nickel", "dime", "pence", "pound", "kopek" and so on are to be discouraged; this is a worldwide currency.

One exception is the "satoshi" which is smallest denomination currently possible 

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronounced sa-toh-shee)
which is so named in honour of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of the inventor of Bitcoin.

For an overview of all defined units of Bitcoin (including less common and niche units), see [[Units]].

Further discussion on this topic can be found on the forums here:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>108</id>
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      <timestamp>2014-01-25T16:55:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
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      <text bytes="48923" sha1="invwwjgg0rm8bptxsmthb76hzdpmn7j" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Eventually the reward will go from 0.00000001 BTC to zero and no more bitcoins will be created.  

The block reward calculation is done as a right bitwise shift of a 64-bit signed integer, which means it is divided by two and rounded down. The integer is equal to the value in BTC * 100,000,000 since internally in the reference client software, all Bitcoin balances and values are stored as unsigned integers.

With an initial block reward of 50 BTC, it will take many 4-year periods for the block reward to reach zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

The last block that will generate coins will be block #6,929,999 which should be generated at or near the year 2140. The total number of coins in circulation will then remain static at 20,999,999.9769 BTC.

Even if the allowed precision is expanded from the current 8 decimals, the total BTC in circulation will always be slightly below 21 million (assuming everything else stays the same). For example, with 16 decimals of precision, the end total would be 20,999,999.999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="49128" sha1="7bj3e19c1jghf9rcq137baf6ytsjsdu" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Absolutely!  Even before the creation of coins ends, the use of [[transaction fee|transaction fees]] will likely make creating new blocks more valuable from the fees than the new coins being created.  When coin generation ends, these fees will sustain the ability to use bitcoins and the Bitcoin network. There is no practical limit on the number of blocks that will be mined in the future.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>7bj3e19c1jghf9rcq137baf6ytsjsdu</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>/* Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="49171" sha1="62a1yl1qqhs20bcrj44rbhu3fydht5w" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Because of the law of supply and demand, when fewer bitcoins are available the ones that are left will be in higher demand, and therefore will have a higher value. So, as Bitcoins are lost, the remaining bitcoins will eventually increase in value to compensate. As the value of a bitcoin increases, the number of bitcoins required to purchase an item '''de'''creases. This is a [[Deflationary spiral|deflationary economic model]]. As the average transaction size reduces, transactions will probably be denominated in sub-units of a bitcoin such as millibitcoins ("Millies") or microbitcoins ("Mikes").

The Bitcoin protocol uses a base unit of one hundred-millionth of a Bitcoin ("a Satoshi"), but unused bits are available in the protocol fields that could be used to denote even smaller subdivisions.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>112</id>
      <parentid>111</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-25T19:01:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? */</comment>
      <origin>112</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49249" sha1="lmot7d73wc7ejja7c6l7z0s0j75l64j" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acessta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===
The Bitcoin protocol allows lightweight clients that can use Bitcoin without downloading the entire transaction history. As traffic grows and this becomes more critical, implementations of the concept will be developed. Full network nodes will at some point become a more specialized service.

With some modifications to the software, full Bitcoin nodes could easily keep up with both VISA and MasterCard combined, using only fairly modest hardware (a single high end server by todays standards). It is worth noting that the MasterCard network is structured somewhat like Bitcoin itself - as a peer to peer broadcast network.

Learn more about [[Scalability]].

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? */  tradus, fără ultima propoziție; nu am găsit termenul „scalabilitate” în DEX</comment>
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      <text bytes="49363" sha1="86ldpeouabhhspx29mw8ast8w3d34vr" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază o dată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acessta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

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      <comment>/* Cum se creează noi bitcoini? */  corectat „odată”</comment>
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      <text bytes="49362" sha1="c96m85cpbj33jy4lplab315p0k4wome" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acessta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>c96m85cpbj33jy4lplab315p0k4wome</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>115</id>
      <parentid>114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-25T19:19:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? */  modificat „acesta”</comment>
      <origin>115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49361" sha1="kao27qodzouv8sq86hgovoh3ymsdiat" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? ===
Bitcoins have value because they are useful and because they are [[Controlled Currency Supply|scarce]]. As they are accepted by more merchants, their value will [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabilize]. See the [[Trade|list of Bitcoin-accepting sites]].

When we say that a currency is backed up by gold, we mean that there's a promise in place that you can exchange the currency for gold. Bitcoins, like dollars and euros, are not backed up by anything except the variety of merchants that accept them.

It's a common misconception that Bitcoins gain their value from the cost of electricity required to generate them. Cost doesn't equal value – hiring 1,000 men to shovel a big hole in the ground may be costly, but not valuable. Also, even though scarcity is a critical requirement for a useful currency, it alone doesn't make anything valuable. For example, your fingerprints are scarce, but that doesn't mean they have any exchange value.

Alternatively it needs to be added that while the law of supply and demand applies it does not guarantee value of Bitcoins in the future.  If confidence in Bitcoins is lost then it will not matter that the supply can no longer be increased, the demand will fall off with all holders trying to get rid of their coins.  An example of this can be seen in cases of state currencies, in cases when the state in question dissolves and so no new supply of the currency is available (the central authority managing the supply is gone), however the demand for the currency falls sharply because confidence in its purchasing power disappears.  Of-course Bitcoins do not have such central authority managing the supply of the coins, but it does not prevent confidence from eroding due to other situations that are not necessarily predictable.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116</id>
      <parentid>115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-26T10:09:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>/* Where does the value of Bitcoin stem from? What backs up Bitcoin? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
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      <text bytes="49597" sha1="a15ul4sgr31x4ruvpn1ej3t0axhjf58" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===
Yes, in the same way as the euro and dollar are. They only have value in exchange and have no inherent value. If everyone suddenly stopped accepting your dollars, euros or bitcoins, the "bubble" would burst and their value would drop to zero. But that is unlikely to happen: even in Somalia, where the government collapsed 20 years ago, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling Somali shillings] are still accepted as payment.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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        <id>53</id>
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      <comment>/* Este Bitcoin o bula? */   tradus secțiune</comment>
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. Early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters. Bitcoin has possible win-win outcomes. Early adopters profit from the rise in value. Late adopters, and indeed, society as a whole, benefit from the usefulness of a stable, fast, inexpensive, and widely accepted p2p currency.

The fact that early adopters benefit more doesn't alone make anything a Ponzi scheme. All good investments in successful companies have this quality.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118</id>
      <parentid>117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-26T16:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49881" sha1="3zszr3k55e3r3h5wd8omutx7brw3pr3" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===As vrea sa aflu mai multe.  Unde as putea gasi mai multe informatii?===

* Cititi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Cititi si postati pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org Romania]
* Accesati canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitati si dati un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin Romania]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="49894" sha1="ruclawubimcvkf7nagjt3wz9jeo0h11" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minutes is the average time taken to find a block. It can be significantly more or less time than that depending on luck; 10 minutes is simply the average case. 

You can see how long all other recent transactions have taken here: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocks]] (shown as "confirmations" in the GUI) are how the Bitcoin achieves consensus on who owns what. Once a block is found everyone agrees that you now own those coins, so you can spend them again. Until then it's possible that some network nodes believe otherwise, if somebody is attempting to defraud the system by reversing a transaction. The more confirmations a transaction has, the less risk there is of a reversal. Only 6 blocks or 1 hour is enough to make reversal computationally impractical. This is dramatically better than credit cards which can see chargebacks occur up to three months after the original transaction!

Ten minutes was specifically chosen by [[Satoshi]] as a tradeoff between propagation time of new blocks in large networks and the amount of work wasted due to chain splits. For a more technical explanation, see Satoshi's [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf original technical paper].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[Category:Technical]]
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      <text bytes="50208" sha1="77mt9twvpry78admmso7iyx75ywlxpp" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===
Early adopters have a large number of bitcoins now because they took a risk and invested resources in an unproven technology. By so doing, they have helped Bitcoin become what it is now and what it will be in the future (hopefully, a ubiquitous decentralized digital currency). It is only fair they will reap the benefits of their successful investment.

In any case, any bitcoin generated will probably change hands dozens of time as a medium of exchange, so the profit made from the initial distribution will be insignificant compared to the total commerce enabled by Bitcoin.

Since the pricing of Bitcoins has fallen greatly from its June 2011 peak, prices today are much more similar to those enjoyed by many early adopters.  Those who are buying Bitcoins today likely believe that Bitcoin will grow significantly in the future.  Setting aside the brief opportunity to have sold Bitcoins at the June 2011 peak enjoyed by few, the early-adopter window is arguably still open.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de Satoshi.

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2014-01-30T07:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? */  tradus secțiune, eliminat ultimul paragraf (informație învechită)</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49851" sha1="slzucgaltx4a77aa8zlkx1lbqvxffm9" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de Satoshi.

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <parentid>145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T12:51:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? */ Am schimbat link-ul ce ducea catre pagina Satoshi(unitatea monetara) cu link-ul pentru pagina [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="49873" sha1="5m1gzvi4orxc08oj71w6b9p5cjcibfa" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? ===

YES, you do, IF the transaction is non-recourse. The Bitcoin reference software does not display transactions as confirmed until six blocks have passed (confirmations). As transactions are burred in the chain they become increasingly non-reversible but are very reversible before the first confirmation. Two to six confirmations are recommended for non-recourse situations depending on the value of the transactions involved.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>5m1gzvi4orxc08oj71w6b9p5cjcibfa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147</id>
      <parentid>146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T13:13:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Do you have to wait until my transactions are confirmed in order to buy or sell things with Bitcoin? */ Tradus primul paragraf</comment>
      <origin>147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50034" sha1="jqxpgbvxk15bwx914i9f2zmo06tg5qd" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpără sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
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      <text bytes="50033" sha1="an4egew4abteu7vlgulp56jvic9w6bn" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===
Worries about Bitcoin being destroyed by deflation are not entirely unfounded.  Unlike most currencies, which experience inflation as their founding institutions create more and more units, Bitcoin will likely experience gradual deflation with the passage of time.  Bitcoin is unique in that only a small amount of units will ever be produced (twenty-one million to be exact), this number has been known since the project's inception, and the units are created at a predictable rate.

Also, Bitcoin users are faced with a danger that doesn't threaten users of any other currency: if a Bitcoin user loses his wallet, his money is gone forever, unless he finds it again. And not just to him; it's gone completely out of circulation, rendered utterly inaccessible to anyone. As people will lose their wallets, the total number of Bitcoins will slowly decrease.

Therefore, Bitcoin seems to be faced with a unique problem. Whereas most currencies inflate over time, Bitcoin will mostly likely do just the opposite. Time will see the irretrievable loss of an ever-increasing number of Bitcoins. An already small number will be permanently whittled down further and further. And as there become fewer and fewer Bitcoins, the laws of supply and demand suggest that their value will probably continually rise.

Thus Bitcoin is bound to once again stray into mysterious territory, because no one exactly knows what happens to a currency that grows continually more valuable. Many economists claim that a low level of inflation is a good thing for a currency, but nobody is quite sure about what might happens to one that continually deflates. Although deflation could hardly be called a rare phenomenon, steady, constant deflation is unheard of.  There may be a lot of speculation, no one has any hard data to back up their claims.

That being said, there is a mechanism in place to combat the obvious consequences.  Extreme deflation would render most currencies highly impractical: if a single Canadian dollar could suddenly buy the holder a car, how would one go about buying bread or candy?  Even pennies would fetch more than a person could carry. Bitcoin, however, offers a simple and stylish solution: infinite divisibility.  Bitcoins can be divided up and trade into as small of pieces as one wants, so no matter how valuable Bitcoins become, one can trade them in practical quantities.  

In fact, infinite divisibility should allow Bitcoins to function in cases of extreme wallet loss.  Even if, in the far future, so many people have lost their wallets that only a single Bitcoin, or a fraction of one, remains, Bitcoin should continue to function just fine. No one can claim to be sure what is going to happen, but deflation may prove to present a smaller threat than many expect.

For more information, see the [[Deflationary spiral]] page.

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>an4egew4abteu7vlgulp56jvic9w6bn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>149</id>
      <parentid>148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T19:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? */   tradus secțiune :)</comment>
      <origin>149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50759" sha1="kxdffy55irhsohyg9nhk33fd3kgpoq7" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Bitcoin markets are competitive -- meaning the price of a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand at certain price levels.  Only a fraction of bitcoins issued to date are found on the exchange markets for sale.  So even though technically a buyer with lots of money could buy all the bitcoins offered for sale, unless those holding the rest of the bitcoins offer them for sale as well, even the wealthiest, most determined buyer can't get at them.

Additionally, new currency continues to be issued daily and will continue to do so for decades though over time the rate at which they are issued declines to insignificant levels.  Those who are mining aren't obligated to sell their bitcoins so not all bitcoins will make it to the markets even.

This situation doesn't suggest, however, that the markets aren't vulnerable to price manipulation.  It doesn't take significant amounts of money to move the market price up or down and thus Bitcoin remains a volatile asset.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>150</id>
      <parentid>149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T20:06:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
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      <text bytes="50922" sha1="7pdjqcjncqe8v4byl6sxqdvbl4n255u" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar astea înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>7pdjqcjncqe8v4byl6sxqdvbl4n255u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>151</id>
      <parentid>150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T20:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? */</comment>
      <origin>151</origin>
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      <text bytes="50921" sha1="feb22iur4fumxsqivsjjnzas44y6hpk" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

The current low market cap of Bitcoin means that any investor with deep enough pockets can significantly change/manipulate the rate. Is this a problem?

This is only a problem if you are investing in Bitcoin for short period of time. A manipulator can't change the fundamentals, and over a period of 5-10 years they will win over any short term manipulations.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>152</id>
      <parentid>151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T22:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? */  tradus secțiune</comment>
      <origin>152</origin>
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      <text bytes="51097" sha1="lskh5dl1hyr838e410u8trhmp4gbo46" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Vizitați portalul comunității ([Bitcoin:Community_portal#Bitcoin_Community_Forums_on_various_platforms]) pentru legături către forumurile ce au legătură cu Bitcoin.

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

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[[ru:FAQ]]

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      <timestamp>2014-01-31T02:00:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
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      <comment>/* Unde pot găsi un forum dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? */ Schimbat cu detalii mai relevante.</comment>
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      <text bytes="51146" sha1="lxu20869b44r4tqik4450grw09svo27" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

When people ask this question they are usually thinking about applications like supermarkets.  This generally is a recourse situation: if somebody tries to double-spend on a face-to-face transaction it might work a few times, but probabalistically speaking eventually one of the double-spends will get noticed, and the penalty for shoplifting charges in most localities is calibrated to be several times worse than the proceeds of a single shoplifting event.

Double-spends might be a concern for something like a snack machine in a low-traffic area with no nearby security cameras.  Such a machine shouldn't honor 0-confirmation payments, and should instead use some other mechanism of clearing Bitcoin or validating transactions against reversal, see the wiki article [[Myths#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|here]] for alternatives.

Applications that require immediate payment processing, like supermarkets or snack machines, need to manage the risks. Here is one way to reverse an unconfirmed payment:

A [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|Finney attack]], in which an attacker mines a block containing a movement of some coins back to themselves. Once they find a block solution, they quickly go to a merchant and make a purchase, then broadcast the block, thus taking back the coins. This attack is a risk primarily for goods that are dispatched immediately, like song downloads or currency trades. Because the attacker can't choose the time of the attack, it isn't a risk for merchants such as supermarkets where you can't choose exactly when to pay (due to queues, etc). The attack can fail if somebody else finds a block containing the purchasing transaction before you release your own block, therefore, merchants can reduce but not eliminate the risk by making purchasers wait some length of time that's less than a confirm.

Because pulling off this attack is not trivial, merchants who need to sell things automatically and instantly are most likely to just price the cost of reversal fraud in, or use insurance.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="51456" sha1="52k9bxd1n1840gdxg3ydomhyq1elx5a" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? ===

Don't panic!  There are a number of reasons why your bitcoins might not show up yet, and a number of ways to diagnose them.  

The latest version of the Bitcoin-Qt client tells you how far it has yet to go in downloading the blockchain.  Hover over the icon in the bottom right corner of the client to learn your client's status.

If it has not caught up then it's possible that your transaction hasn't been included in a block yet.  

You can check pending transactions in the network by going [http://blockchain.info here] and then searching for your address.  If the transaction is listed here then it's a matter of waiting until it gets included in a block before it will show in your client.  

If the transaction is based on a coin that was in a recent transaction then it could be considered a low priority transaction. Transfers can take longer if the transaction fee paid was not high enough.  If there is no fee at all the transfer can get a very low priority and take hours or even days to be included in a block.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>52k9bxd1n1840gdxg3ydomhyq1elx5a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>156</id>
      <parentid>155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-31T02:52:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* I was sent some bitcoins and they haven't arrived yet! Where are they? */ Next please!</comment>
      <origin>156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51463" sha1="hdwijlwu4poqoqqexmtjnh21mivizdl" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? ===

Whenever the address listed in "Your address" receives a transaction, Bitcoin replaces it with a new address. This is meant to encourage you to use a new address for every transaction, which enhances [[anonymity]]. All of your old addresses are still usable: you can see them in ''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Addresses''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>hdwijlwu4poqoqqexmtjnh21mivizdl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>157</id>
      <parentid>156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-31T02:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Why does my Bitcoin address keep changing? */ Sectiune tradusa.</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51550" sha1="oea04a64j8s0grxxblsyd862y416grd" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în ""Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]] 
* See the videos, podcasts, and blog posts from the [[Press]]
* Citiţi si postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii? */ Inlaturat informatie redundanta(Acea pagina este veche si neintretinuta).</comment>
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      <text bytes="51500" sha1="a84gnhl3e6if15n5ayx1qrrfhl2gy7g" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în ""Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="51508" sha1="d5qx20xoy2gy3v5kb3yvbytdoyf8787" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în ""Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''.

===How much will the transaction fee be?===

Some transactions might require a [[transaction fee]] for them to get confirmed in a timely manner.  The transaction fee is processed by and received by the bitcoin miner.  The most recent version of the Bitcoin client will estimate an appropriate fee when a fee might be required.

The fee is added to the payment amount.  For example, if you are sending a 1.234 BTC payment and the client requires a 0.0005 BTC fee, then 1.2345 BTC will be subtracted from the wallet balance for the entire transaction and the address for where the payment was sent will receive a payment of 1.234 BTC.

A fee might be imposed because your transaction looks like a denial of service attack to the Bitcoin system. For example, it might be burdensome to transmit or it might recycle Bitcoins you recently received.  The wallet software attempts to avoid generating burdensome transactions, but it isn't always able to do so: The funds in your wallet might be new or composed of many tiny payments. 

Because the fee is related to the amount of data that makes up the transaction and not to the amount of Bitcoins being sent, the fee may seem extremely low (0.0005 BTC for a 1,000 BTC transfer) or unfairly high (0.004 BTC for a 0.02 BTC payment, or about 20%).  If you are receiving tiny amounts (''e.g.'' as small payments from a mining pool) then fees when sending will be higher than if your activity follows the pattern of conventional consumer or business transactions. 

As of Bitcoin 0.5.3 the required fee will not be higher than 0.05 BTC. For most users there is usually no required fee at all. If a fee is required it will most commonly be 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="51719" sha1="7wvg7n05wcb8idu16q90zjxtuqwxgzf" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în ""Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''.

===Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie?===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <comment>/* De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="51721" sha1="0xows4yttzqbadk3l32zx1u8616qqih" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

===Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie?===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51723" sha1="pzg1h9ga721gt634168mnupy70ka7yf" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? ===

The popular Bitcoin client software from bitcoin.org implements a "full" Bitcoin node: It can carry out all the duties of the Bitcoin P2P system, it isn't simply a "client". One of the principles behind the operation of full Bitcoin nodes is that they don't assume that the other participants have followed the rules of the Bitcoin system. During synchronization, the software is processing historical Bitcoin transactions and making sure for itself that all of the rules of the system have been correctly followed.

In normal operation, after synchronizing, the software should use a hardly noticeable amount of your computer's resources.

When the wallet client program is first installed, its initial validation requires a lot of work from your computer's hard disk, so the amount of time to synchronize depends on your disk speed and, to a lesser extent, your CPU speed. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a day or so. On a slow computer it could take more than 40 hours of continuous synchronization, so check your computer's power-saving settings to ensure that it does not turn its hard disk off when unattended for a few hours.  You can use the Bitcoin software during synchronization, but you may not see recent payments to you until the client program has caught up to the point where those transactions happened.

If you feel that this process takes too long, you can download a pre-synchronized blockchain from [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternatively, you can try an alternative "lite" client such as Multibit or a super-light client like electrum, though these clients have somewhat weaker security, are less mature, and don't contribute to the health of the P2P network.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>165</id>
      <parentid>164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T00:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How long does "synchronizing" take when the Bitcoin client is first installed? What's it doing? */ Tradus sectiune.</comment>
      <origin>165</origin>
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      <text bytes="51811" sha1="rk0atjzhitjcolhm8v103jioesyt0z4" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? ===

Bitcoins are not actually "sent" to your wallet; the software only uses that term so that we can use the currency without having to learn new concepts.  Your wallet is only needed when you wish to spend coins that you've received.

If you are sent coins when your wallet client program is not running, and you later launch the wallet client program, the coins will eventually appear as if they were just received in the wallet. That is to say, when the client program is started it must download blocks and catch up with any transactions it did not already know about.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <comment>/* What happens when someone sends me a bitcoin but my computer is powered off? */ Sectiune tradusa.</comment>
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      <text bytes="51858" sha1="4x3f7w9quff1lzctxvuxzckjawv5vvb" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Networking==
=== Do I need to configure my firewall to run Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin will connect to other nodes, usually on TCP port 8333. You will need to allow outgoing TCP connections to port 8333 if you want to allow your Bitcoin client to connect to many nodes. [[Testnet]] uses TCP port 18333 instead of 8333.

If you want to restrict your firewall rules to a few IPs, you can find stable nodes in the [[Fallback Nodes|fallback nodes list]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="51940" sha1="tjx5guhdp6dtydyylys1yk7cmb8hrx3" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

That the block chain cannot be easily forked represents one of the central security mechanisms of Bitcoin.  Given the choice between two block chains, a Bitcoin miner always chooses the longer one - that is to say, the one with the more complex hash.  Thusly, it ensures that each user can only spend their bitcoins once, and that no user gets ripped off.

As a consequence of the block chain structure, there may at any time be many different sub-branches, and the possibility always exists of a transaction being over-written by the longest branch, if it has been recorded in a shorter one.  The older a transaction is though, the lower its chances of being over-written, and the higher of becoming permanent.  Although the block chain prevents one from spending more Bitcoins than one has, it means that transactions can be accidentally nullified.  

A new block chain would leave the network vulnerable to [[double-spending|double-spend]] attacks.  However, the creation of a viable new chain presents considerable difficulty, and the possibility does not present much of a risk.

Bitcoin will always choose the longer Block Chain and determines the relative length of two branches by the complexities of their hashes.  Since the hash of each new block is made from that of the block preceding it, to create a block with a more complex hash, one must be prepared to do more computation than has been done by the entire Bitcoin network from the fork point up to the newest of the blocks one is trying to supersede.  Needless to say, such an undertaking would require a very large amount of processing power and since Bitcoin is continually growing and expanding, it will likely only require more with the passage of time.

A much more distinct and real threat to the Bitcoin use is the development of other, superior virtual currencies, which could supplant Bitcoin and render it obsolete and valueless.

A great deal of careful thought and ingenuity has gone into the development of Bitcoin, but it is the first of its breed, a prototype, and vulnerable to more highly-evolved competitors. At present, any threatening rivals have yet to rear their heads; Bitcoin remains the first and foremost private virtual currency, but we can offer no guarantees that it will retain that position.  It would certainly be in keeping with internet history for a similar system built from the same principles to supersede and cast Bitcoin into obsolescence, after time had revealed its major shortcomings.  Friendster and Myspace suffered similar fates at the hand of Facebook, Napster was ousted by Limeware, Bearshare and torrent applications, and Skype has all but crushed the last few disciples of the Microsoft Messenger army.  

This may sound rather foreboding, so bear in mind that the introduction of new and possibly better virtual currencies will not necessarily herald Bitcoin's demise.  If Bitcoin establishes itself sufficiently firmly before the inception of the next generation of private, online currencies so as to gain widespread acceptance and general stability, future currencies may pose little threat even if they can claim superior design.  This is known as the network effect.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>tjx5guhdp6dtydyylys1yk7cmb8hrx3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>181</id>
      <parentid>167</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-02-02T08:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz? */  gata secțiunea!</comment>
      <origin>181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52472" sha1="2ghtpcnuewcp8bmlsbzo2xe6sbdnmfs" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizită site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed?===

In the early days of Bitcoin, it was easy for anyone to find new blocks using standard CPUs. As more and more people started mining, the [[difficulty]] of finding new blocks has greatly increased to the point where the average time for a CPU to find a single block can be many years. The only cost-effective method of [[Mining|mining]] is using a high-end graphics card with special software (see also [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]) and/or joining a [[Bitcoin Pool|mining pool]]. Since solo CPU mining is essentially useless, it was removed from the GUI of the Bitcoin software.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

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[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

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        <username>CyrusV</username>
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      <comment>/* Why was the "Generate coin" option of the client software removed? */ Tradusa si asta, am reformulat un pic pentru a scoate informatia veche.</comment>
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      <text bytes="52515" sha1="pi0li2efbrsvqfdwtii33lnoccmkxbl" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Mining==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="52514" sha1="an3zfdc4ntdymx1ibgx372rfvud0exl" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Security==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>an3zfdc4ntdymx1ibgx372rfvud0exl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2014-02-03T02:08:39Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="52516" sha1="69yuwutfrevjyer8ipjjl4siirvy0ey" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|trade them]] pentru monezi tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2014-02-12T15:04:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Goregrind</username>
        <id>61</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cum fac rost de bitcoini? */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52522" sha1="ljgq5hn9t42g4un8vjrbzkgrhkdaalx" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2014-02-12T15:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Goregrind</username>
        <id>61</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52529" sha1="r7mk011konsclygni78c6zng9zjnqad" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate creea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Goregrind</username>
        <id>61</id>
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      <comment>/* Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="52528" sha1="0dzydp5y0faqey2qy87yphbh54op6kk" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===What is mining?===
[[Mining]] is the process of spending computation power to secure Bitcoin transactions against reversal and introducing new Bitcoins to the system.

Technically speaking, mining is the calculation of a [[hash]] of the a block header, which includes among other things a reference to the previous block, a hash of a set of transactions and a [[nonce]]. If the hash value is found to be less than the current [[target]] (which is inversely proportional to the [[difficulty]]), a new block is formed and the miner gets the newly generated Bitcoins (25 per block at current levels). If the hash is not less than the current target, a new nonce is tried, and a new hash is calculated. This is done millions of times per second by each miner.

===Is mining used for some useful computation?===
The computations done when mining are internal to Bitcoin and not related to any other distributed computing projects. They serve the purpose of securing the Bitcoin network, which is useful.

===Is it not a waste of energy?===
Spending energy on creating and securing a free monetary system is hardly a waste. Also, services necessary for the operation of currently widespread monetary systems, such as banks and credit card companies, also spend energy, arguably more than Bitcoin would.

===Why don't we use calculations that are also useful for some other purpose?===
To provide security for the Bitcoin network, the calculations involved need to have some [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618 very specific features]. These features are incompatible with leveraging the computation for other purposes.

===How can we stop miners from creating zero transaction blocks?===
The incentive for miners to include transactions is in the fees that come along with them. If we were to implement some minimum number of transactions per block it would be trivial for a miner to create and include transactions merely to surpass that threshold. As the network matures, the block reward drops, and miners become more dependent on transactions fees to pay their costs, the problem of zero transaction blocks should diminish over time.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
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      <text bytes="52852" sha1="3c7nxn9ddh7cztr0c6p2stcx3uiurx7" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===Ce este minatul?===
[[Minatul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, minatul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de către fiecare miner.

===Este minatul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin?===
To give a general idea of the mining process, imagine this setup:

  payload = &lt;some data related to things happening on the Bitcoin network&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2]( payload + nonce ) )

The work performed by a miner consists of repeatedly increasing "nonce" until
the hash function yields a value, that has the rare property of being below a certain
target threshold. (In other words: The hash "starts with a certain number of zeroes",
if you display it in the fixed-length representation, that is typically used.)

As can be seen, the mining process doesn't compute anything special. It merely
tries to find a number (also referred to as nonce) which - in combination with the payload -
results in a hash with special properties.

The advantage of using such a mechanism consists of the fact, that it is very easy to check a result: Given the payload and a specific nonce, only a single call of the hashing function is needed to verify that the hash has the required properties. Since there is no known way to find these hashes other than brute force, this can be used as a "proof of work" that someone invested a lot of computing power to find the correct nonce for this payload.

This feature is then used in the Bitcoin network to secure various aspects. An attacker
that wants to introduce malicious payload data into the network, will need to do the
required proof of work before it will be accepted. And as long as honest miners have more
computing power, they can always outpace an attacker.

Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Proof-of-work system] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] and on Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

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        <username>FiR3</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* How does the proof-of-work system help secure Bitcoin? */  tradus secțiune   //mulțumesc Namun</comment>
      <origin>190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53315" sha1="mbjlrmn9f0xzdu66nbrq29kcajvu7xn" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, minatul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minat de bitcoini|minare]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minate la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minat se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minat de bitcoini|minat]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minat în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minat) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minat==
===Ce este minatul?===
[[Minatul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, minatul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de către fiecare miner.

===Este minatul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===Cum ajută sistemul „proof-of-work” la securizarea platformei?===
Pentru a avea o idee generală asupra procesului de minat, imaginați-vă următoarea schemă:

  payload (=sarcina utilă) = &lt;date legate de anumite evenimente din rețeaua Bitcoin&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( payload + nonce ) )

Calculele efectuate de către un miner constau în creșterea factorului ''nonce'' în mod repetat, până când funcția ''hash'' furnizează o valoare care care proprietatea rară de a fi sub un anumit prag-țintă (cu alte cuvinte: ''Hash''-ul „pornește de la un anumit număr de zerouri”, dacă este afișată forma sa cu o lungime fixată de caractere, folosită în mod tipic).

Precum se poate observa, procesul de minat nu calculează ceva în mod special. Încearcă pur și simplu să găsească un număr (numit nonce), pe care - în combinație cu ''payload''-ul - rezultă într-un șir ''hash'' cu proprietăți speciale.

Avantajul folosirii unui astfel de mecanism constă în faptul că este foarte ușor de a verifica un rezultat: Dată fiind încărcătura utilă (payload-ul) și un ''nonce'' specific, doar o singură apelare a funcției ''hash'' este necesară pentru a verifica dacă ''hash''-ul are proprietățile necesare. Deoarece nu există vreo altă cale cunoscută de a găsi aceste ''hash''-uri decât prin atacurile de tip „forță brută” (brute force), această modalitate poate fi folosită drept „dovadă a muncii” (proof of work) cum că cineva a investit suficientă putere de calcul pentru a găsi ''nonce''-ul corect pentru acest ''payload''.

Această trăsătură este mai apoi folosită în rețeaua Bitcoin pentru a securiza diverse aspecte. Un atacator ce dorește să introducă diferite date cu caracter malițios în rețea, va trebui să furnizeze acest ''proof of work'' înainte ca datele să fie acceptate, iar, atâta timp cât mineri onești vor a vea mai multă putere de calcul, pot întotdeauna depăși un atacator.

Vezi și articolele despre [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Sistemul proof-of-work] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] (eng) pe Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil minatul doar cu aparatură dedicată minatului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mina a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something (although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>mbjlrmn9f0xzdu66nbrq29kcajvu7xn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>198</id>
      <parentid>190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-05-06T05:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mina =&gt; mineri.</comment>
      <origin>198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53770" sha1="of89dk380ynyecleo5eveyu1gypa3x0" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau 

cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă 

Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, mineritul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în 

prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre 

următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea 

deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații 

săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor 

zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu 

implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al 

monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe 

urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică 

minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu 

un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică 

pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți 

găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor 

pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum 

are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte 

din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și 

câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de 

securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând 

fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta 

un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar 

trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru 

vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor 

virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar 

mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că 

orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal 

de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi 

[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[minerit de bitcoini|minerit]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei 

sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o 

metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, 

astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} 

bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se 

înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în 

existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minerite la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce 

puterea de procesare direcționată către minerit se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 

blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru 

primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este 

necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 

BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi 

echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți 

US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. 

Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca 

și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în 

circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane 

(presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, 

mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. 

Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minerit în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora 

va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin 

crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se 

reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili 

pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest 

lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse 

fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - 

mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, 

valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și 

dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de 

oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, 

ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în 

monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun 

exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea 

centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de 

cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită 

situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, 

dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii 

somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce 

clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea 

rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea 

unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această 

calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest 

lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei 

să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, 

comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, 

bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o 

deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de 

milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se 

pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind 

practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai 

probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce 

rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. 

Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. 

Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date 

experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă 

un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest 

lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi 

împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în 

cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un 

număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. 

Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică 

parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată 

oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați 

cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei 

ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina 

creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei 

Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest 

lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-

scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca 

aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini 

decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă 

o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de 

complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o 

funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la 

cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece 

Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără 

valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor 

mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu 

poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt 

întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat 

ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va 

rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, 

acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate 

schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate 

manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute 

reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este 

găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă 

cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei 

astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere 

computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de 

calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] 

scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu 

marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce 

mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse 

depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva 

încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic 

vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel 

de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi 

articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a 

unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia 

blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile 

ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, 

acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva 

găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest 

risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc 

de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o 

chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, 

tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de 

prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja 

utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele 

pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este 

procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 

BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra 

[[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de 

tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică

(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume 

mici provenite dintr-un pool de minerit) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie 

este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. 

Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost 

primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului 

P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi 

participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile 

sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului 

calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în 

vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore 

de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor 

tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ 

http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau 

[[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite 

clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In 

order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names 

which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There 

is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minerit==
===Ce este mineritul?===
[[Mineritul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, mineritul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un 

șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este 

invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash 

nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de 

către fiecare miner.

===Este mineritul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, 

lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare 

curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-

calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un 

miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai 

dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===Cum ajută sistemul „proof-of-work” la securizarea platformei?===
Pentru a avea o idee generală asupra procesului de minerit, imaginați-vă următoarea schemă:

  payload (=sarcina utilă) = &lt;date legate de anumite evenimente din rețeaua Bitcoin&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( payload + nonce ) )

Calculele efectuate de către un miner constau în creșterea factorului ''nonce'' în mod repetat, până când funcția ''hash'' furnizează o valoare care care proprietatea 

rară de a fi sub un anumit prag-țintă (cu alte cuvinte: ''Hash''-ul „pornește de la un anumit număr de zerouri”, dacă este afișată forma sa cu o lungime fixată de 

caractere, folosită în mod tipic).

Precum se poate observa, procesul de minerit nu calculează ceva în mod special. Încearcă pur și simplu să găsească un număr (numit nonce), pe care - în combinație cu 

''payload''-ul - rezultă într-un șir ''hash'' cu proprietăți speciale.

Avantajul folosirii unui astfel de mecanism constă în faptul că este foarte ușor de a verifica un rezultat: Dată fiind încărcătura utilă (payload-ul) și un ''nonce'' 

specific, doar o singură apelare a funcției ''hash'' este necesară pentru a verifica dacă ''hash''-ul are proprietățile necesare. Deoarece nu există vreo altă cale 

cunoscută de a găsi aceste ''hash''-uri decât prin atacurile de tip „forță brută” (brute force), această modalitate poate fi folosită drept „dovadă a muncii” (proof of 

work) cum că cineva a investit suficientă putere de calcul pentru a găsi ''nonce''-ul corect pentru acest ''payload''.

Această trăsătură este mai apoi folosită în rețeaua Bitcoin pentru a securiza diverse aspecte. Un atacator ce dorește să introducă diferite date cu caracter malițios în 

rețea, va trebui să furnizeze acest ''proof of work'' înainte ca datele să fie acceptate, iar, atâta timp cât mineri onești vor a vea mai multă putere de calcul, pot 

întotdeauna depăși un atacator.

Vezi și articolele despre [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Sistemul proof-of-work] (eng) și 

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] (eng) pe Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, 

[[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. 

La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil mineritul doar cu aparatură dedicată mineritului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului 

pentru a mineri a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Could miners collude to give themselves money or to fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?===

There are two questions in here.  Let's look at them separately.

;Could miners gang up and give themselves money?

Mining itself is the process of creating new blocks in the block chain.  Each block contains a list of all the transactions that have taken place across the entire 

Bitcoin network since the last block was created, as well as a hash of the previous block.  New blocks are 'mined', or rather, generated, by  Bitcoin clients correctly 

guessing sequences of characters in codes called 'hashes,' which are created using information from previous blocks.  Bitcoin users may download specialized 'mining' 

software, which  allows them to dedicate some amount of their processing power – however large or small – to guessing at strings within the hash of the previous block.  

Whoever makes the right guess first, thus creating a new block, receives a reward in Bitcoins.
	
The block chain is one of the two structures that makes Bitcoin secure, the other being the public-key encryption system on which Bitcoin trade is based.  The block 

chain assures that not only is every single transaction that ever takes place recorded, but that every single transaction is recorded on the computer of anyone who 

chooses to store the relevant information.  Many, many users have complete records of every transaction in Bitcoins history readily available to them at any point, and 

anyone who wants in the information can obtain it with ease.  These things make Bitcoin very hard to fool.

The Bitcoin network takes considerable processing power to run, and since those with the most processing power can make the most guesses, those who put the most power 

toward to sustaining the network earn the most currency.  Each correct guess yields, at present, twenty-five Bitcoins, and as Bitcoins are presently worth something 

(although the value still fluctuates) every miner who earns any number of Bitcoins makes money.  Some miners pull in Bitcoins on their own; and some also join or form 

pools wherein all who contribute earn a share of the profits.  
	
Therefore, first answer is a vehement “yes”  – not only can miners collude to get more money, Bitcoin is designed to encourage them to do so.  Bitcoin pools are 

communal affairs, and there is nothing dishonest or underhanded about them.

Of course, the real question is:

;Can they do so in ways not sanctioned by Bitcoin developers?  Is there any way to rip off the network and make loads of money dishonestly?

Bitcoin isn't infallible.  It can be cheated, but doing so is extremely difficult.  Bitcoin was designed to evade some of the central problems with modern currencies – 

namely, that their trustworthiness hinges upon that of people who might not have users' best interests in mind.  Every currency in the world (other than Bitcoin) is 

controlled by large institutions who keep track of what's done with it, and who can manipulate its value.  And every other currency has value because people trust the 

institutions that control them.

Bitcoin doesn't ask that its users trust any institution.  Its security is based on the cryptography that is an integral part of its structure, and that is readily 

available for any and all to see.  Instead of one entity keeping track of transactions, the entire network does, so Bitcoins are astoundingly difficult to steal, or 

double-spend. Bitcoins are created in a regular and predictable fashion, and by many different users, so no one can decide to make a whole lot more and lessen their 

value.  In short, Bitcoin is designed to be inflation-proof, double-spend-proof and completely distributed.

Nonetheless, there are a few ways that one can acquire Bitcoins dishonestly.  Firstly, one can steal private keys.  Key theft isn't something that Bitcoin security has 

been designed to prevent: it's up to users to keep theirs safe.  But the cryptography is designed so that it is completely impossible to deduce someone's private key 

from their public one. As long as you keep your private key to yourself, you don't have much to worry about.  Furthermore, one could theoretically create a new block 

chain, but due to the way in which the block chain is constructed, this would be extremely difficult and require massive amounts of processing power.  A full 

explanation of the difficulties involved can be found in the [[block chain]] article.

Bitcoin can be ripped off – but doing so would be extremely hard and require considerable expertise and a staggering amount of processing power.  And it's only going to 

get harder with time.  Bitcoin isn't impenetrable, but it's close enough to put any real worries in the peripherals.
	
;Could miners fundamentally change the nature of Bitcoin?

Once again, almost certainly not.

Bitcoin is a distributed network, so any changes implemented to the system must be accepted by all users.  Someone trying to change the way Bitcoins are generated would 

have to convince every user to download and use their software – so the only changes that would go through are those that would be equally benefit all users. 

And thus, it is more or less impossible for anyone to change the function of Bitcoin to their advantage.  If users don't like the changes, they won't adopt them, 

whereas if users do like them, then these will help everyone equally.  Of course, one can conceive of a situation where someone manages to get a change pushed through 

that provides them with an advantage that no one notices, but given that Bitcoin is structurally relatively simple, it is unlikely that any major changes will go 

through without someone noticing first.

The fact that such changes are so difficult to make testifies to the fully distributed nature of Bitcoin.  Any centrally controlled currency can be modified by its 

central agency without the consent of its adherents.  Bitcoin has no central authority, so it changes only at the behest of the whole community.  Bitcoins development 

represents a kind of collective evolution; the first of its kind among currencies.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>of89dk380ynyecleo5eveyu1gypa3x0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>199</id>
      <parentid>198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-05-06T08:13:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Securitate */  tradus secțiune =&gt; finalizat pagină.</comment>
      <origin>199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54837" sha1="5128ppbh6q1oqyve7ydxzxk8wqwggzj" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

== General ==
=== Ce sunt bitcoinii? ===
:Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau 

cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă 

Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
:A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere | introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

=== Cum fac rost de bitcoini? ===

:Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, mineritul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[block]] ( Rezolvarea unui block produce în 

prezent 25 Bitcoin, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|free samples and offers]].

=== Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani? ===

:Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca una dintre 

următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

:De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.


;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogății peste noapte ?

:Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogății peste noapte. Reclamele acestea 

deobicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații 

săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor 

zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

:Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu 

implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al 

monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe 

urmă sa.

:Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 here].



;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

:Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică 

minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''mining''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#What is mining?|What is mining?]]) cu 

un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică 

pentru că conceptualitatea proiectului este foarte interesantă, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți 

găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiuni politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: Dezvoltătorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor 

pentru beneficiile intelectuale, decât cele de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum 

are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimulus interesant din punct de vedere conceptual si care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
 
  

;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

:Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte 

din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu, și 

câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de 

securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând 

fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta 

un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar 

trebui făcut cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

=== Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal? ===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru 

vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor 

virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar 

mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că 

orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal 

de restituire a plății.

=== Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin? ===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi 

[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

=== Cum se creează noi bitcoini? ===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[minerit de bitcoini|minerit]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei 

sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o 

metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, 

astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} 

bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se 

înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în 

existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minerite la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce 

puterea de procesare direcționată către minerit se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 

blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]].

=== Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală?  ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru 

primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

=== Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii?  ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este 

necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

=== Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului? ===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 

BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi 

echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți 

US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

=== Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic? ===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. 

Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca 

și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

=== Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile? ===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în 

circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane 

(presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

=== Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri? ===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, 

mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. 

Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minerit în viitor.

=== Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă? ===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora 

va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin 

crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se 

reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili 

pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

=== Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil? ===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest 

lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse 

fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - 

mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

== Economie ==
=== De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii? ===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, 

valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și 

dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de 

oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, 

ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în 

monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun 

exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea 

centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de 

cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită 

situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

=== Este Bitcoin o bula? ===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, 

dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii 

somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

=== Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi? ===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce 

clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea 

rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea 

unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această 

calitate.

=== Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali? ===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest 

lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei 

să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, 

comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

=== Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul? ===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, 

bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o 

deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de 

milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se 

pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind 

practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai 

probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce 

rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. 

Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. 

Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date 

experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă 

un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest 

lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi 

împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în 

cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un 

număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. 

Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

=== Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent? ===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică 

parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată 

oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați 

cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei 

ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina 

creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

=== Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei 

Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest 

lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-

scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca 

aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini 

decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă 

o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de 

complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o 

funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la 

cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece 

Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără 

valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor 

mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu 

poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt 

întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat 

ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va 

rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, 

acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

=== Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale? ===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate 

schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate 

manipulării pieței.

== Efectuarea și primirea de plăți ==

=== De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți? ===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute 

reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este 

găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă 

cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei 

astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere 

computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de 

calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] 

scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

=== Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin? ===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu 

marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce 

mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse 

depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva 

încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic 

vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel 

de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi 

articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a 

unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia 

blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile 

ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, 

acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva 

găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest 

risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc 

de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

=== Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt? ===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o 

chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, 

tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de 

prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

=== De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă? ===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja 

utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele 

pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

=== Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie? ===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este 

procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 

BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra 

[[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de 

tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică

(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume 

mici provenite dintr-un pool de minerit) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie 

este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

=== Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis? ===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. 

Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost 

primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

=== Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta? ===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului 

P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi 

participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile 

sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului 

calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în 

vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore 

de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor 

tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ 

http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau 

[[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==
=== Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin? ===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite 

clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

=== How does the peer finding mechanism work? ===

Bitcoin finds peers primarily by forwarding peer announcements within its own network and each node saves a database of peers that it's aware of, for future use. In 

order to bootstrap this process Bitcoin needs a list of initial peers, these can be provided manually but normally it obtains them by querying a set of DNS domain names 

which have automatically updated lists, if that doesn't work it falls back to a built-in list which is updated from time to time in new versions of the software. There 

is also an IRC based mechanism but it is disabled by default.

==Minerit==
===Ce este mineritul?===
[[Mineritul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, mineritul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un 

șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este 

invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash 

nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de 

către fiecare miner.

===Este mineritul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, 

lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare 

curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-

calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un 

miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai 

dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===Cum ajută sistemul „proof-of-work” la securizarea platformei?===
Pentru a avea o idee generală asupra procesului de minerit, imaginați-vă următoarea schemă:

  payload (=sarcina utilă) = &lt;date legate de anumite evenimente din rețeaua Bitcoin&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( payload + nonce ) )

Calculele efectuate de către un miner constau în creșterea factorului ''nonce'' în mod repetat, până când funcția ''hash'' furnizează o valoare care care proprietatea 

rară de a fi sub un anumit prag-țintă (cu alte cuvinte: ''Hash''-ul „pornește de la un anumit număr de zerouri”, dacă este afișată forma sa cu o lungime fixată de 

caractere, folosită în mod tipic).

Precum se poate observa, procesul de minerit nu calculează ceva în mod special. Încearcă pur și simplu să găsească un număr (numit nonce), pe care - în combinație cu 

''payload''-ul - rezultă într-un șir ''hash'' cu proprietăți speciale.

Avantajul folosirii unui astfel de mecanism constă în faptul că este foarte ușor de a verifica un rezultat: Dată fiind încărcătura utilă (payload-ul) și un ''nonce'' 

specific, doar o singură apelare a funcției ''hash'' este necesară pentru a verifica dacă ''hash''-ul are proprietățile necesare. Deoarece nu există vreo altă cale 

cunoscută de a găsi aceste ''hash''-uri decât prin atacurile de tip „forță brută” (brute force), această modalitate poate fi folosită drept „dovadă a muncii” (proof of 

work) cum că cineva a investit suficientă putere de calcul pentru a găsi ''nonce''-ul corect pentru acest ''payload''.

Această trăsătură este mai apoi folosită în rețeaua Bitcoin pentru a securiza diverse aspecte. Un atacator ce dorește să introducă diferite date cu caracter malițios în 

rețea, va trebui să furnizeze acest ''proof of work'' înainte ca datele să fie acceptate, iar, atâta timp cât mineri onești vor a vea mai multă putere de calcul, pot 

întotdeauna depăși un atacator.

Vezi și articolele despre [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Sistemul proof-of-work] (eng) și 

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] (eng) pe Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, 

[[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. 

La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil mineritul doar cu aparatură dedicată mineritului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului 

pentru a mineri a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Este posibil ca minerii să conspire pentru a-și oferi bani sau pentru a schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?===

Există două întrebări aici. Haideți să le tratăm separat.

;Se poate ca minerii să formeze găști pentru a-și oferi bani?

Mineritul în sine este procesul prin care noi blocuri sunt create și adăugate lanțului de blocuri. Fiecare bloc conține o listă a tuturor tranzacțiilor ce au avut loc de-a lungul întregii rețele Bitcoin de când ultimul bloc a fost creat, precum și un șir hash al precedentului bloc. Blocurile noi sunt „minerite” sau, mai degrabă, generate, de către aplicațiile Bitcoin care ghicesc în mod corect secvențe de caractere în coduri numite „hash”-uri, create folosind informația din blocurile precedente. Utilizatorii Bitcoin pot descărca aceste aplicații specializate, lucru ce le permite să-și dedice o parte din puterea de procesare, indiferent de dimensiunea acesteia, găsirii acestor șiruri în hash-ul blocului precedent.

Oricine găsește primul rezolvarea, creând astfel un nou bloc, este remunerat cu o sumă anume de bitcoini. Lanțul de blocuri este una dintre cele două structuri ce securizează platforma Bitcoin, cealaltă fiind sistemul de criptare cu chei publice, pe care se bazează tranzacțiile sistemului. Lanțul de blocuri asigură nu doar că orice tranzacție care s-a efectuat este înregistrată, dar și că fiecare tranzacție este stocată pe calculatorul oricui dorește să dețină această informație relevantă. Foarte mulți utilizatori au un istoric al fiecărei tranzacții în bitcoin ușor de accesat pentru ei în orice moment, iar oricine dorește poate obține această informație cu ușurință. Aceste lucruri fac ca rețeaua să fie extrem de greu de păcălit.

Sistemul Bitcoin necesită o putere de procesare considerabilă pentru a rula, iar, datorită faptului că deținătorii celor mai potente astfe de mașinării pot obține cele mai multe răspunsuri corecte la problemele criptografice, aceștia vor fi cel mai bine remunerați. Fiecare răspuns valid oferă în prezent 25 bitcoini, iar cum aceștia valorează semnificativ în momentul de față (deși cursul încă fluctuează), fiecare miner ce câștigă orice sumă de bitcoini, face bani. Anumiți mineri se angajează în această activitate pe cont propriu; alții preferă să se unească în „pool”-uri, adică locuri unde toți cei ce contribuie împart profiturile.

Prin urmare, primul răspuns este un vehement „da” - nu doar pot minerii să se unească pentru a face bani, ci platforma îi încurajează să o facă. Pool-urile Bitcoin reprezintă convenții de comun acord, iar acest lucru nu implică lipsa de onestitate sau activități secrete din partea acestora.


Desigur, întrebarea reală este:

;Se poate ca acest lucru să fie făcut fără a putea fi sancționat de către dezvoltatorii Bitcoin? Există vreo cale de a prăda rețeaua și a crea mulți bani necinstit?

Bitcoin nu este un sistem desăvârșit. Se poate trișa, dar acest lucru este extrem de dificil. Arhitectura lui a fost concepută pentru a eluda câteva dintre problemele centrale ale valutelor moderne - mai precis, faptul că încrederea acestora este strâns legată de oameni care nu ar putea avea în minte cele mai bune interese pentru utilizatori. Orice altă monedă (în afară de cele criptografice) este controlată de mari instituții, ce țin evidența a ce se face cu aceasta și felurile în care valoarea i se poate manipula. Iar valoarea oricărei alte monede este dată de faptul că oamenii au încredere în instituția ce o controlează.

Bitcoin nu cere utilizatorilor săi să aibe încredere în vreo instituție. Securitatea modelului se bazează pe criptografie ca parte integrată în structura proprie, una disponibilă și accesibilă tuturor. În loc de o entitate ce ține contabilitatea tuturor tranzacțiilor, acest lucru este făcut de către întreaga rețea, astfel încât bitcoinii sunt uluitor de dificil de furat sau dublu-cheltuit. Bitcoinii sunt creați într-o manieră regulată și predictibilă, de către mulți utilizatori diferiți, astfel încât nimeni nu poate decide să creeze cu mult mai mulți pentru a le scădea din valoare. Pe scurt, Bitcoin este gândit să fie un aparat lipsit de inflație, cheltuială dublă și complet distribuit.

Cu toate acestea, există câteva moduri prin care cineva poate obține bitcoini necinstit. În primul rând, o astfel de persoană ar putea fura cheile private. Sustragerea acestora nu este un lucru pe care securitatea Bitcoin a fost proiectată să o prevină: acesta revine utilizatorilor. Criptografia, însă, este gândită astfel încât este imposibilă deducerea cheii private a cuiva din cea publică. Atâta timp cât o păstrezi secretă, nu trebuie să îți faci prea multe griji în legătură cu aceasta. Mai mult de atât, o entitate ar putea crea - teoretic - un nou lanț de blocuri, dar, datorită felului în care acesta este construit, acțiunea respectivă ar fi extrem de dificil de înfăptuit și ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare. O explicație completă asupra dificultăților implicate poate fi găsită în articolul despre [[Lanț de blocuri|lanțul de blocuri]].

Bitcoin ar putea fi jecmănit - dar împlinirea acestui fapt ar fi extrem de grea și ar necesita o expertiză considerabilă și o putere de procesare covârșitoare. Iar acest lucru devnie tot mai greu, odată cu trecerea timpului. Bitcoin nu este impenetrabil, dar este suficient de puternic încât pune orice îngrijorări reale la periferie.


;Ar putea minerii schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?

Din nou, aproape sigur nu. Bitcoin este o rețea distribouită, așadar orice schimbări implementate sistemului trebuiesc acceptate de către toți utilizatorii. Cineva ce încearcă să schimbe felul în care Bitcoinii sunt generați ar trebui să convingă fiecare utilizator să descarce și să folosească software-ul furnizat de acesta - prin urmare, singurele schimbări ce ar avea loc ar fi cele care ar avantaja, în mod egal, toți utilizatorii.

În concluzie, este aproape imposibil ca cineva să schimbe funcționarea Bitcoin în avantajul său. Dacă utilizatorilor le displac noile reguli, aceștia nu le vor adopta, opusul fiind la fel de valid, cazul din urmă avantajându-i pe toți în mod egal. Desigur, se poate imagina o situație în care cineva reușește să forțeze schimbările dorite în sistem, oferindu-și un avantaj pe care nimeni nu-l va observa, dar - având în vedere faptul că Bitcoin este un model structural relativ simplu - este foarte puțin probabil ca orice schimbare majoră să aibă loc fără ca cineva să o remarce întâi.

Faptul că astfel de modificări sunt așa de greu de întreprins certifică natura complet distribuită a Bitcoin. Orice monedă controlată central poate fi modificată de către agenția emitentă fără consensul adepților săi. Bitcoin nu are vreo autoritate centrală, prin urmare transformările au loc doar la dorința întregii comunități. Dezvoltarea Bitcoin reprezintă un fel de evoluție colectivă; prima de acest fel în râdul valutelor.

==Ajutor==
===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Man page]]
* [[Introduction]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>5128ppbh6q1oqyve7ydxzxk8wqwggzj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>200</id>
      <parentid>199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-05-06T08:47:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>unele mici corecturi + reformatare. pagină finalizată! =)</comment>
      <origin>200</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54577" sha1="5lpp6qclbran0ay92x7wcf8uz5dbwi8" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

==General==

===Ce sunt bitcoinii?===

Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere|introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

===Cum fac rost de bitcoini?===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, mineritul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[bloc]] (Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 bitcoini, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|mostre și oferte]].

===Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani?===

Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca unul dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.

;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogăți peste noapte?

Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogăți peste noapte. Reclamele acestea de obicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 aici].

;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''minerit''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#Ce este mineritul?|ce este mineritul?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică deoarece conceptul proiectului este foarte interesant, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiunile politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: dezvoltatorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, înaintea celor de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimul interesant din punct de vedere conceptual și care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
  
;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcută cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

===Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal?===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

===Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin?===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

===Cum se creează noi bitcoini?===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minerite la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minerit se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]].

===Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală? ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

===Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii? ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

===Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului?===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

===Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic?===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

===Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile?===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

===Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri?===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minerit în viitor.

===Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă?===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

===Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil?===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

==Economie==

===De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii?===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

===Este Bitcoin o bulă?===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

===Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi?===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

===Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali?===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

===Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul?===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

===Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent?===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

===Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

===Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale?===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

==Efectuarea și primirea de plăți==

===De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți?===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

===Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin?===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

===Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt?===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

===De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă?===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

===Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie?===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minerit) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

===Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis?===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

===Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta?===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==

===Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin?===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

===Cum funcționează mecanismul de găsire a egalilor („peers”)?===

Bitcoin găsește egalii („peers”) principali prin înaintarea anunțurilor de tip peer în propria rețea iar fiecare nod salvează o bază de date a egalilor de care este conștient, pentru uz ulterior. Pentru a inițializa acest proces, aplicația necesită o listă de egali inițiali. Aceștia pot fi furnizați manual însă, în mod normal, acest proces este automatizat prin interogarea unui set de nume de domenii de tip DNS, ce au listele actualizate automat. Dacă și acest proces dă greș, se apelează la o listă incorporată care este reactualizată regulat în noile versiuni ale software-ului. Există, de asemenea, și un emcanism bazat pe IRC dar este oprit în mod implicit.

==Minerit==

===Ce este mineritul?===

[[Minerit de bitcoini|Mineritul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, mineritul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de către fiecare miner.

===Este mineritul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===Cum ajută sistemul „proof-of-work” la securizarea platformei?===
Pentru a avea o idee generală asupra procesului de minerit, imaginați-vă următoarea schemă:

  payload (=sarcina utilă) = &lt;date legate de anumite evenimente din rețeaua Bitcoin&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( payload + nonce ) )

Calculele efectuate de către un miner constau în creșterea factorului ''nonce'' în mod repetat, până când funcția ''hash'' furnizează o valoare care care proprietatea rară de a fi sub un anumit prag-țintă (cu alte cuvinte: ''Hash''-ul „pornește de la un anumit număr de zerouri”, dacă este afișată forma sa cu o lungime fixată de caractere, folosită în mod tipic).

Precum se poate observa, procesul de minerit nu calculează ceva în mod special. Încearcă pur și simplu să găsească un număr (numit nonce), pe care - în combinație cu ''payload''-ul - rezultă într-un șir ''hash'' cu proprietăți speciale.

Avantajul folosirii unui astfel de mecanism constă în faptul că este foarte ușor de a verifica un rezultat: Dată fiind încărcătura utilă (payload-ul) și un ''nonce'' specific, doar o singură apelare a funcției ''hash'' este necesară pentru a verifica dacă ''hash''-ul are proprietățile necesare. Deoarece nu există vreo altă cale cunoscută de a găsi aceste ''hash''-uri decât prin atacurile de tip „forță brută” (brute force), această modalitate poate fi folosită drept „dovadă a muncii” (proof of work) cum că cineva a investit suficientă putere de calcul pentru a găsi ''nonce''-ul corect pentru acest ''payload''.

Această trăsătură este mai apoi folosită în rețeaua Bitcoin pentru a securiza diverse aspecte. Un atacator ce dorește să introducă diferite date cu caracter malițios în rețea, va trebui să furnizeze acest ''proof of work'' înainte ca datele să fie acceptate, iar, atâta timp cât mineri onești vor a vea mai multă putere de calcul, pot întotdeauna depăși un atacator.

Vezi și articolele despre [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Sistemul proof-of-work] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] (eng) pe Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil mineritul doar cu aparatură dedicată mineritului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mineri a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Este posibil ca minerii să conspire pentru a-și oferi bani sau pentru a schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?===

Există două întrebări aici. Haideți să le tratăm separat.

;Se poate ca minerii să formeze găști pentru a-și oferi bani?

Mineritul în sine este procesul prin care noi blocuri sunt create și adăugate lanțului de blocuri. Fiecare bloc conține o listă a tuturor tranzacțiilor ce au avut loc de-a lungul întregii rețele Bitcoin de când ultimul bloc a fost creat, precum și un șir hash al precedentului bloc. Blocurile noi sunt „minerite” sau, mai degrabă, generate, de către aplicațiile Bitcoin care ghicesc în mod corect secvențe de caractere în coduri numite „hash”-uri, create folosind informația din blocurile precedente. Utilizatorii Bitcoin pot descărca aceste aplicații specializate, lucru ce le permite să-și dedice o parte din puterea de procesare, indiferent de dimensiunea acesteia, găsirii acestor șiruri în hash-ul blocului precedent.

Oricine găsește primul rezolvarea, creând astfel un nou bloc, este remunerat cu o sumă anume de bitcoini. Lanțul de blocuri este una dintre cele două structuri ce securizează platforma Bitcoin, cealaltă fiind sistemul de criptare cu chei publice, pe care se bazează tranzacțiile sistemului. Lanțul de blocuri asigură nu doar că orice tranzacție care s-a efectuat este înregistrată, dar și că fiecare tranzacție este stocată pe calculatorul oricui dorește să dețină această informație relevantă. Foarte mulți utilizatori au un istoric al fiecărei tranzacții în bitcoin ușor de accesat pentru ei în orice moment, iar oricine dorește poate obține această informație cu ușurință. Aceste lucruri fac ca rețeaua să fie extrem de greu de păcălit.

Sistemul Bitcoin necesită o putere de procesare considerabilă pentru a rula, iar, datorită faptului că deținătorii celor mai potente astfe de mașinării pot obține cele mai multe răspunsuri corecte la problemele criptografice, aceștia vor fi cel mai bine remunerați. Fiecare răspuns valid oferă în prezent 25 bitcoini, iar cum aceștia valorează semnificativ în momentul de față (deși cursul încă fluctuează), fiecare miner ce câștigă orice sumă de bitcoini, face bani. Anumiți mineri se angajează în această activitate pe cont propriu; alții preferă să se unească în „pool”-uri, adică locuri unde toți cei ce contribuie împart profiturile.

Prin urmare, primul răspuns este un vehement „da” - nu doar pot minerii să se unească pentru a face bani, ci platforma îi încurajează să o facă. Pool-urile Bitcoin reprezintă convenții de comun acord, iar acest lucru nu implică lipsa de onestitate sau activități secrete din partea acestora.

Desigur, întrebarea reală este:

;Se poate ca acest lucru să fie făcut fără a putea fi sancționat de către dezvoltatorii Bitcoin? Există vreo cale de a prăda rețeaua și a crea mulți bani necinstit?

Bitcoin nu este un sistem desăvârșit. Se poate trișa, dar acest lucru este extrem de dificil. Arhitectura lui a fost concepută pentru a eluda câteva dintre problemele centrale ale valutelor moderne - mai precis, faptul că încrederea acestora este strâns legată de oameni care nu ar putea avea în minte cele mai bune interese pentru utilizatori. Orice altă monedă (în afară de cele criptografice) este controlată de mari instituții, ce țin evidența a ce se face cu aceasta și felurile în care valoarea i se poate manipula. Iar valoarea oricărei alte monede este dată de faptul că oamenii au încredere în instituția ce o controlează.

Bitcoin nu cere utilizatorilor săi să aibe încredere în vreo instituție. Securitatea modelului se bazează pe criptografie ca parte integrată în structura proprie, una disponibilă și accesibilă tuturor. În loc de o entitate ce ține contabilitatea tuturor tranzacțiilor, acest lucru este făcut de către întreaga rețea, astfel încât bitcoinii sunt uluitor de dificil de furat sau dublu-cheltuit. Bitcoinii sunt creați într-o manieră regulată și predictibilă, de către mulți utilizatori diferiți, astfel încât nimeni nu poate decide să creeze cu mult mai mulți pentru a le scădea din valoare. Pe scurt, Bitcoin este gândit să fie un aparat lipsit de inflație, cheltuială dublă și complet distribuit.

Cu toate acestea, există câteva moduri prin care cineva poate obține bitcoini necinstit. În primul rând, o astfel de persoană ar putea fura cheile private. Sustragerea acestora nu este un lucru pe care securitatea Bitcoin a fost proiectată să o prevină: acesta revine utilizatorilor. Criptografia, însă, este gândită astfel încât este imposibilă deducerea cheii private a cuiva din cea publică. Atâta timp cât o păstrezi secretă, nu trebuie să îți faci prea multe griji în legătură cu aceasta. Mai mult de atât, o entitate ar putea crea - teoretic - un nou lanț de blocuri, dar, datorită felului în care acesta este construit, acțiunea respectivă ar fi extrem de dificil de înfăptuit și ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare. O explicație completă asupra dificultăților implicate poate fi găsită în articolul despre [[Lanț de blocuri|lanțul de blocuri]].

Bitcoin ar putea fi jecmănit - dar împlinirea acestui fapt ar fi extrem de grea și ar necesita o expertiză considerabilă și o putere de procesare covârșitoare. Iar acest lucru devnie tot mai greu, odată cu trecerea timpului. Bitcoin nu este impenetrabil, dar este suficient de puternic încât pune orice îngrijorări reale la periferie.

;Ar putea minerii schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?

Din nou, aproape sigur nu. Bitcoin este o rețea distribouită, așadar orice schimbări implementate sistemului trebuiesc acceptate de către toți utilizatorii. Cineva ce încearcă să schimbe felul în care Bitcoinii sunt generați ar trebui să convingă fiecare utilizator să descarce și să folosească software-ul furnizat de acesta - prin urmare, singurele schimbări ce ar avea loc ar fi cele care ar avantaja, în mod egal, toți utilizatorii.

În concluzie, este aproape imposibil ca cineva să schimbe funcționarea Bitcoin în avantajul său. Dacă utilizatorilor le displac noile reguli, aceștia nu le vor adopta, opusul fiind la fel de valid, cazul din urmă avantajându-i pe toți în mod egal. Desigur, se poate imagina o situație în care cineva reușește să forțeze schimbările dorite în sistem, oferindu-și un avantaj pe care nimeni nu-l va observa, dar - având în vedere faptul că Bitcoin este un model structural relativ simplu - este foarte puțin probabil ca orice schimbare majoră să aibă loc fără ca cineva să o remarce întâi.

Faptul că astfel de modificări sunt așa de greu de întreprins certifică natura complet distribuită a Bitcoin. Orice monedă controlată central poate fi modificată de către agenția emitentă fără consensul adepților săi. Bitcoin nu are vreo autoritate centrală, prin urmare transformările au loc doar la dorința întregii comunități. Dezvoltarea Bitcoin reprezintă un fel de evoluție colectivă; prima de acest fel în râdul valutelor.

==Ajutor==

===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==See Also==

* [[Pagina_principală]]
* [[Introducere]]

[[de:FAQ]]
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[[ru:FAQ]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
      <sha1>5lpp6qclbran0ay92x7wcf8uz5dbwi8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>201</id>
      <parentid>200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-05-06T08:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FiR3</username>
        <id>53</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tradus ultimul header</comment>
      <origin>201</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54548" sha1="ldiao8a4eaqfzt5j8y8o7ug8puk585w" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

==General==

===Ce sunt bitcoinii?===

Bitcoin-ul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere|introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

===Cum fac rost de bitcoini?===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, mineritul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[bloc]] (Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 bitcoini, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|mostre și oferte]].

===Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani?===

Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca unul dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.

;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogăți peste noapte?

Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogăți peste noapte. Reclamele acestea de obicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 aici].

;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''minerit''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#Ce este mineritul?|ce este mineritul?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică deoarece conceptul proiectului este foarte interesant, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiunile politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: dezvoltatorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, înaintea celor de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimul interesant din punct de vedere conceptual și care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
  
;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcută cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

===Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal?===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

===Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin?===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

===Cum se creează noi bitcoini?===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minerite la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minerit se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]].

===Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală? ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

===Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii? ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

===Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului?===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

===Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic?===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

===Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile?===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

===Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri?===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minerit în viitor.

===Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă?===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

===Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil?===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

==Economie==

===De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii?===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

===Este Bitcoin o bulă?===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

===Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi?===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

===Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali?===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

===Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul?===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

===Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent?===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

===Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

===Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale?===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

==Efectuarea și primirea de plăți==

===De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți?===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

===Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin?===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

===Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt?===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

===De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă?===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

===Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie?===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minerit) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

===Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis?===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

===Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta?===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==

===Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin?===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

===Cum funcționează mecanismul de găsire a egalilor („peers”)?===

Bitcoin găsește egalii („peers”) principali prin înaintarea anunțurilor de tip peer în propria rețea iar fiecare nod salvează o bază de date a egalilor de care este conștient, pentru uz ulterior. Pentru a inițializa acest proces, aplicația necesită o listă de egali inițiali. Aceștia pot fi furnizați manual însă, în mod normal, acest proces este automatizat prin interogarea unui set de nume de domenii de tip DNS, ce au listele actualizate automat. Dacă și acest proces dă greș, se apelează la o listă incorporată care este reactualizată regulat în noile versiuni ale software-ului. Există, de asemenea, și un emcanism bazat pe IRC dar este oprit în mod implicit.

==Minerit==

===Ce este mineritul?===

[[Minerit de bitcoini|Mineritul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, mineritul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de către fiecare miner.

===Este mineritul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===Cum ajută sistemul „proof-of-work” la securizarea platformei?===
Pentru a avea o idee generală asupra procesului de minerit, imaginați-vă următoarea schemă:

  payload (=sarcina utilă) = &lt;date legate de anumite evenimente din rețeaua Bitcoin&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( payload + nonce ) )

Calculele efectuate de către un miner constau în creșterea factorului ''nonce'' în mod repetat, până când funcția ''hash'' furnizează o valoare care care proprietatea rară de a fi sub un anumit prag-țintă (cu alte cuvinte: ''Hash''-ul „pornește de la un anumit număr de zerouri”, dacă este afișată forma sa cu o lungime fixată de caractere, folosită în mod tipic).

Precum se poate observa, procesul de minerit nu calculează ceva în mod special. Încearcă pur și simplu să găsească un număr (numit nonce), pe care - în combinație cu ''payload''-ul - rezultă într-un șir ''hash'' cu proprietăți speciale.

Avantajul folosirii unui astfel de mecanism constă în faptul că este foarte ușor de a verifica un rezultat: Dată fiind încărcătura utilă (payload-ul) și un ''nonce'' specific, doar o singură apelare a funcției ''hash'' este necesară pentru a verifica dacă ''hash''-ul are proprietățile necesare. Deoarece nu există vreo altă cale cunoscută de a găsi aceste ''hash''-uri decât prin atacurile de tip „forță brută” (brute force), această modalitate poate fi folosită drept „dovadă a muncii” (proof of work) cum că cineva a investit suficientă putere de calcul pentru a găsi ''nonce''-ul corect pentru acest ''payload''.

Această trăsătură este mai apoi folosită în rețeaua Bitcoin pentru a securiza diverse aspecte. Un atacator ce dorește să introducă diferite date cu caracter malițios în rețea, va trebui să furnizeze acest ''proof of work'' înainte ca datele să fie acceptate, iar, atâta timp cât mineri onești vor a vea mai multă putere de calcul, pot întotdeauna depăși un atacator.

Vezi și articolele despre [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Sistemul proof-of-work] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] (eng) pe Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil mineritul doar cu aparatură dedicată mineritului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mineri a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Este posibil ca minerii să conspire pentru a-și oferi bani sau pentru a schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?===

Există două întrebări aici. Haideți să le tratăm separat.

;Se poate ca minerii să formeze găști pentru a-și oferi bani?

Mineritul în sine este procesul prin care noi blocuri sunt create și adăugate lanțului de blocuri. Fiecare bloc conține o listă a tuturor tranzacțiilor ce au avut loc de-a lungul întregii rețele Bitcoin de când ultimul bloc a fost creat, precum și un șir hash al precedentului bloc. Blocurile noi sunt „minerite” sau, mai degrabă, generate, de către aplicațiile Bitcoin care ghicesc în mod corect secvențe de caractere în coduri numite „hash”-uri, create folosind informația din blocurile precedente. Utilizatorii Bitcoin pot descărca aceste aplicații specializate, lucru ce le permite să-și dedice o parte din puterea de procesare, indiferent de dimensiunea acesteia, găsirii acestor șiruri în hash-ul blocului precedent.

Oricine găsește primul rezolvarea, creând astfel un nou bloc, este remunerat cu o sumă anume de bitcoini. Lanțul de blocuri este una dintre cele două structuri ce securizează platforma Bitcoin, cealaltă fiind sistemul de criptare cu chei publice, pe care se bazează tranzacțiile sistemului. Lanțul de blocuri asigură nu doar că orice tranzacție care s-a efectuat este înregistrată, dar și că fiecare tranzacție este stocată pe calculatorul oricui dorește să dețină această informație relevantă. Foarte mulți utilizatori au un istoric al fiecărei tranzacții în bitcoin ușor de accesat pentru ei în orice moment, iar oricine dorește poate obține această informație cu ușurință. Aceste lucruri fac ca rețeaua să fie extrem de greu de păcălit.

Sistemul Bitcoin necesită o putere de procesare considerabilă pentru a rula, iar, datorită faptului că deținătorii celor mai potente astfe de mașinării pot obține cele mai multe răspunsuri corecte la problemele criptografice, aceștia vor fi cel mai bine remunerați. Fiecare răspuns valid oferă în prezent 25 bitcoini, iar cum aceștia valorează semnificativ în momentul de față (deși cursul încă fluctuează), fiecare miner ce câștigă orice sumă de bitcoini, face bani. Anumiți mineri se angajează în această activitate pe cont propriu; alții preferă să se unească în „pool”-uri, adică locuri unde toți cei ce contribuie împart profiturile.

Prin urmare, primul răspuns este un vehement „da” - nu doar pot minerii să se unească pentru a face bani, ci platforma îi încurajează să o facă. Pool-urile Bitcoin reprezintă convenții de comun acord, iar acest lucru nu implică lipsa de onestitate sau activități secrete din partea acestora.

Desigur, întrebarea reală este:

;Se poate ca acest lucru să fie făcut fără a putea fi sancționat de către dezvoltatorii Bitcoin? Există vreo cale de a prăda rețeaua și a crea mulți bani necinstit?

Bitcoin nu este un sistem desăvârșit. Se poate trișa, dar acest lucru este extrem de dificil. Arhitectura lui a fost concepută pentru a eluda câteva dintre problemele centrale ale valutelor moderne - mai precis, faptul că încrederea acestora este strâns legată de oameni care nu ar putea avea în minte cele mai bune interese pentru utilizatori. Orice altă monedă (în afară de cele criptografice) este controlată de mari instituții, ce țin evidența a ce se face cu aceasta și felurile în care valoarea i se poate manipula. Iar valoarea oricărei alte monede este dată de faptul că oamenii au încredere în instituția ce o controlează.

Bitcoin nu cere utilizatorilor săi să aibe încredere în vreo instituție. Securitatea modelului se bazează pe criptografie ca parte integrată în structura proprie, una disponibilă și accesibilă tuturor. În loc de o entitate ce ține contabilitatea tuturor tranzacțiilor, acest lucru este făcut de către întreaga rețea, astfel încât bitcoinii sunt uluitor de dificil de furat sau dublu-cheltuit. Bitcoinii sunt creați într-o manieră regulată și predictibilă, de către mulți utilizatori diferiți, astfel încât nimeni nu poate decide să creeze cu mult mai mulți pentru a le scădea din valoare. Pe scurt, Bitcoin este gândit să fie un aparat lipsit de inflație, cheltuială dublă și complet distribuit.

Cu toate acestea, există câteva moduri prin care cineva poate obține bitcoini necinstit. În primul rând, o astfel de persoană ar putea fura cheile private. Sustragerea acestora nu este un lucru pe care securitatea Bitcoin a fost proiectată să o prevină: acesta revine utilizatorilor. Criptografia, însă, este gândită astfel încât este imposibilă deducerea cheii private a cuiva din cea publică. Atâta timp cât o păstrezi secretă, nu trebuie să îți faci prea multe griji în legătură cu aceasta. Mai mult de atât, o entitate ar putea crea - teoretic - un nou lanț de blocuri, dar, datorită felului în care acesta este construit, acțiunea respectivă ar fi extrem de dificil de înfăptuit și ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare. O explicație completă asupra dificultăților implicate poate fi găsită în articolul despre [[Lanț de blocuri|lanțul de blocuri]].

Bitcoin ar putea fi jecmănit - dar împlinirea acestui fapt ar fi extrem de grea și ar necesita o expertiză considerabilă și o putere de procesare covârșitoare. Iar acest lucru devnie tot mai greu, odată cu trecerea timpului. Bitcoin nu este impenetrabil, dar este suficient de puternic încât pune orice îngrijorări reale la periferie.

;Ar putea minerii schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?

Din nou, aproape sigur nu. Bitcoin este o rețea distribouită, așadar orice schimbări implementate sistemului trebuiesc acceptate de către toți utilizatorii. Cineva ce încearcă să schimbe felul în care Bitcoinii sunt generați ar trebui să convingă fiecare utilizator să descarce și să folosească software-ul furnizat de acesta - prin urmare, singurele schimbări ce ar avea loc ar fi cele care ar avantaja, în mod egal, toți utilizatorii.

În concluzie, este aproape imposibil ca cineva să schimbe funcționarea Bitcoin în avantajul său. Dacă utilizatorilor le displac noile reguli, aceștia nu le vor adopta, opusul fiind la fel de valid, cazul din urmă avantajându-i pe toți în mod egal. Desigur, se poate imagina o situație în care cineva reușește să forțeze schimbările dorite în sistem, oferindu-și un avantaj pe care nimeni nu-l va observa, dar - având în vedere faptul că Bitcoin este un model structural relativ simplu - este foarte puțin probabil ca orice schimbare majoră să aibă loc fără ca cineva să o remarce întâi.

Faptul că astfel de modificări sunt așa de greu de întreprins certifică natura complet distribuită a Bitcoin. Orice monedă controlată central poate fi modificată de către agenția emitentă fără consensul adepților săi. Bitcoin nu are vreo autoritate centrală, prin urmare transformările au loc doar la dorința întregii comunități. Dezvoltarea Bitcoin reprezintă un fel de evoluție colectivă; prima de acest fel în râdul valutelor.

==Ajutor==

===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==Vezi și==

* [[Pagina_principală|Pagina principală]]
* [[Introducere]]

[[de:FAQ]]
[[zh-cn:FAQ]]
[[fr:FAQ]]
[[ru:FAQ]]</text>
      <sha1>ldiao8a4eaqfzt5j8y8o7ug8puk585w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>203</id>
      <parentid>201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-05-22T23:00:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* General */</comment>
      <origin>203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54547" sha1="5v9tlmofmfi5ibzyby1owjabnvxab4g" xml:space="preserve">Aici veți găsi răspunsuri la majoritatea întrebărilor frecvente.

==General==

===Ce sunt bitcoinii?===

Bitcoinul este unitatea de monedă a sistemului Bitcoin. O prescurtare utilizată în mod obișnuit pentru această monedă este "BTC", pentru a se referi la un preț sau cantitate (de exemplu: "100 BTC"). Există astfel de lucruri ca [[Bitcoin fizic]], dar în cele din urmă, un Bitcoin este doar un număr asociat cu o [[Address | Adresă Bitcoin]]. Un Bitcoin fizic este pur și simplu un obiect, cum ar fi o monedă, cu numărul atent integrat în interior. 
A se vedea, de asemenea, o [[Introducere|introducere ușoară]] pentru Bitcoin.

===Cum fac rost de bitcoini?===

Există o varietate de moduri de a dobândi Bitcoins:

* Acceptă Bitcoin ca plată pentru bunuri sau servicii.
* Cel mai obișnuit mod de a cumpăra Bitcoin sunt [[Buying bitcoins|Bitcoin Exchanges]]
* Există mai multe servicii, unde poți [[Buying_Bitcoins_(the_noob_version)|cumpăra]] in schimbul monezilor tradiționale.
* Găsește pe cineva care vinde Bitcoin în persoană pentru cash prin [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Category:Directories local directory].
* Participă într-un [[Pooled mining|mining pool]].
* De asemenea, dacă echipamentul de minerit este destul de performant, mineritul solo este posibil prin crearea unui nou [[bloc]] (Rezolvarea unui block produce în prezent 25 bitcoini, plus taxele de tranzacție).
* Vizitează site-urile care oferă [[Trade#Free_Samples_and_Offers|mostre și oferte]].

===Garantează Bitcoin un flux gratis de bani?===

Deoarece Bitcoin este o tehnologie nouă, poate crea confuzie cu privire la ce este și cum funcționează. Uneori, datorită prezentării, este privit ca unul dintre următoarele lucruri:
&lt;ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;"&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O schemă "îmbogățește-te peste noapte" online.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O portiță în piața economiei, prin instalarea sa garantează un flux regulat de cash.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;O investiție sigură care va rezulta aproape întotdeauna un profit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

De fapt, niciuna dintre scenariile prezentate mai sus nu sunt adevărate. Să privim cu atenție scenariile în mod independent.

;Este Bitcoin o schemă care poate îmbogăți peste noapte?

Dacă ai petrecut destul timp pe internet, cel mai probabil ai văzut multe reclame pentru fel și fel de metode care te pot îmbogăți peste noapte. Reclamele acestea de obicei oferă profituri imense în schimbul a câteva ore investite. Aceste metode sunt, în majoritatea cazurilor, scheme piramidale care generează bani de la angajații săi proprii și nu oferă nimic în schimb ce reprezintă o valoare reală. Majoritatea lor te vor convinge să cumperi un pachet care îți va câștiga sume în jurul sutelor zilnic, dar defapt prin tine, distribuie reclamă și mai multă. În concluzie rezultând profit pentru cel care deține jocul piramidal.

Bitcoin este în nici un fel similar cu aceste scheme. Bitcoin nu promite profituri excepționale. Nu există nici o modalitate prin care dezvoltătorii pot face bani cu implicarea ta sau de a lua bani de la tine. Obținerea unui Bitcoin este aproape imposibil fără consimțământul proprietarului. Acest fapt reprezintă un punct forte al monedei virtuale. Bitcoin este o monedă experimentală, virtuală care poate reuși sau poate eșua. Nici unul dintre dezvoltătorii săi nu se așteaptă să se îmbogățească pe urmă sa.

Un răspuns mai detaliat la această întrebare poate fi găsit [http://bitcointalk.org/?topic=7815.0 aici].

;Voi face bani instalând clientul?

Majoritatea indivizilor care folosesc Bitcoin nu câștiga nimic prin a face acest lucru. Iar clientul implicit nu a fost creat pentru a câștiga Bitcoin. O mică minoritate de oameni cu hardware dedicat, de înaltă performanță dobândesc Bitcoin prin "''minerit''" (generează bitcoins, vezi [[#Ce este mineritul?|ce este mineritul?]]) cu un soft special, dar aderarea în comunitatea Bitcoin nu ar trebui să fie greșit interpretată ca fiind drumul spre bogăție. Marea majoritate a utilizatorilor se implică deoarece conceptul proiectului este foarte interesant, prin urmare nu au nimic de câștigat prin asta.  Acesta este, de asemenea, motivul pentru care nu veți găsi speculații multe cu privire la repercusiunile politice sau economice legate de Bitcoin oriunde pe acest site: dezvoltatorii Bitcoin își datorează devotamentul lor pentru beneficiile intelectuale, înaintea celor de natură monetară. Bitcoin își face primii pași mărunți: poate ajunge într-o poziție unde va crea lucruri grozave, dar acum are ceva de oferit doar celor care au nevoie de un stimul interesant din punct de vedere conceptual și care face parte din tehnologia de ultima oră.
  
;Ca o investiție, este Bitcoin un lucru sigur? 

Bitcoin este o monedă electronică nouă și interesantă, valoarea acestuia nu este susținută de către nici un guvern sau organizație. Ca orice valută, o anumită parte din valoare se justifică prin faptul că oamenii sunt dispuși să facă comerț în schimbul bunurilor sau servicilor. Rata de schimb a valutei fluctuează în continuu și câteodată în mod nesăbuit. Este lipsită de recunoaștere globală și este vunerabil la manipulare de către terți care dispun de o finanțare modestă. Incidente de securitate, cum ar fi compromisul site-urilor sau a conturilor pot declanșa lichidări majore. Diferite fluctuații pot crea o serie de bucle pozitive, acestea cauzând fluctuații mult mai mari al cursului de schimb. Oricine care investește bani în Bitcoin trebuie să înțeleagă riscurile la care sunt predispuși, și să considere valuta un curs de schimb volatil. Odată ce Bitcoin devine mai cunoscut și acceptat, cursul se va stabiliza, dar pentru moment este imprevizibil. Orice investiție în Bitcoin ar trebui făcută cu atenție și cu un plan clar de a mitiga riscul.

===Pot cumpăra bitcoini cu Paypal?===

Este posibilă cumpărarea bitcoinilor fizici cu PayPal, dar este o operațiune dificilă și/sau scumpă pentru bitcoinii non-fizici, datorită riscului însemnat pentru vânzător. 

Deși este posibilă găsirea unui individ ce dorește să-ți vândă Bitcoini via PayPal (posibil via [http://www.bitcoin-otc.com/ #bitcoin-otc]), majoritatea schimburilor virtuale nu permit finanțarea prin PayPal. Acest lucru se datorează cazurilor repetate în care cineva plătește bitcoinii prin PayPal, primește bitcoinii cuveniți, iar mai apoi se plânge în mod fraudulos către PayPal pe motiv că nu și-ar fi primit achiziția. PayPal adesea ia partea cumpărătorului fraudulos în acest caz, ce-nseamnă că orice vânzător trebuie să-și acopere riscul cu taxe mai mari sau să refuze să accepte PayPal cu totul.

Cumpărarea de Bitcoini de la indivizi în acest fel este posibil, dar este necesar ca vânzătorul să aibă încredere că acel cumpărător nu va depune o cerere către PayPal de restituire a plății.

===Unde pot găsi un forum românesc dedicat discuțiilor despre Bitcoin?===

Pe [[Bitcointalk.org]], forumul oficial Bitcoin, există o comunitate din ce în ce mai mare de români interesaţi de Bitcoin, vizitaţi [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 '''Forumul Românesc Bitcoin'''].

===Cum se creează noi bitcoini?===

[[File:total_bitcoins_over_time_graph.png|thumb|Numărul bitcoinilor în timp, presupunând un interval perfect, de 10 minute.]]
Noi bitcoini sunt generați de rețea prin procesul numit „[[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]]”. Într-un proces ce este similar unei loterii, nodurile miniere ale rețelei sunt răsplătite cu bitcoini de fiecare dată când găsesc o soluție unei anumite probleme matematice (și prin urmare crează un nou [[bloc]]). Crearea unui bloc este o metodă de verificare cu o dificultate ce variază odată cu puterea de calcul totală a rețelei. Recompensa pentru rezolvarea unui bloc este ajustată în mod automat, astfel încât, la fiecare patru ani de operare a rețelei Bitcoin, sunt creați jumătate din numărul de bitcoini existenți în precedenții 4 ani. {{formatnum:10500000}} bitcoini au fost creați în primii (aproximativ) 4 ani, din ianuarie 2009 până în noiembrie 2012. Prin urmare, la fiecare patru ani după aceea, această cantitate se înjumătățește, astfel încât va fi de {{formatnum:5250000}} pentru anii 4-8, {{formatnum:2625000}} pentru anii 8-12, ș.a.m.d. Astfel, numărul total de bitcoini aflați în existență nu va depăși niciodată {{formatnum:21000000}}.

Blocurile sunt minerite la fiecare 10 minute (în medie), iar pentru primii 4 ani ({{formatnum:210000}} blocuri), fiecare bloc conținea 50 bitcoini noi. Pe măsură ce puterea de procesare direcționată către minerit se schimbă, dificultatea creării de noi bitcoini variază. Acest factor de dificultate este calculat la fiecare 2016 blocuri și este bazat pe timpul necesar generării precedentelor 2016 blocuri. Vezi secțiunea [[Minerit de bitcoini|minerit]].

===Care este numărul total de bitcoini la ora actuală? ===

[http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc Numărătoarea curentă]. Vezi și [https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins graficul numărului total aflați în circulație]

Numărul de blocuri înmulțit cu cantitatea monedelor fiecărui bloc este numărul de monede aflate în existență. Valoarea monetară a unui bloc este de 50 BTC pentru primele {{formatnum:210000}} blocuri, 25 BTC pentru următoarele {{formatnum:210000}} blocks, apoi 12.5 BTC, 6.25 BTC, etc.

===Cât de divizibili sunt bitcoinii? ===

Un bitcoin poate fi divizat până la 8 cifre decimale. Prin urmare, 0.00000001 BTC este cantitatea cea mai mică ce poate fi procesată într-o tranzacție. Dacă este necesar, protocolul și software-ul aferent pot fi modificate pentru a manipula cantități chiar mai mici.

===Cum se numesc denominările bitcoinului?===

Există multe discuții despre numirea acestor fracțiuni de bitcoini. Principalele candidate sunt:

* 1 BTC = 1 bitcoin
* 0,01 BTC = 1 cBTC = 1 centibitcoin (denumit și bitcent)
* 0,001 BTC = 1 mBTC = 1 milibitcoin (denumit și mbit sau milibit sau chiar bitmil)
* 0,000 001 BTC = 1 μBTC = 1 microbitcoin (denumit și ubit (pronunțat iu-bit) sau microbit)

Cele de mai sus aplică prefixele acceptate pe plan internațional (SI) pentru sutimi, miimi și milionimi. Există multe argumente împotriva cazului special pentru 0,01 BTC, deoarece este puțin probabil că va reprezenta vreodată ceva semnificativ, datorită faptului că economia Bitcoinului e în creștere (cu siguranță nu va fi echivalentul a 0,01 USD, GBP sau EUR). În egală măsură, includerea unor denominări ale valutelor naționale (cum ar fi „cent”, „nickel” - 5 cenți US, „dime” - 10 cenți US, „penny” - 1 cent GB, „liră”, „kopek” - 1/100 ruble ș.a.m.d.) este descurajată; aceasta este o monedă globală.

O excepție este „satoshi”-ul, cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă.

* 0.000 000 01 BTC = 1 satoshi (pronunțat satóși)
nume dat în onoarea lui Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudonimul inventatorului Bitcoin

Pentru o privire de ansamblu a tuturor unităților definite ale Bitcoinilor (incluzându-le pe cele mai puțin comune sau de nișă), vezi secțiunea [[unități]].

Discuții suplimentare pe acest subiect pot fi găsite pe forumuri (eng), aici:

* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=14438.msg195287#msg195287 We need names]
* [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=8282.0 What to call 0.001 BTC]

===Cum funcționează înjumătățirea când numărul devine foarte mic?===

Recompensa va ajunge, într-un final, de la 0.00000001 BTC la zero și nu vor mai fi creați bitcoini noi.

Calcularea răsplatei per bloc se face prin schimbare către dreapta în biți a unui număr întreg de 64 biți, ceea ce înseamnă că este împărțit la doi și aproximat în jos. Numărul întreg este egal cu valoarea în BTC * 100.000.000, deoarece, în mod intern în clientul software standard, toate soldurile în Bitcoin și valorile sunt stocate ca și numere întregi non-negative (0 sau pozitive).

Cu o recompensă inițială de 50 BTC/bloc, vor fi necesare multe intervale a câte 4 ani pentru ca recompensa de bloc să ajungă la zero.

===Cât timp va dura până vor fi generate toate monezile?===

Ultimul bloc ce va genera monede va fi blocul #6.929.999, care în mod normal ar fi generat în anul 2140 (sau în preajma acestuia). Numărul total de bitcoini aflați în circulație va rămâne atunci static, la 20.999.999,9769 BTC.

Chiar și dacă precizia permisă ar fi extinsă de la 8 decimale (câte sunt în prezent), numărul total al BTC în circulație va fi întotdeauna cu puțin sub 21 milioane (presupunând că, în rest, totul rămâne la fel). De exemplu, cu o precizie de 16 decimale, în final vor fi 20.999.999,999999999496 BTC.

===Dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, se vor mai crea block-uri?===

Desigur! Chiar și înainte ca generarea de monede să înceteze, folosirea [[Comisioane de tranzacție|comisioanelor de tranzacție]] va crea, cel mai probabil, noi blocuri, mai valoroase pentru comisioane decât noile monede create. Când aceasta încetează, aceste comisioane vor menține posibilitatea de a folosi bitcoini și rețeaua Bitcoin. Nu există o limită practică a numărului de blocuri care va fi minerit în viitor.

===Dar dacă nu mai sunt generate monezi, ce se întâmplă când se pierd bitcoini? Nu ar fi o problemă?===

Datorită legii economice a cererii și ofertei, atunci când mai puțini bitcoini sunt disponibili, cei rămași vor avea o cerere mai mare și prin urmare valoarea acestora va fi mai mare. Așadar, pe măsură ce bitcoinii sunt pierduți, cei rămași vor crește într-un final în valoare, pentru a compensa. Pe măsură ce valoarea unui bitcoin crește, numărul de bitcoini necesar cumpărării unui obiect ''des''crește. Acesta este un model economic deflaționar. În timp ce valoarea medie a unei tranzacții se reduce, acestea vor fi, probabil, denominate în subunități ale bitcoinului precum milibitcoini sau microbitcoini (vezi mai sus).

Protocolul Bitcoin folosește o bază a unităților de 1/100.000.000 (un „satoshi”), dar biți nefolosiți sunt disponibili în câmpurile protocolului, ce ar putea fi utili pentru a stabili subdiviziuni chiar mai mici.

===Dacă fiecare tranzacție este emisă prin rețea, atunci este Bitcoin scalabil?===

Protocolul Bitcoin admite programe de tip client ce pot folosi platforma fără a descărca întregul istoric al tranzacțiilor. Pe măsura creșterii traficului și acest lucru devine tot mai critic, implementări ale conceptului vor fi dezvoltate. Noduri de rețea complete vor deveni, pe viitor, un serviciu mai specializat.

Odată cu anumite modificări de software, noduri de Bitcoin complete vor putea ține pasul cu ușurință cu sisteme precum VISA sau MasterCard combinate, folosind resurse fizice modeste (un singur server de vârf conform standardelor actuale). De notat este faptul că rețeaua MasterCard este structurată într-un fel similar Bitcoinului - mai precis, o rețea de difuzare de tip „peer to peer” (legătură directă între utilizatori).

==Economie==

===De unde provine valoarea bitcoinilor? Ce „susține” bitcoinii?===

Bitcoinii au valoare pentru că sunt utili și pentru că sunt  [[Furnizare controlată a valutei|rari]]. Pe măsură ce vor fi acceptați de tot mai mulți comercianți, valoarea lor se va [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 stabiliza] (eng). Vezi și [[Schimb|lista paginilor care acceptă bitcoini]].

Atunci când spunem că o valută este „susținută” de aur, ne referim la faptul că există promisiunea că poți să schimbi acea monedă pentru aur. Bitcoinii, la fel ca și dolarii sau euro, nu sunt susținuți de nimic altceva în afară de varietatea comercianților care îi acceptă.

Esită o concepție greșită cum că bitcoinii și-ar lua valoarea din costul electricității necesare generării lor. Costul nu este tot una cu valoare - angajarea a 1.000 de oameni pentru a săpa o groapă imensă în pământ ar putea fi costisitoare, dar nu și de valoare. De asemenea, deși raritatea este un necesar critic pentru o monedă utilă, ea singură nu conferă valoare niciunui lucru. De exemplu, ampretele tale sunt rare, dar asta nu înseamnă că ele au o valoare de schimb.

În mod alternativ, este necesară adăugarea că, deși legea cererii și a ofertei se aplică, aceasta nu garantează valoarea bitcoinilor pe viitor. Dacă încrederea în monedă este pierdută,  atunci nu va mai conta dacă influxul nu va mai putea fi susținut. Cererea va pica, toți deținătorii încercând să scape de monezile lor. Un bun exemplu al acestui lucru poate fi văzut la valutele naționale, în cazurile când statul în cauză s-a dizolvat și prin urmare, nu mai este creată valută (autoritatea centrală ce se ocupă de acest lucru încetând a mai exista), cu toate acestea cererea pentru monedă scăzând drastic datorită dispariției încrederii în puterea de cumpărare a acesteia. Desigur, bitcoinii nu au o autoritate centrală care să se ocupe de influxul monetar, dar acest lucru nu poate preveni erodarea confienței datorită situațiilor ce nu sunt neapărat predictibile.

===Este Bitcoin o bulă?===

Da, în același fel în care și euro și dolarul sunt. Ele au valoare doar în schimburile valutare și nu au vreo valoare intrinsecă. Dacă toți comercianții ar refuza, dintr-o dată, acceptarea dolarilor, a euro sau a bitcoinilor, „bula” s-ar sparge și valoarea lor ar scădea la zero.
Dar acest lucru este puțin probabil să se întâmple: chiar și în Somalia, unde guvernul a picat acum 20 de ani, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling shillingii somalezi] (eng) încă sunt acceptați ca formă de plată.

===Este Bitcoin o schemă piramidală/Ponzi?===

Într-o schemă piramidală, fondatorii conving investitorii că vor face profit. Bitcoin nu aduce o astfel de garanție. Nu există vreo entitate centrală, doar indivizi ce clădesc o economie.

O schemă ponzi/piramidală este un joc „cu sumă zero”. Cei ce o adoptă timpuriu pot doar să profite la pierderea celor ce-o fac târziu. Bitcoinii au posibilitatea rezultatelor dublu câștigătoare. Cei ce adoptă moneda timpuriu pot profita de creșterea în valoare. Ceilalți și desigur, societatea în general, va profita de utilitatea unei valute „de la egal la egal” (peer-to-peer) stabile, rapide, puțin costisitoare și larg acceptate.

Faptul că cei ce acceptă moneda devreme vor beneficia mai mult nu face din acest lucru o schemă piramidală. Toate investițiile bune în companii de succes au această calitate.

===Nu cumva Bitcoin favorizează pe nedrept investitorii inițiali?===

Investitorii inițiali au un număr mare de bitcoini acum deoarece și-au asumat riscul și au alocat resurse într-o tehnologie inovativă și nedemonstrată. Prin acest lucru, ei au ajutat sistemul Bitcoin să devină ceea ce este acum și ceea ce va fi în viitor (preferabil un sistem digital de plăți omniprezent). Este doar corect ca ei să fie beneficiarii propriei investiții de succes.

În orice caz, orice bitcoin generat va schimba mâinile probabil de zeci de ori ca mediu de schimb, așadar profitul dobândit din distribuția inițială va fi insignifiant, comparativ cu comerțul total datorat Bitcoin.

===Pierderea de portofele și faptul că numărul de bitcoini este finit nu ar cauza deflație excesivă, distrugând Bitcoinul?===

Griji datorate distrugerii sistemului Bitcoin de către sistemul deflaționist ce-l caracterizează nu sunt cu totul fondate. Spre deosebire de majoritatea valutelor, bazate pe un model inflaționist, datorită faptului că instituțiile ce le susțin creează tot mai multe unități, rețeaua Bitcoin va trece cel mai probabil printr-o deflație graduală odată cu trecerea timpului. Această monedă criptografică este unică prin faptul că doar o cantitate mică de unități va fi produsă vreodată (21 de milioane, pentru exactitate), numărul acesta fiind stabilit încă de la conceperea proiectului, iar unitățile vor fi create la o rată predictibilă.

De asemenea, utilizatorii bitcoinilor sunt expuși unui pericol ce nu prezintă amenințări pentru orice altă monedă: dacă un deținător își pierde portofelul, banii săi se pierd pentru totdeauna, dacă nu și-l găsește din nou, iar bitcoinii respectivi nu vor mai fi accesibili pentru nimeni, dispărând complet din circulație și devenind practic de nefolosit. Pe măsură ce oamenii își pierd portofelele, numărul total de monezi utilizabile va scădea încetul cu încetul.

Prin urmare, platforma Bitcoin pare să întâmpine o problemă unică. În timp ce majoritatea valutelor sunt caracterizate de inflație în timp, Bitcoin va suferi, cel mai probabil, opusul. Timpul va demonstra această pierdere irecuperabilă a unui număr tot mai mare de monede. Un număr deja mic va fi diminuat tot mai mult. Și pe măsură ce rata de apariție a lor scade progresiv, legea cererii și a ofertei prezice că valoarea lor va crește continuu.

Astfel, conceptul Bitcoini este din nou „condamnat” să intre teritorii misterioase deoarece nimeni nu știe cu exactitate ce se întâmplă cu o monedă tot mai valoroasă. Mulți economiști susțin că un nivel scăzut de inflație este un lucru bun pentru o monedă, dar niciunul nu cunoaște ce se întâmplă cu monedă ce suferă o ușoară deflație. Deși acest lucru nu poate fi numit un fenomen rar, o deflație înceată și constantă este un lucru nemaiîntâlnit. Există multă speculație, dar nu există date experimentale pentru a susține vreo teorie în defavoarea alteia.

Acestea fiind spuse, există un mecanism instaurat care să combată consecințele evidente. O deflație extremă ar face ca majoritatea monezilor să devină impractice: dacă un singur dolar canadian ar putea aduce deținătorului său o mașină, cum ar putea cineva să cumpere, spre exemplu, o bomboană sau o pânine? Chiar și cu penny, acest lucru ar aduce cumpărătorului mai mult din acestea decât ar putea transporta. Bitcoinii, în schimb, oferă o soluție elegantă: divizibiltate infinită. Bitcoinii pot fi împărțiți în cantități atât de mici cât și-ar putea dori cineva. Așadar, indiferent cât de valoroși devin bitcoinii, un individ ar putea să-i comercializeze în cantități practice

De fapt, divizibilitatea infinită ar trebui să permită sistemului să funcționeze în cazuri de pierderi extreme de portofele. Chiar dacă, în viitorul îndepărtat, un număr seminifativ de oameni și le-ar pierde, astfel încât ar rămâne un singur bitcoin sau o fracție din acesta, sistemul ar trebui să continue să existe fără probleme. Nimeni nu poate susține cu certitudine ce se va întâmpla, dar deflația s-ar putea dovedi a fi o amenințare mult mai mică decât s-ar aștepta multe persoane.

Pentru mai multe informații, vezi și pagina [[Spirală deflaționistă|spiralei deflaționiste]].

===Dar dacă cineva ar cumpăra fiecare bitcoin existent?===
Piețele Bitcoin sunt competitive, iar asta înseamnă că prețul unei monede va crește sau scădea în funcție de cererea și oferta la anumite niveluri de preț. Doar o mică parte a bitcoinilor creați până în prezent se găsesc în piețele de schimb valutar. Deci, deși tehnic vorbind, un cumpărător foarte înstărit ar putea cumpăra toată oferta existentă la un moment dat, în afara cazului în care restul deținătorilor de monezi ar dori să vândă acestei entități, chiar și cei mai bogați și determinați cumpărători nu ar putea să-i dețină pe toți.

Adițional, noi bitcoini sunt creați zilnic și vor continua să fie creați în deceniile următoare. Rata la care aceștia sunt creați va scădea la valori insignifiante. Cei ce minează nu sunt obligați să-și vândă monedele, prin urmare nu toate acestea vor ajunge pe piețele valutare.

Cu toate acestea, această situație nu sugerează că piețele nu sunt vulnerabile manipulărilor de preț. Nu este necesară o cantitate mare de bani pentru a determina creșterea sau scăderea de preț, prin urmare bitconii rămânând niște active volatile.

===Dacă cineva creează un nou lanț de blocuri (block chain), sau o nouă monedă digitală care scoate Bitcoinul din uz?===

Faptul că lanțul de blocuri (block chain-ul) nu poate fi cu ușurință bifurcat reprezintă unul dintre punctele centrale ale mecanismelor de securitate ale rețelei Bitcoin. Având alegerea dintre două lanțuri diferite, o aplicație-miner va alege întotdeauna cel mai lung - adică cel cu hash-ul cel mai complex. Prin urmare, acest lucru asigura faptul că fiecare utilizator poate să-și cheltuie monedele o singură dată și nimeni nu este înșelat.

Ca o consecință a structurii lanțului de blocuri pot exista, la orice moment dat, multe sumb-ramuri, iar posibilitatea există întotdeauna ca o tranzacție să fie supra-scrisă de cea mai lungă ramură, dacă a fost înregistrată într-una mai scurtă. Cu toate acestea, cu cât este o tranzacție mai veche, cu atât sunt mai mici șansele ca aceasta să fie ștearsă și înlocuită de către sistem și cu atât mai mari șansele să devină permanentă. Deși noul lanț este o prevenție a cheltuirii mai multor bitcoini decât cineva deține, acest lucru înseamă și că tranzacțiile pot fi, din greșeală, nulificate.

Un nou lanț ar face ca rețeaua să devină vulnerabilă atacurilor de tip „[[Dublă cheltuire|dublă cheltuire]]”. Cu toate acestea, crearea unui lanț nou și viabil prezintă o dificultate considerabilă, iar posibilitatea nu prezintă un risc atât de ridicat.

Precum s-a menționat, Bitcoin va alege întotdeauna lanțul de blocuri mai lung și va determina lungimea relativă a celor două ramuri distincte în funcție de complexitatea funcțiilor criptografice de tip „hash”. Dat fiind faptul că hash-ul fiecărui bloc nou este creat din blocul ce l-a precedat, pentru a crea un bloc cu o funcție mai complexă, un posibil atacator ar trebui să aibe un rezultat de computare mai mare decât cel al întregii platforme Bitcoin din monentul bifurcației până la cel mai nou bloc pe care acel atacator ar încerca să-l înlocuiască. Concluzia logică ar fi că o astfel de acțiune ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare și deoarece Bitcoin este în continuă creștere, această putere va crește odată cu trecerea timpului.

O amenințare distinctă și reală asupra sistemului este dezvoltarea altor valute virtuale, superioare, lucru ce ar înlătura treptat Bitcoin, făcându-l învechit și fără valoare.

Un volum vast de gândire atentă și ingeniozitate a intrat în dezvoltarea Bitcoin, însă acesta este primul din „rasa” sa, un prototip, și este vulnerabil competitorilor mai evoluați. În prezent, niciun rival suficient de amenințător nu a ieșit la iveală. Bitcoin rămâne, în primul rând, o formă de valută virtuală privată, dar nimeni nu poate oferi vreo garanție că acesta își va reține poziția. Istoria internetului ne arată că, după ce timpul le scot la iveală minusurile, astfel de sisteme sunt întotdeauna înlocuite de unele cu aceleași fundamente. Hi5 sau Myspace au suferit sorți similare odată cu popularizarea Facebook, declinul Napster a însemnat ascensiunea Limewire, Bearshare și sistemului bittorrent (cu aplicațiile aferente), iar Skype-ul aproape că a zdrobit ultimii discipoli ale programelor de tip mesager.

Ar putea suna prevestitor, însă e de luat aminte faptul că introducerea de noi monede virtuale mai bune nu va aduce neapărat la „decesul” bitconilor. Dacă rețeaua va rămâne suficient de întemeiată înainte de apariția unei noi generații de valute private on-line ce vor obține o acceptare la scară largă și o stabilitate generală, acestea nu vor putea fi considerate amenințări reale, chiar dacă susțin a avea un model superior. Acest lucru este cunoscut drept „efectul rețelei”.

===Este Bitcoin susceptibil manipulării valorii sale?===

Capitalizarea de piață a Bitcoin, în prezent la aflată la un nivel scăzut, este echivalentă cu faptul că orice investitor cu buzunarele suficient de adânci poate schimba/manipula semnificativ rata de schimb. Este aceasta o problemă?

Este o problemă doar dacă dumneavoastră ați investi în monedă pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp.
Un manipulator nu-i poate schimba proprietățile fundamentale. Pe o perioadă de 5-10 ani, câștigul dumneavoastră total ar fi deasupra oricăror pierderi datorate manipulării pieței.

==Efectuarea și primirea de plăți==

===De ce trebuie să aștept 10 minute înainte să pot cheltui banii primiți?===

10 minute reprezintă intervalul mediu de timp necesar găsirii unui bloc. Acest interval poate fi semnificativ mai mic sau mai mare depinzând de şansă; 10 minute reprezintă timpul mediu. 

Puteţi vedea cât au durat toate tranzacţiile recente aici: [http://bitcoinstats.org/ BitcoinStats.org]. 

[[Blocurile]] (numite "confirmări" in GUI) reprezintă modul în care reţeaua Bitcoin ajunge la un consens referitor la cine şi ce anume deţine. Odată ce un bloc este găsit toată lumea este de acord că tu deţii acele monezi, deci le poţi cheltui din nou. Până atunci, este posibil ca unele noduri ale reţelei să creadă altceva, dacă cineva atentează să fraudeze sistemul printr-o încercare de a inversa o tranzacţie. Cu cât o tranzacţie are mai multe confirmări, cu atât mai mic este riscul unei astfel de tentative. Doar 6 blocuri sau 1 oră este îndeajuns pentru a face această tentativă de inversare a unei tranzacţii impractică din punct de vedere computaţional. Paralel, este o îmbunătăţire majoră faţă de actualele carduri de credit unde chargeback-urile pot apărea şi după trei luni de la tranzacţia iniţiala!

Intervalul de zece minute a fost ales special de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] ca un compromis între intervalul de propagare al noilor blocuri în reţelele mari şi puterea de calcul irosită din cauza scindărilor in blockchain. Pentru o explicaţie tehnică amănunţită, citiţi [http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf lucrarea tehnică originală] scrisă de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

[[File:TransactionConfirmationTimesExample.PNG]]

===Trebuie să aştept că tranzacţiile mele să fie confirmate pentru a cumpăra sau vinde lucruri folosind Bitcoin?===

DA, trebuie, dacă tranzacţia este non-recourse(cu răspundere limitată). Software-ul de referinţă Bitcoin(clientul original conceput de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]) nu marchează tranzacţiile ca fiind confirmate decât după ce au trecut 6 blocuri(confirmări). Pe măsură ce tranzacţiile ajung tot mai adânc în blockchain devin din ce în ce mai non-reversibile dar există riscul de a fi reversibile înainte de prima confirmare. Un număr de 2 până la 6 confirmări sunt recomandate pentru situaţii non-recourse depinzând de valoarea tranzacţiilor în cauză.

De obicei cei care adresează această întrebare se referă la aplicaţii ca supermarketuri. Aceasta în general este o situaţie recourse(cu deplină incredere): dacă cineva încearcă să facă un double-spend(să cheltuiască aceiasi bani de două ori) într-o tranzacţie faţă în faţă s-ar putea să aibă succes de câteva ori, dar probabilistic vorbind una dintre aceste tentative va fi observată, iar penalizarea sau amenda va fi de ceva ori mai scumpă decât valoarea unei astfel de tentative. 

Cheltuirile duble ar putea reprezenta o problemă pentru un automat de sucuri aflat într-o zonă cu trafic scăzut şi fără camere de supraveghere în proximitate. Un astfel de automat nu ar trebui să onoreze plăti ce au 0 confirmări, şi ar trebui să folosească în schimb un alt mecanism pentru a valida astfel de tranzacţii, a se citi articolul [[Mituri#Point_of_sale_with_bitcoins_isn.27t_possible_because_of_the_10_minute_wait_for_confirmation|acesta]] pentru alternative.

Aplicaţii ce necesită o procesare a plăţii imediată, că supermarketurile sau automatele de sucuri, trebuie să calculeze riscurile. Acesta este un exemplu de inversare a unei tranzacţii neconfirmate:

Un [[Double-spending#Finney_attack|atac Finney]], în care atacatorul minează un bloc conţinând o mişcare de monezi către el însuşi. Îndată ce acesta găseşte soluţia blocului, se grăbeşte să facă o tranzacţie cu cineva, apoi emite blocul în reţea, astfel luându-şi monezile înapoi. Acest atac este un risc în principiu pentru bunurile ce sunt trimise imediat, cum ar fi bunuri virtuale ca descărcarea unor melodii sau schimburile valutare. Deoarece atacatorul nu poate alege timpul exact al atacului, acesta nu este un risc pentru supermarketuri de exemplu, unde atacatorul nu poate alege exact momentul plăţii(din cauza cozilor, etc). Atacul poate eşua dacă cineva găseşte un bloc conţinând tranzacţia respectivă înainte ca atacatorul să emită blocul său reţelei. Acesta este motivul pentru care comercianţii, pentru a diminua acest risc, cer clienţilor să aştepte un interval de timp mai mic decât o confirmare. 

Deoarece şansa de reuşită al acestui atac nu este chiar inexistentă, comercianţii ce doresc să vândă lucruri automat şi instant ar putea calcula în preţ şi acest risc de fraudă, sau să folosească o asigurare.

===Cineva mi-a trimis bitcoini şi nu au ajuns! Unde sunt?===

Nu te panica! Există un număr de motive pentru care bitcoinii tăi nu au apărut încă, şi un număr de metode pentru a diagnostica problema. 

În primul rând, dacă foloseşti clientul Bitcoin-Qt asigură-te că este sincronizat în totalitate. 

De asemenea, s-ar putea ca tranzacţia să nu fi fost inclusă încă într-un bloc. 

Tranzacţiile în desfăşurare(pending) se pot verifica accesând [http://blockchain.info here] şi căutând adresa respectivă. Dacă tranzacţia este listată acolo este doar o chestiune de timp până ce va fi inclusă într-un bloc şi să apară în client. 

Dacă tranzacţia include monezi ce au fost incluse într-o tranzacţie recentă este posibil să fie considerată o tranzacţie cu prioritate scăzută. De asemenea, tranzacţiile pot dura mai mult dacă taxa de tranzacţie nu a fost suficient de mare. Dacă nu există deloc o taxa inclusă, tranzacţia ar putea fi încadrată ca una de prioritate foarte scăzută şi poate dura ore sau chiar zile până va fi inclusă într-un bloc.

===De ce adresa mea de Bitcoin se schimbă?===

De fiecare dată când adresa afişată la "Your address" primeşte o tranzacţie, Bitcoin-Qt o înlocuieşte cu o nouă adresa. Acest lucru se produce pentru a încuraja utilizatorii să folosească o adresă nouă pentru fiecare tranzacţie, fapt ce îmbunătăţeşte [[anonimitatea]]. Toate adresele folosite înainte sunt încă folosibile: ele pot fi accesate în "''Settings -&gt; Your Receiving Address''".

===Cât va costa taxa de tranzacţie?===

Unele tranzacţii ar putea necesita [[taxă de tranzacţie]](transaction fee) pentru a putea fi confirmate inntr-un timp relativ mai scurt. Taxa de tranzacţie este procesată şi primită de către minerii de Bitcoin. Clientul Satoshi va estima valoarea taxei de tranzacţie atunci când această taxă trebuie plătită. 

Taxa este adăugată sumei totale tranzactionte. De exemplu, dacă sunt trimişi 1.234 BTC şi clientul necesită o taxă de tranzacţie în valoare de 0.0005 BTC, atunci 1.2345 BTC vor fi retraşi din bălanţa portofelului şi adresa unde bitcoinii au fost trimişi va primi o sumă de 1.234 BTC. 

Taxa de tranzacţie poate fi cerută pentru că unele tranzacţii par a fi atacuri de tip [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack denial of service] asupra [[Reţeaua Bitcoin|reţelei Bitcoin]]. De exemplu, poate fi greu de transmis sau poate recicla bitcoini deja primiţi. Bitcoin-Qt va încerca să anuleze generarea de tranzacţii grele, dar nu este capabil întotdeauna să o facă: Fondurile din portofel ar putea fi noi sau compuse din multe plăti mici. 

Deoarece taxa de tranzacţie este corelată cu cantitatea de date pe care o reprezintă tranzacţia şi nu cu numărul de bitcoini trimişi, taxa poate părea extrem de mică(0.005 BTC pentru un transfer de 1,000 BTC) sau nedrept de mare(0.004 pentru o plata de 0.02 BTC, mai exact 20%). Dacă sunt primite sume foarte mici(de exemplu sume mici provenite dintr-un pool de minerit) atunci taxa de tranzacţie va fi mai mare decât atunci când tranzacţiile urmează un sablon convenţional unui utilizator de rând.

Începând cu Bitcoin 0.5.3 taxa de tranzacţie nu va fi mai mare de 0.05 BTC. Pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor nu este necesară nici o taxa. Dacă o taxă de tranzacţie este totuşi cerută, această va fi în principiu de 0.0005 BTC.

===Ce se întâmplă atunci când cineva îmi trimite bitcoini şi calculatorul meu este închis?===

Bitcoinii nu sunt "''trimişi''" în portofel; în schimb acest termen este folosit pentru a putea folosi moneda fără ca oamenii să trebuiască să înveţe noi concepte. Portofelul este necesar doar atunci când se vrea a se cheltui bitcoinii primiţi. 

Dacă sunt trimise monezi atunci când programul de tip portofel este închis, atunci când va fi deschis, monezile vor apărea în portofel că şi cum de-abia au fost primiţi. Mai precis, monezile vor apărea după ce portofelul se va sincroniza, aflând despre tranzacţiile ce s-au petrecut în timpul în care acesta a fost închis.

===Cât durează "sincronizarea" clientului Bitcoin după ce este instalat? De ce se întâmplă asta?===

Clientul cel mai popular, cel descărcat de pe [[https://bitcoin.org bitcoin org]] implementează un "''full node''" Bitcoin: Poate executa orice abilitate a sistemului P2P Bitcoin. Nu este un simplu "client", sau portofel. Unul dintre principiile din spatele operării de "''full nodes''" Bitcoin este că nu se presupune că ceilalţi participanţi au urmat regulile sistemului Bitcoin. În timpul sincronizării, programul procesează istoricul tranzacţiilor Bitcoin şi se asigură că toate regulile sistemului Bitcoin au fost urmate corect.

În condiţiile unei operări normale, după sincronizare, programul ar trebui să folosească o cantitate infimă de resurse în calculatorul gazdă. 

Atunci când programul de tip portofel este instalat pentru prima dată, validarea sa iniţială(sincronizarea) necesită multă muncă din partea hard disk-ului calculatorului, aşa că timpul necesar sincronizării depinde de viteza hdd-ului şi, într-o mai mică măsură, de viteza procesorului. În medie durează cam o zi. Având în vedere că sincronizarea durează destul de mult, se pot verifica setările de ''power saving'' pentru a se asigura că hdd-ul nu este setat să se oprească după câteva ore de standby. Se poate folosi programul Bitcoin în timpul sincronizării, dar nu se pot vedea tranzacţiile recente până ce clientul nu s-a sincronizat până la data acelor tranzacţii. 

Dacă acest proces durează prea mult, se poate descărca blockchain-ul presincronizat de la [http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/ http://eu2.bitcoincharts.com/blockchain/]. Alternativ, se poate folosi un client alternativ "''lite''" cum ar fi [[https://multibit.org Multibit]] sau [[https://electrum.org Electrum]], deşi aceşti clienţi teoretic ar putea fi mai puţin siguri şi nu contribuie la binele reţelei P2P.

==Reţea==

===Trebuie să-mi configurez firewall-ul pentru a putea folosi Bitcoin?===

Bitcoin se va conecta cu alte noduri ale reţelei folosind de obicei portul TCP 8333. Vor trebui permise conexiunile TCP de ieşire prin portul 8333 pentru a permite clientului Bitcoin să se conecteze la cât mai multe noduri. [[Testnet]] foloseşte portul TCP 18333, în loc de 8333. 

Pentru a limita regulile firewall-ului la doar câteva IP-uri, se pot găsi noduri stabile folosind [[Noduri de rezervă|lista nodurilor de rezervă]].

===Cum funcționează mecanismul de găsire a egalilor („peers”)?===

Bitcoin găsește egalii („peers”) principali prin înaintarea anunțurilor de tip peer în propria rețea iar fiecare nod salvează o bază de date a egalilor de care este conștient, pentru uz ulterior. Pentru a inițializa acest proces, aplicația necesită o listă de egali inițiali. Aceștia pot fi furnizați manual însă, în mod normal, acest proces este automatizat prin interogarea unui set de nume de domenii de tip DNS, ce au listele actualizate automat. Dacă și acest proces dă greș, se apelează la o listă incorporată care este reactualizată regulat în noile versiuni ale software-ului. Există, de asemenea, și un emcanism bazat pe IRC dar este oprit în mod implicit.

==Minerit==

===Ce este mineritul?===

[[Minerit de bitcoini|Mineritul]] este procesul prin care putere de calcul este folosită pentru a securiza tranzacții Bitcoin împotriva inversării și introducerea a noi bitcoini în sistem.

Tehnic vorbind, mineritul reprezintă calcularea unui șir [[hash]] a unui cap de bloc (block header) ce include, printre altele, o referință către blocul precedent, un șir hash al unui set de tranzacții și un număr criptografic de tip [[nonce]].  Dacă valoarea șirului hash se dovedește a fi mai mic decât [[ținta|Țintă]] (care este invers proporțională [[dificultății|Dificultate]]), un bloc nou se fomează și minerul primește bitcoinii nou-generați (25/bloc la nivelurile actuale). Dacă funcția hash nu este mai mică decât ținta actuală, o nouă valoare nonce este probată, și un nou șir hash este calculat. Acest lucru este efectualt de milioane de ori per secundă, de către fiecare miner.

===Este mineritul folosit pentru vreo computație utilă?===
Calculele efectuate de către mineri sunt interne rețelei Bitcoin și nu sunt legate de vreun alt proiect de computare distribuită. Ele au scopul de a securiza rețeaua, lucru ce le face utile.

===Nu este acest proces o risipă de energie?===
Cheltuirea energiei pe crearea și securizarea unui sistem monetar liber este departe de a fi o risipă. De asemenea, serviciile necesare operării structurilor monetare curente, cum ar fi băncile sau companiile de carduri (de credit/debit), de asemenea consumă energie, probabil mai mult decât o face platforma Bitcoin.

===De ce nu folosim aceste calcule, de asemenea folositoare, în alte scopuri?===
Pentru a furniza securitate rețelei Bitcoin, ansamblul de calcule implicate trebuie să aibă anumite [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/5617/why-are-bitcoin-calculation-useless/5618#5618trăsături foarte specifice] (eng). Acestea sunt incompativile pentru redirecționarea puterii de calcul către alte scopuri.

===Cum putem opri minerii de la a crea blocuri cu zero tranzacții?===
Stimulentul pentru mineri de a include tranzacții este în comisionul ce le însoțește. Dacă ar fi să implementăm un număr minim de tranzacții per bloc, ar fi banal ca un miner să creeze și să includă tranzacțiile doar pentru a trece de acel prag. Pe măsură ce rețeaua se maturizează, răsplata/bloc scade, iar minerii devin tot mai dependenți de comisioane pentru a-și acoperi cheltuielile, problema de blocuri cu zero tranzacții scăzând, în acest fel, în timp.

===Cum ajută sistemul „proof-of-work” la securizarea platformei?===
Pentru a avea o idee generală asupra procesului de minerit, imaginați-vă următoarea schemă:

  payload (=sarcina utilă) = &lt;date legate de anumite evenimente din rețeaua Bitcoin&gt;
  nonce = 1
  hash = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] ( payload + nonce ) )

Calculele efectuate de către un miner constau în creșterea factorului ''nonce'' în mod repetat, până când funcția ''hash'' furnizează o valoare care care proprietatea rară de a fi sub un anumit prag-țintă (cu alte cuvinte: ''Hash''-ul „pornește de la un anumit număr de zerouri”, dacă este afișată forma sa cu o lungime fixată de caractere, folosită în mod tipic).

Precum se poate observa, procesul de minerit nu calculează ceva în mod special. Încearcă pur și simplu să găsească un număr (numit nonce), pe care - în combinație cu ''payload''-ul - rezultă într-un șir ''hash'' cu proprietăți speciale.

Avantajul folosirii unui astfel de mecanism constă în faptul că este foarte ușor de a verifica un rezultat: Dată fiind încărcătura utilă (payload-ul) și un ''nonce'' specific, doar o singură apelare a funcției ''hash'' este necesară pentru a verifica dacă ''hash''-ul are proprietățile necesare. Deoarece nu există vreo altă cale cunoscută de a găsi aceste ''hash''-uri decât prin atacurile de tip „forță brută” (brute force), această modalitate poate fi folosită drept „dovadă a muncii” (proof of work) cum că cineva a investit suficientă putere de calcul pentru a găsi ''nonce''-ul corect pentru acest ''payload''.

Această trăsătură este mai apoi folosită în rețeaua Bitcoin pentru a securiza diverse aspecte. Un atacator ce dorește să introducă diferite date cu caracter malițios în rețea, va trebui să furnizeze acest ''proof of work'' înainte ca datele să fie acceptate, iar, atâta timp cât mineri onești vor a vea mai multă putere de calcul, pot întotdeauna depăși un atacator.

Vezi și articolele despre [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash Hashcash] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system Sistemul proof-of-work] (eng) și [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2 SHA2] (eng) pe Wikipedia.

===De ce a fost scoasă opţiunea "Generate coin" din clientul software original?===

În faza incipientă a Bitcoin, era uşor pentru oricine să găsească noi blocuri folosind procesoare standard. Cum din ce în ce mai multe persoane au început să mineze, [[dificultate|dificultatea]] de a găsi noi blocuri a crescut atât de mult încât timpul mediu pentru un procesor să găsească un bloc putea ajunge la mulţi ani de zile. La fel şi în cazul plăcilor video. Momentan, este rentabil mineritul doar cu aparatură dedicată mineritului de BTC, anume ASIC. Din moment ce folosirea procesorului pentru a mineri a devenit nefolositoare, a fost scoasă ca opţiune din GUI-ul programului original.

==Securitate==

===Este posibil ca minerii să conspire pentru a-și oferi bani sau pentru a schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?===

Există două întrebări aici. Haideți să le tratăm separat.

;Se poate ca minerii să formeze găști pentru a-și oferi bani?

Mineritul în sine este procesul prin care noi blocuri sunt create și adăugate lanțului de blocuri. Fiecare bloc conține o listă a tuturor tranzacțiilor ce au avut loc de-a lungul întregii rețele Bitcoin de când ultimul bloc a fost creat, precum și un șir hash al precedentului bloc. Blocurile noi sunt „minerite” sau, mai degrabă, generate, de către aplicațiile Bitcoin care ghicesc în mod corect secvențe de caractere în coduri numite „hash”-uri, create folosind informația din blocurile precedente. Utilizatorii Bitcoin pot descărca aceste aplicații specializate, lucru ce le permite să-și dedice o parte din puterea de procesare, indiferent de dimensiunea acesteia, găsirii acestor șiruri în hash-ul blocului precedent.

Oricine găsește primul rezolvarea, creând astfel un nou bloc, este remunerat cu o sumă anume de bitcoini. Lanțul de blocuri este una dintre cele două structuri ce securizează platforma Bitcoin, cealaltă fiind sistemul de criptare cu chei publice, pe care se bazează tranzacțiile sistemului. Lanțul de blocuri asigură nu doar că orice tranzacție care s-a efectuat este înregistrată, dar și că fiecare tranzacție este stocată pe calculatorul oricui dorește să dețină această informație relevantă. Foarte mulți utilizatori au un istoric al fiecărei tranzacții în bitcoin ușor de accesat pentru ei în orice moment, iar oricine dorește poate obține această informație cu ușurință. Aceste lucruri fac ca rețeaua să fie extrem de greu de păcălit.

Sistemul Bitcoin necesită o putere de procesare considerabilă pentru a rula, iar, datorită faptului că deținătorii celor mai potente astfe de mașinării pot obține cele mai multe răspunsuri corecte la problemele criptografice, aceștia vor fi cel mai bine remunerați. Fiecare răspuns valid oferă în prezent 25 bitcoini, iar cum aceștia valorează semnificativ în momentul de față (deși cursul încă fluctuează), fiecare miner ce câștigă orice sumă de bitcoini, face bani. Anumiți mineri se angajează în această activitate pe cont propriu; alții preferă să se unească în „pool”-uri, adică locuri unde toți cei ce contribuie împart profiturile.

Prin urmare, primul răspuns este un vehement „da” - nu doar pot minerii să se unească pentru a face bani, ci platforma îi încurajează să o facă. Pool-urile Bitcoin reprezintă convenții de comun acord, iar acest lucru nu implică lipsa de onestitate sau activități secrete din partea acestora.

Desigur, întrebarea reală este:

;Se poate ca acest lucru să fie făcut fără a putea fi sancționat de către dezvoltatorii Bitcoin? Există vreo cale de a prăda rețeaua și a crea mulți bani necinstit?

Bitcoin nu este un sistem desăvârșit. Se poate trișa, dar acest lucru este extrem de dificil. Arhitectura lui a fost concepută pentru a eluda câteva dintre problemele centrale ale valutelor moderne - mai precis, faptul că încrederea acestora este strâns legată de oameni care nu ar putea avea în minte cele mai bune interese pentru utilizatori. Orice altă monedă (în afară de cele criptografice) este controlată de mari instituții, ce țin evidența a ce se face cu aceasta și felurile în care valoarea i se poate manipula. Iar valoarea oricărei alte monede este dată de faptul că oamenii au încredere în instituția ce o controlează.

Bitcoin nu cere utilizatorilor săi să aibe încredere în vreo instituție. Securitatea modelului se bazează pe criptografie ca parte integrată în structura proprie, una disponibilă și accesibilă tuturor. În loc de o entitate ce ține contabilitatea tuturor tranzacțiilor, acest lucru este făcut de către întreaga rețea, astfel încât bitcoinii sunt uluitor de dificil de furat sau dublu-cheltuit. Bitcoinii sunt creați într-o manieră regulată și predictibilă, de către mulți utilizatori diferiți, astfel încât nimeni nu poate decide să creeze cu mult mai mulți pentru a le scădea din valoare. Pe scurt, Bitcoin este gândit să fie un aparat lipsit de inflație, cheltuială dublă și complet distribuit.

Cu toate acestea, există câteva moduri prin care cineva poate obține bitcoini necinstit. În primul rând, o astfel de persoană ar putea fura cheile private. Sustragerea acestora nu este un lucru pe care securitatea Bitcoin a fost proiectată să o prevină: acesta revine utilizatorilor. Criptografia, însă, este gândită astfel încât este imposibilă deducerea cheii private a cuiva din cea publică. Atâta timp cât o păstrezi secretă, nu trebuie să îți faci prea multe griji în legătură cu aceasta. Mai mult de atât, o entitate ar putea crea - teoretic - un nou lanț de blocuri, dar, datorită felului în care acesta este construit, acțiunea respectivă ar fi extrem de dificil de înfăptuit și ar necesita o putere enormă de procesare. O explicație completă asupra dificultăților implicate poate fi găsită în articolul despre [[Lanț de blocuri|lanțul de blocuri]].

Bitcoin ar putea fi jecmănit - dar împlinirea acestui fapt ar fi extrem de grea și ar necesita o expertiză considerabilă și o putere de procesare covârșitoare. Iar acest lucru devnie tot mai greu, odată cu trecerea timpului. Bitcoin nu este impenetrabil, dar este suficient de puternic încât pune orice îngrijorări reale la periferie.

;Ar putea minerii schimba fundamental natura Bitcoin?

Din nou, aproape sigur nu. Bitcoin este o rețea distribouită, așadar orice schimbări implementate sistemului trebuiesc acceptate de către toți utilizatorii. Cineva ce încearcă să schimbe felul în care Bitcoinii sunt generați ar trebui să convingă fiecare utilizator să descarce și să folosească software-ul furnizat de acesta - prin urmare, singurele schimbări ce ar avea loc ar fi cele care ar avantaja, în mod egal, toți utilizatorii.

În concluzie, este aproape imposibil ca cineva să schimbe funcționarea Bitcoin în avantajul său. Dacă utilizatorilor le displac noile reguli, aceștia nu le vor adopta, opusul fiind la fel de valid, cazul din urmă avantajându-i pe toți în mod egal. Desigur, se poate imagina o situație în care cineva reușește să forțeze schimbările dorite în sistem, oferindu-și un avantaj pe care nimeni nu-l va observa, dar - având în vedere faptul că Bitcoin este un model structural relativ simplu - este foarte puțin probabil ca orice schimbare majoră să aibă loc fără ca cineva să o remarce întâi.

Faptul că astfel de modificări sunt așa de greu de întreprins certifică natura complet distribuită a Bitcoin. Orice monedă controlată central poate fi modificată de către agenția emitentă fără consensul adepților săi. Bitcoin nu are vreo autoritate centrală, prin urmare transformările au loc doar la dorința întregii comunități. Dezvoltarea Bitcoin reprezintă un fel de evoluție colectivă; prima de acest fel în râdul valutelor.

==Ajutor==

===Aş vrea să aflu mai multe. Unde aş putea găsi mai multe informaţii?===

* Citiţi [[Introducere|introducerea]]
* Citiţi şi postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=108.0 Bitcointalk.org România]
* Accesaţi canalele [[:Bitcoin:Community_portal#IRC_Chat|IRC Bitcoin]]
* Vizitaţi şi daţi un Like paginii de Facebook [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bitcoin-Romania/241044439366768 Bitcoin România]

==Vezi și==

* [[Pagina_principală|Pagina principală]]
* [[Introducere]]

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[[ru:FAQ]]</text>
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    <title>BitcoinPayment</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: =Despre=  '''BitcoinPayment''' este o extensie a MediaWiki menita sa limiteze spam-ul prin solicitarea unei mici plati unice inainte ca un utilizator sa fie lasat sa editeze sau sa...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1120" sha1="1l8hffz95jozxt768g6meg2f9ik9gc8" xml:space="preserve">=Despre=

'''BitcoinPayment''' este o extensie a MediaWiki menita sa limiteze spam-ul prin solicitarea unei mici plati unice inainte ca un utilizator sa fie lasat sa editeze sau sa creeze pagini.

Desi aceasta plata este una mica pentru un utilizator obisnuit, aceasta devine o adevarata bariera pentru cineva care face spam in masa.

Fondurile trimise catre acest wiki for fi folosite pentru a mentine wiki-ul online(gazduirea si costul domeniului), iar fondurile ramase vor fi donate catre [https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/ Bitcoin Foundation]. 

=Utilizare=

Pentru a putea edita pagini de pe contul vostru de utilizator, vizitati [[Special:BitcoinPayment]], unde vi se va da o adresa la care va trebui sa trimiteti o suma modica.

De indata ce trimiteti suma catre adresa oferita si tranzactia este confirmata, contul va fi adaugat automat in grupul 'trusted' si veti avea privilegii de editare.

==Confirmarea platii==

Platile necesita 6 confirmari. Dar, daca trimiteti prin MtGox, si nu alegeti optiunea 'open transaction', confirmarea platii este instanta(deoarece portofelul site-ului este de asemenea MtGox).</text>
      <sha1>1l8hffz95jozxt768g6meg2f9ik9gc8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>33</id>
      <parentid>32</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T21:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>33</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1119" sha1="g3p0xriintrovc3pquyxx6b2acav5lr" xml:space="preserve">=Despre=

'''BitcoinPayment''' este o extensie a MediaWiki menita sa limiteze spam-ul prin solicitarea unei mici plati unice inainte ca un utilizator sa fie lasat sa editeze sau sa creeze pagini.

Desi aceasta plata este una mica pentru un utilizator obisnuit, aceasta devine o adevarata bariera pentru cineva care face spam in masa.

Fondurile trimise catre acest wiki for fi folosite pentru a mentine wiki-ul online(gazduirea si costul domeniului), iar fondurile ramase vor fi donate catre [https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/ Bitcoin Foundation]. 

=Utilizare=

Pentru a putea edita pagini de pe contul vostru de utilizator, vizitati [[Special:BitcoinPayment]], unde veti primi o adresa la care va trebui sa trimiteti o suma modica.

De indata ce trimiteti suma catre adresa oferita si tranzactia este confirmata, contul va fi adaugat automat in grupul 'trusted' si veti avea privilegii de editare.

==Confirmarea platii==

Platile necesita 6 confirmari. Dar, daca trimiteti prin MtGox, si nu alegeti optiunea 'open transaction', confirmarea platii este instanta(deoarece portofelul site-ului este de asemenea MtGox).</text>
      <sha1>g3p0xriintrovc3pquyxx6b2acav5lr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>34</id>
      <parentid>33</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-09T21:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Utilizare */</comment>
      <origin>34</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1125" sha1="1u9wnws9p1uff1psa9agur967om0t11" xml:space="preserve">=Despre=

'''BitcoinPayment''' este o extensie a MediaWiki menita sa limiteze spam-ul prin solicitarea unei mici plati unice inainte ca un utilizator sa fie lasat sa editeze sau sa creeze pagini.

Desi aceasta plata este una mica pentru un utilizator obisnuit, aceasta devine o adevarata bariera pentru cineva care face spam in masa.

Fondurile trimise catre acest wiki for fi folosite pentru a mentine wiki-ul online(gazduirea si costul domeniului), iar fondurile ramase vor fi donate catre [https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/ Bitcoin Foundation]. 

=Utilizare=

Pentru a putea edita pagini de pe contul vostru de utilizator, vizitati '''[[Special:BitcoinPayment]]''', unde veti primi o adresa la care va trebui sa trimiteti o suma modica.

De indata ce trimiteti suma catre adresa oferita si tranzactia este confirmata, contul va fi adaugat automat in grupul 'trusted' si veti avea privilegii de editare.

==Confirmarea platii==

Platile necesita 6 confirmari. Dar, daca trimiteti prin MtGox, si nu alegeti optiunea 'open transaction', confirmarea platii este instanta(deoarece portofelul site-ului este de asemenea MtGox).</text>
      <sha1>1u9wnws9p1uff1psa9agur967om0t11</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>45</id>
      <parentid>34</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T11:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>45</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1124" sha1="ikg6x6qynu4tigpunl8i423431ap47k" xml:space="preserve">=Despre=

'''BitcoinPayment''' este o extensie a MediaWiki menita sa limiteze spam-ul prin solicitarea unei mici plati unice inainte ca un utilizator sa fie lasat sa editeze sau sa creeze pagini.

Desi aceasta plata este una mica pentru un utilizator obisnuit, aceasta devine o adevarata bariera pentru cineva care face spam in masa.

Fondurile trimise catre acest wiki for fi folosite pentru a mentine wiki-ul online(gazduirea si costul domeniului), iar fondurile ramase vor fi donate catre [https://www.bitcoinfoundation.org/ Bitcoin Foundation]. 

=Utilizare=

Pentru a putea edita pagini de pe contul vostru de utilizator, vizitati '''[[Special:BitcoinPayment]]''', unde veti primi o adresa la care va trebui sa trimiteti o suma modica.

De indata ce trimiteti suma catre adresa oferita si tranzactia este confirmata, contul va fi adaugat automat in grupul 'trusted' si veti avea privilegii de editare.

==Confirmarea platii==

Platile necesita 6 confirmari. Dar daca trimiteti prin MtGox, si nu alegeti optiunea 'open transaction', confirmarea platii este instanta(deoarece portofelul site-ului este de asemenea MtGox).</text>
      <sha1>ikg6x6qynu4tigpunl8i423431ap47k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bitcoin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36</id>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T01:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: Most of the following Bitcoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:   ==Bitcoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{F...</comment>
      <origin>36</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6093" sha1="dfjeg6k57f3ol168svp0qatj7i9zl8i" xml:space="preserve">Most of the following Bitcoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:


==Bitcoin Project==
{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || General Bitcoin-related discussion.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discuss politics with other Bitcoin users.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Bitcoin gamers hangout.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || RSS News related to Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing and promotion of bitcoin
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Gentoo community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|text=[[Bitcoin-Watch|#bitcoin-watch]]}} || Streaming Bitcoin transactions, including market data.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bots}} ||  Bot and bot-related discussion; trading bots, IRC bots, utility bots.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigates incidents related to Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Settles disputes between parties.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Automated announce of bitcoin-related tweets.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-church}} || [[Bitcoin Church]] Discussion of our savior Satoshi
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Local communities===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || European OTC trading marketplace.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Argentina bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Aussie bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Austrian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Italian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Brazilian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Canadian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Chinese bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Czech bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || German bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Danish bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Israeli bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Russian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Russian OTC trading marketplace.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||United kingdom OTC Trading Marketplace.Founder Angus Bates.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Venezuela bitcoin community.

|}

==Mining Related Communities==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discussion and support related to mining.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discussion and support specific to FPGA mining.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Russian discussion of mining specification.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|eligius}} || [[Eligius]] mining pool community
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ozcoin}} || [[Ozco.in]] mining pool community
|-
| &lt;small&gt;[irc://irc.foonetic.net/xkcd-bitcoin IRC] [http://irc.lc/foonetic/xkcd-bitcoin/Miner@@@ Web]&lt;/small&gt; #xkcd-bitcoin || [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/XKCD_Pool XKCD Pool]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;[irc://irc.quakenet.org/bitcoins.lc IRC] [http://irc.lc/quakenet/bitcoins.lc/Miner@@@ Web]&lt;/small&gt; #bitcoins.lc @ Quakenet || [http://www.bitcoins.lc Bitcoins.lc Pool] 
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bithasher}}  || Bit Pool Mining
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|p2pool}}  || [[P2Pool]] decentralized mining pool
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btcserv}} || [[Btcserv.net]] Mining Pool Community
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || [[BitMinter]] Mining Pool Community
|}

==Communities for Exchanges and Trading==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Talk regarding the [[GLBSE]] trading platform.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-market}} || Streaming market data (only), no chat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Over-the-counter trading marketplace and discussion. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-escrow}} || Third party escrow agents.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Only over-the-counter trading.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Distributed Web of Trust (WoT) system for [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.traders}} || Russian community discussion about trades/exchanges.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]] discussion
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || [[MtGox Live]] real-time view of trading
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox topics from Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time tape (executed trades).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time tape (executed trades).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || [[Intersango]] exchange support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]'s customer support and news channel. Selling gold and silver for Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc24}} || [https://bitcoin-24.com Bitcoin-24.com] Euro community talk and Bitcoin-24.com support.
|}

==Related Communities==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || [[Open Transactions]] project.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || [http://Ripple.com Ripple] project.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Market trading for [http://Ripple.com Ripple] project users.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] and the [[Dot-bit]] project.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-stackexchange}} || Discussion complementing [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange].

|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>dfjeg6k57f3ol168svp0qatj7i9zl8i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>38</id>
      <parentid>36</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T01:46:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ștergerea conținutului paginii</comment>
      <origin>38</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>169</id>
      <parentid>38</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Am adaugat si pagina asta, era cam ciudat ca nu aveam pagina Bitcoin pe Bitcoin wiki.</comment>
      <origin>169</origin>
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'''Bitcoin''' este o [[valută digitală]] creată de către [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Nu se bazează pe un server central pentru a procesa tranzacţiile sau stoca fondurile. Există un număr maxim de 2,100,000,000,000,000 de elemente Bitcoin(denumite [[satoshi]]), măsurat în mod curent în unităţi de 100,000,000 cunoscute că BTC.

{{Din|Aprilie 2013}}, este cea mai folosită valută alternativă,&lt;ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"&gt;{{cite web|title=Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf|publisher=Cryptology ePrint Archive|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Ron Dorit|coauthors=Adi Shamir|page=17|quote=The Bitcoin system is the best known and most widely used alternative payment scheme,...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Mt.Gox data"&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mt.Gox data|url=http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html|publisher=Bitcoincharts}}&lt;/ref&gt;   cu un market cap de peste 11 miliarde de USD&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher=Blockchain.info|accessdate=7 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bitcoin has no central issuer; instead, the peer-to-peer network regulates Bitcoins, transactions and issuance according to consensus in network software.
Bitcoins are issued to various nodes that verify transactions through computing power;
it is established that there will be a limited and scheduled release of no more than 21 million BTC worth of coins, which will be fully issued by the year 2140.

Internationally, Bitcoins can be exchanged and managed through various websites and [[software]] along with physical banknotes and coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Physical Bitcoins by Casascius|url=https://www.casascius.com/|publisher=Casascius Coins|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitbills|url=http://www.bitbills.com/|publisher=Bitbills|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
:Main article: [[History]]

A cryptographic system for untraceable payments was first described by David Chaum in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/Chaum.BlindSigForPayment.1982.PDF David Chaum, Blind signatures for untraceable payments], Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '82, Springer-Verlag (1983), 199–203.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1990 Chaum extended this system to create the first cryptographic anonymous electronic cash system.,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|last1=Chaum|first1=David|last2=Fiat|first2=Amos|last3=Naor|first3=Moni|title=Untraceable Electronic Cash|url=http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/chaum_fiat_naor_ecash.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; which became known as ecash.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney.html|publisher=Wired|title=E-Money (That's What I Want)|date=1994–2012|author=Steven Levy}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1998 Wei Dai published a description of an anonymous, distributed electronic cash system which he called "b-money".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=B-Money|url=http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt|author=Wei Dai|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around the same time, Nick Szabo created ''bit gold''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0|title=Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists’ Answer to Cash|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|quote=Around the same time, Nick Szabo, a computer scientist who now blogs about law and the history of money, was one of the first to imagine a new digital currency from the ground up. Although many consider his scheme, which he calls “bit gold,” to be a precursor to Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="bitgold"&gt;{{cite web|title=Bit gold|url=http://unenumerated.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/bit-gold.html|author=Nick Szabo|quote=My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work.... The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like Bitcoin, ''Bit gold'' was a currency system where users would compete to solve a [[proof of work]] function, with solutions being cryptographically chained together and published via a distributed property title registry. A variant of ''Bit gold'', called ''Reusable Proofs of Work'', was implemented by Hal Finney.&lt;ref name="bitgold"/&gt;

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a paper&lt;ref name="whitepaper"&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Nakamoto
 |first= Satoshi
 |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
 |url= http://www.cs.kent.edu/~JAVED/class-P2P12F/papers-2012/PAPER2012-p2p-bitcoin-satoshinakamoto.pdf
 |accessdate = 14 December 2010
 |date= 24 May 2009
 |postscript=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/
 |title= Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper
}}&lt;/ref&gt; on The Cryptography Mailing list at metzdowd.com&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list]&lt;/ref&gt; describing the Bitcoin protocol.

The Bitcoin network came into existence on 3 January 2009 with the release of the first Bitcoin client, [[wxBitcoin]], and the issuance of the first Bitcoins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html |title=Bitcoin v0.1 released}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=244765 |title=SourceForge.net: Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A year after, the initial exchange rates for Bitcoin were set by individuals on the bitcointalk forums.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The most significant transaction involved a 10,000 BTC pizza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|accessdate=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Today, the majority of Bitcoin exchanges occur on the [[MtGox]] Bitcoin exchange.

In 2011, Wikileaks,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |last= Greenberg
 |first= Andy
 |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/14/wikileaks-asks-for-anonymous-bitcoin-donations/
 |title= WikiLeaks Asks For Anonymous Bitcoin Donations – Andy Greenberg – The Firewall – Forbes
 |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com
 |date= 2011-06-14
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Freenet]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= https://freenetproject.org/donate.html
 |title= /donate
 |publisher= The Freenet Project
 |date=
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singularity Institute,&lt;ref&gt;[http://singinst.org/donate/ SIAI donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Internet Archive,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.archive.org/donate/index.php Internet Archive donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Free Software Foundation&lt;ref&gt;[https://my.fsf.org/donate/other/ Other ways to donate]&lt;/ref&gt; and others, began to accept donations in Bitcoin. The Electronic Frontier Foundation did so for a while but has since stopped, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems, and because they "generally don't endorse any type of product or service."&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin
 |title= EFF and Bitcoin &amp;#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation
 |publisher= Eff.org
 |date= 2011-06-14
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some small businesses had started to adopt Bitcoin. LaCie, a public company, accepts Bitcoin for its Wuala service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wuala.com/en/bitcoin |title=Secure Online Storage – Backup. Sync. Share. Access Everywhere |publisher=Wuala |date= |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2012, BitPay reports of having over 1000 merchants accepting Bitcoin under its payment processing service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BitPay Signs 1,000 Merchants to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_176/bitpay-signs-1000-merchants-to-accept-bitcoin-payments-1052538-1.html|publisher=American Banker|accessdate=12 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Administration==
Bitcoin is administered through a decentralized peer-to-peer network.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt; Cryptographic technologies and the peer-to-peer network of computing power enables users to make and verify irreversible, instant online Bitcoin payments, without an obligation to trust and use centralized banking institutions and authorities. Dispute resolution services are not made directly available. Instead it is left to the users to verify and trust the parties they are sending money to through their choice of methods. 

Bitcoins are issued according to rules agreed to by the majority of the computing power within the Bitcoin network. The core rules describing the predictable issuance of Bitcoins to its verifying servers, a voluntary and competitive transaction fee system and the hard limit of no more than 21 million BTC issued in total.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt;

Bitcoin does not require a central bank, State,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/3
 |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash
 |publisher= IEEE.org
 |date= June 2012
 |accessdate = 2012-06-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt; or incorporated backers.

==Services==
:Main article: [[Wallet]]

Bitcoins are sent and received through software and websites called wallets. They send and confirm transactions to the network through Bitcoin addresses, the identifiers for users' Bitcoin wallets within the network.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt;

===Bitcoin addresses===
:Main article: [[Address]]

Payments are made to Bitcoin "addresses": human-readable strings of numbers and letters around 33 characters in length, always beginning with the digit 1 or 3, as in the example of ''31uEbMgunupShBVTewXjtqbBv5MndwfXhb''.

Users obtain new Bitcoin addresses from their Bitcoin software. Creating a new address can be a completely offline process and require no communication with the Bitcoin network.

===Transaction fees===
:Main article: [[Transaction fees]]
Transaction fees may be included with any transfer of Bitcoins. {{As of|2012}} many transactions are processed in a way which makes no charge for the transaction. For transactions which consume or produce many coins (and therefore have a large data size), a small transaction fee is usually expected.

===Confirmations===
:Main article: [[Confirmation]]

The network's software confirms a transaction when it records it in a block. Further blocks of transactions confirm it even further. After six confirmations/blocks, a transaction is confirmed beyond reasonable doubt.

The network must store the whole transaction history inside the blockchain, which grows constantly as new records are added and never removed. Nakamoto conceived that as the database became larger, users would desire applications for Bitcoin that didn't store the entire database on their computer. To enable this, the blockchain uses a [[merkle tree]] to organize the transaction records in such a way that client software can locally delete portions of its own database it knows it will never need, such as earlier transaction records of Bitcoins that have changed ownership multiple times.

==Economics==

===Initial distribution===

Bitcoin has no centralized issuing authority.&lt;ref name="ars-06-08-11"&gt;
{{Cite news
 |first= Thomas
 |last= Lowenthal
 |title= Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency
 |newspaper= Ars Technica
 |date= 8 June 2011
 |url= http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-inside-the-encrypted-peer-to-peer-currency.ars
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |author= Sponsored by
 |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency
 |title= Virtual currency: Bits and bob
 |publisher= The Economist
 |date=
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Geere
 |first= Duncan
 |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency
 |title= Peer-to-peer currency Bitcoin sidesteps financial institutions (Wired UK)
 |publisher= Wired.co.uk
 |date=
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The network is programmed to increase the money supply as a geometric series until the total number of Bitcoins reaches 21 million BTC.&lt;ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"/&gt; {{As of|2012|10}} slightly over 10 million of the total 21 million BTC had been created; the current total number created is available online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title= Total Number of Bitcoins in Existence
 |url= http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc
 |work= Bitcoin Block Explorer
 |accessdate = 2012-10-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2013 half of the total supply will have been generated, and by 2017, three-quarters will have been generated. To ensure sufficient granularity of the [[money supply]], clients can divide each BTC unit down to eight decimal places (a total of 2.1&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; or 2.1 quadrillion units).&lt;ref name="lwn"&gt;{{Cite news
 |author= Nathan Willis
 |date= 2010-11-10
 |title= Bitcoin: Virtual money created by CPU cycles
 |publisher= LWN.net
 |url= http://lwn.net/Articles/414452/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The network {{As of|2012|lc=on}} required over one million times more work for confirming a block and receiving an award (25 BTC {{As of|2012|2|lc=on}}) than when the first blocks were confirmed.
The difficulty is automatically adjusted every 2016 blocks based on the time taken to find the previous 2016 blocks such that one block is created roughly every 10 minutes.

Those who chose to put computational and electrical resources toward mining early on had a greater chance at receiving awards for block generations. This served to make available enough processing power to process blocks. Indeed, without miners there are no transactions and the Bitcoin economy comes to a halt.

===Exchange rate===
Prices fluctuate relative to goods and services more than more widely accepted currencies;
the price of a Bitcoin is not static.

In August 2012, 1 BTC traded at around $10.00 USD. Taking into account the total number of Bitcoins mined, the monetary base of the Bitcoin network stands at over 110 million USD.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/] Bitcoin statistics&lt;/ref&gt;

== Security ==&lt;!--Please keep as starting template--&gt;
:Main article: [[Weaknesses]]

In the history of bitcoin, there have been a few [[incidents]], caused by problematic as well as malicious transactions. In the worst such incident, and the only one of its type, a person was able to pretend that he had a practically infinite supply of bitcoins, for almost 9 hours.

Bitcoin relies, among other things, on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public key cryptography] and thus may be vulnerable to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography#Quantum_computing_attacks quantum computing attacks] if and when practical quantum computers can be constructed.

If multiple different software packages, whose usage becomes widespread on the Bitcoin network, disagree on the protocol and the rules for transactions, this could potentially cause a fork in the block chain, with each faction of users being able to accept only their own version of the history of transactions. This could influence the price of bitcoins.

A global, organized campaign against the currency or the software could also influence the demand for bitcoins, and thus the exchange price.

==Bitcoin mining==
:Main article: [[Mining]]

Bitcoin mining nodes are responsible for managing the Bitcoin network.

Bitcoins are awarded to Bitcoin nodes known as "miners" for the solution to a difficult [[proof-of-work]] problem which confirms transactions and prevents double-spending. This incentive, as the Nakamoto white paper describes it, encourages "nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since no central authority issues them."&lt;ref name="whitepaper" /&gt;

Nakamoto compared the generation of new coins by expending CPU time and electricity to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt;

===Node operation===

The node software for the Bitcoin network is based on peer-to-peer networking, digital signatures and cryptographic proof to make and verify transactions. Nodes broadcast transactions to the network, which records them in a public record of all transactions, called the ''blockchain'', after validating them with a [[proof-of-work|proof-of-work system]].

Satoshi Nakamoto designed the first Bitcoin node and mining software&lt;ref name="processors"&gt;{{Cite news
 |last= Davis
 |first= Joshua
 |title= The Crypto-Currency
 |url= http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all
 |accessdate = 11 November 2011
 |newspaper= Wired Magazine
 |date= 10 November 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and developed the majority of the first implementation, Bitcoind, from 2007 to mid-2010.&lt;ref name="code_start"&gt;{{cite web
 |url= https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13.msg46#msg46
 |title= Questions about Bitcoin
 |publisher= Bitcoin forum
 |date= 2009-12-10
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Node implementations include core software such as Bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt, [[libbitcoin]], [[cbitcoin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=cbitcoin|url=https://github.com/MatthewLM/cbitcoin|accessdate=3 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[BitCoinJ|bitcoinj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://news.slashdot.org/story/11/03/23/0210207/Google-Engineer-Releases-Open-Source-Bitcoin-Client
 |title= Google Engineer Releases Open Source Bitcoin Client
 |author= angry tapir, timothy
 |date= 23 March 2011
 |publisher= Slashdot
 |accessdate = 2011-05-18
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2012/120110-bitcoin-for-beginners-3.html?page=1
 |title= Bitcoin for beginners: The BitcoinJ API
 |author= Dirk Merkel
 |date= 10 January 2012
 |publisher= JavaWorld
 |accessdate = 2012-08-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Every node in the Bitcoin network collects all the unacknowledged transactions it knows of in a file called a ''block'', which also contains a reference to the previous valid block known to that node. It then appends a [[nonce]] value to this previous block and computes the SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the block and the appended nonce value. The node repeats this process until it adds a nonce that allows for the generation of a hash with a value lower than a specified ''target''. Because computers cannot practically reverse the hash function, finding such a nonce is hard and requires on average a predictable amount of repetitious trial and error. This is where the ''[[proof-of-work]]'' concept comes in to play.  When a node finds such a solution, it announces it to the rest of the network. Peers receiving the new solved block validate it by computing the hash and checking that it really starts with the given number of zero bits (i.e., that the hash is within the target). Then they accept it and add it to the chain.

===Mining rewards===
In addition to receiving the pending transactions confirmed in the block, a generating node adds a ''generate'' transaction, which awards new Bitcoins to the operator of the node that generated the block. The system sets the payout of this generated transaction according to its defined inflation schedule.  The miner that generates a block also receives the fees that users have paid as an incentive to give particular transactions priority for faster confirmation.

The network never creates more than a 50&amp;nbsp;BTC reward per block and this amount will decrease over time towards zero, such that no more than 21 million BTC will ever exist.&lt;ref name="lwn" /&gt; As this payout decreases, the incentive for users to run block-generating nodes is intended to change to earning [[#Transaction fees|transaction fees]].

===Mining pools===
:Main article: [[Pooled mining]]

Bitcoin users often pool computational effort to increase the stability of the collected fees and subsidy they receive.&lt;ref name="We Use Coins Mining"&gt;{{cite web|title=About Bitcoin Mining|url=http://www.weusecoins.com/mining-guide.php|publisher=We Use Coins|accessdate=18 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mining difficulty===
:Main article: [[Difficulty]]

In order to throttle the creation of blocks, the difficulty of generating new blocks is adjusted over time.  If mining output increases or decreases, the difficulty increases or decreases accordingly.

The adjustment is done by changing the threshold that a hash is required to be less than. A lower threshold means fewer possible hashes can be accepted, and thus a higher degree of difficulty.  The target rate of block generation is one block every 10 minutes, or 2016 blocks every two weeks.  Bitcoin changes the difficulty of finding a valid block every 2016 blocks, using the difficulty that would have been most likely to cause the prior 2016 blocks to have taken two weeks to generate, according to the timestamps on the blocks.  Technically, this is done by modeling the generation of Bitcoins as Poisson process.  All nodes perform and enforce the same difficulty calculation.

Difficulty is intended as an automatic stabilizer allowing mining for Bitcoins to remain profitable in the long run for the most efficient miners, independently of the fluctuations in demand of Bitcoin in relation to other currencies.

===Mining hardware===
:Main article: [[Mining Hardware Comparison]]

Bitcoins used to be mined through Intel/AMD CPUs. {{As of | 2012}}, mining has gradually moved to [[GPU]] and [[FPGA]] hardware.&lt;ref name="bitcoinmag-butterfly" /&gt; [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]-based hardware for Bitcoin mining has been announced by several manufacturers who intend to ship products from late 2012 to early 2013.&lt;ref name="bitcoinmag-butterfly"&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitpay Breaks Daily Volume Record with Butterfly ASIC mining release|url=http://bitcoinmagazine.net/bitpay-breaks-daily-volume-record-with-butterfly-asic-mining-release/|publisher=Bitcoin Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Concerns==

===As an investment===
Bitcoin describes itself as an experimental digital currency. Reuben Grinberg has noted that Bitcoin's supporters have argued that Bitcoin is neither a security or an investment because it fails to meet the criteria for either category.&lt;ref name="grinberg"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 | title=Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency | publisher=SSRN | date=9 December 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Grinberg, Reuben}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Although it is a virtual currency, some people see it as an investment&lt;ref name="cnbc"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/45030812/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Biting_on_Bitcoins | title=The Pros And Cons Of Biting on Bitcoins | publisher=CNBC | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Gustke, Constance}}&lt;/ref&gt; or accuse it of being a form of investment fraud known as a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/08/bitcoin_under_attack/ |title=US senators draw a bead on Bitcoin |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The Register |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/uk-traders-bitcoin-idUKBRE8300JL20120401 |title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy |last1=O'Leary |first1=Naomi |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by the European Central Bank, using the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's definition of a Ponzi scheme, found that the use of bitcoins shares some characteristics with Ponzi schemes, but also has characteristics of its own which contradict several common aspects of Ponzi schemes.&lt;ref name="ecbreport"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf | title=Virtual Currency Schemes | publisher=European Central Bank | date=October 2012 | accessdate=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Privacy===
Because transactions are broadcast to the entire network, they are inherently public. Unlike regular banking,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0
 |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash
 |publisher= IEEE.org
 |date= June 2012
 |accessdate = 2012-06-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt; which preserves customer privacy by keeping transaction records private, loose transactional privacy is accomplished in Bitcoin by using many unique addresses for every wallet, while at the same time publishing all transactions. As an example, if Alice sends 123.45 BTC to Bob, the network creates a public record that allows anyone to see that 123.45 has been sent from one address to another. However, unless Alice or Bob make their ownership of these addresses known, it is difficult for anyone else to connect the transaction with them. However, if someone connects an address to a user at any point they could follow back a series of transactions as each participant likely knows who paid them and may disclose that information on request or under duress.

It can be difficult to associate Bitcoin identities with real-life identities.&lt;ref name="An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System"&gt;Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan (24 July 2011). [http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System]. An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System.&lt;/ref&gt; This property makes Bitcoin transactions attractive to sellers of illegal products.&lt;ref name="Forbes"&gt;Andy Greenberg (20 April 2011). [http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html Crypto Currency]. Forbes Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Madrigal
 |first= Alexis
 |title= Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars
 |publisher= The Atlantic Monthly
 |date= 2011-06-01
 |url= http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/libertarian-dream-a-site-where-you-buy-drugs-with-digital-dollars/239776/
 |accessdate = 2011-06-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Illicit use===

====Cracking====
The cracking organization "LulzSec" accepted donations in Bitcoin, having said that the group "needs Bitcoin donations to continue their hacking efforts".&lt;ref name="CNET"&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Reisinger
 |first= Don
 |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20070268-17/senators-target-bitcoin-currency-citing-drug-sales/
 |title= Senators target Bitcoin currency, citing drug sales &amp;#124; The Digital Home – CNET News
 |publisher= News.cnet.com
 |date= 2011-06-09
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |last= Olson
 |first= Parmy
 |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec-hackers-posts-sony-dev-source-code-get-7k-donation/
 |title= LulzSec Hackers Post Sony Dev. Source Code, Get $7K Donation – Parmy Olson – Disruptors – Forbes
 |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com
 |date= 6 June 2011
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Silk Road====
[[Silk Road]] is an anonymous black market that uses only the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name="npr-06-12-11"&gt;
{{Cite news
 |url= http://www.npr.org/2011/06/12/137138008/silk-road-not-your-fathers-amazon-com
 |date= 12 June 2011
 |newspaper= NPR
 |title= Silk Road: Not Your Father's Amazon.com
 |author= Staff
}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In a 2011 letter to Attorney General Eric Holder and the Drug Enforcement Administration, senators Charles Schumer of New York and Joe Manchin of West Virginia called for an investigation into Silk Road and the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name="npr-06-12-11"/&gt;
Schumer described the use of Bitcoins at Silk Road as a form of money laundering.&lt;ref name="ars-06-08-11"/&gt;

====Botnet mining====
In June 2011, Symantec warned about the possibility of botnets engaging in covert "mining" of Bitcoins,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Updated: 17 June 2011 | Translations available: 日本語 |url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining |title=Bitcoin Botnet Mining &amp;#124; Symantec Connect Community |publisher=Symantec.com |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/researchers-find-malware-rigged-with-bitcoin-miner/8934 |title=Researchers find malware rigged with Bitcoin miner |publisher=ZDNet |date=2011-06-29 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; consuming computing cycles, using extra electricity and possibly increasing the temperature of the computer. Later that month, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation caught an employee using the company's servers to generate Bitcoins without permission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/au/2011/06/23/abc-employee-caught-mining-for-bitcoins-on-company-servers/ |title=ABC employee caught mining for Bitcoins on company servers |publisher=The Next Web |date=2011-06-23 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some malware also uses the parallel processing capabilities of the GPUs built into many modern-day video cards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/16/gpu_bitcoin_brute_forcing/ |title=Malware mints virtual currency using victim's GPU |date=16 August 2011&lt;!-- 20:00 GMT --&gt;|first=Dan |last=Goodin }}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid August 2011, Bitcoin miner botnets were found;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/20211/researcher-discovers-distributed-bitcoin-cracking-trojan-malware/ |title=Infosecurity – Researcher discovers distributed bitcoin cracking trojan malware |publisher=Infosecurity-magazine.com |date=2011-08-19 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; trojans infecting Mac OS X have also been uncovered.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/405849/mac_os_x_trojan_steals_processing_power_produce_bitcoins |title=Mac OS X Trojan steals processing power to produce Bitcoins – sophos, security, malware, Intego – Vulnerabilities – Security |publisher=Techworld |date=2011-11-01 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Theft and fraud===
On 19 June 2011, a security breach of the Mt.Gox (an acronym for ''M''agic: ''T''he ''G''athering ''O''nline E''x''change, its original purpose) Bitcoin Exchange caused the price of a Bitcoin to briefly drop to US$0.01 on the Mt.Gox exchange (though it remained unaffected on other exchanges) after a hacker allegedly used credentials from a Mt.Gox auditor's compromised computer to illegally transfer a large number of Bitcoins to him- or herself and sell them all, creating a massive "ask" order at any price. Within minutes the price rebounded to over $15 before Mt.Gox shut down their exchange and canceled all trades that happened during the hacking period.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110630.html Clarification of Mt Gox Compromised Accounts and Major Bitcoin Sell-Off]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1X6qQt9ONg YouTube. Bitcoin Report]&lt;/ref&gt; The exchange rate of Bitcoins quickly returned to near pre-crash values.&lt;ref name="mick"&gt;Jason Mick, 19 June 2011, [http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm Inside the Mega-Hack of Bitcoin: the Full Story], DailyTech&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Timothy B. Lee, 19 June 2011, [http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-price-plummets-on-compromised-exchange.ars Bitcoin prices plummet on hacked exchange], Ars Technica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Karpeles, 20 June 2011, [https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback Huge Bitcoin sell off due to a compromised account – rollback], Mt.Gox Support&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="register1"&gt;{{Cite news
 |title= Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic
 |url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/19/bitcoin_values_collapse_again/
 |date= 2011-06-19
 |author= Chirgwin, Richard
 |publisher= The Register
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accounts with the equivalent of more than USD 8,750,000 were affected.&lt;ref name="mick" /&gt;

In July 2011, The operator of Bitomat, the third largest Bitcoin exchange, announced that he lost access to his wallet.dat file with about 17,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 220,000 USD at that time). He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/ Third Largest Bitcoin Exchange Bitomat Lost Their Wallet, Over 17,000 Bitcoins Missing]. SiliconAngle&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2011, MyBitcoin, one of popular Bitcoin transaction processors, declared that it was hacked, which resulted in it being shut down, with paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 800,000 USD at that time) unaccounted for.&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/mybitcoin-spokesman-finally-comes-forward-what-did-you-think-we-did-after-the-hack-we-got-shitfaced/ MyBitcoin Spokesman Finally Comes Forward: “What Did You Think We Did After the Hack? We Got Shitfaced”]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/search-for-owners-of-mybitcoin-loses-steam/ Search for Owners of MyBitcoin Loses Steam]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;

In early August 2012, a lawsuit was filed in San Francisco court against Bitcoinica, claiming about 460,000 USD from the company. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in 2012, which led to allegations of neglecting the safety of customers' money and cheating them out of withdrawal requests.&lt;ref&gt;[http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-460k-in-lost-bitcoins/ Bitcoinica users sue for $460k in lost Bitcoins]. Arstechnica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/first-bitcoin-lawsuit-filed-in-san-francisco First Bitcoin Lawsuit Filed In San Francisco]. IEEE Spectrum&lt;/ref&gt;

In late August 2012, Bitcoin Savings and Trust was shut down by the owner, allegedly leaving around $5.6 million in debts; this led to allegations of the operation being a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitcoin ponzi scheme – investors lose $5 million USD in online hedge fund|url=http://rt.com/usa/news/investors-currency-digital-fund-868/|publisher=RT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Adrianne|title=Suspected multi-million dollar Bitcoin pyramid scheme shuts down, investors revolt|url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/27/3271637/bitcoin-savings-trust-pyramid-scheme-shuts-down|publisher=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mick|first=Jason|title="Pirateat40" Makes Off $5.6M USD in BitCoins From Pyramid Scheme|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Pirateat40+Makes+Off+56M+USD+in+BitCoins+From+Pyramid+Scheme/article25538.htm|publisher=DailyTech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://pandodaily.com/2012/08/31/bitcoin-how-a-virtual-currency-became-real-with-a-5-6m-fraud/ Bitcoin: How a Virtual Currency Became Real with a $5.6M Fraud]. PandoDaily&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, it was reported that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has started an investigation on the case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007836/bitcoin-pirate-scandal-sec-steps-in-amid-allegations-that-the-whole-thing-was-a-ponzi-scheme/ Bitcoin 'Pirate' scandal: SEC steps in amid allegations that the whole thing was a Ponzi scheme ]. The Telegraph&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2012, Bitfloor Bitcoin exchange also reported being hacked, with 24,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 250,000 USD) stolen. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19486695 Bitcoin theft causes Bitfloor exchange to go offline]. BBC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/5/3293375/bitfloor-bitcoin-exchange-suspended-theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft]. The Verge&lt;/ref&gt; The same month, Bitfloor resumed operations, with its founder saying that he reported the theft to FBI, and that he is planning to repay the victims, though the time frame for such repayment is unclear.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcworld.com/article/2010586/bitcoin-exchange-back-online-after-hack.html?tk=rel_news Bitcoin exchange back online after hack]. PCWorld&lt;/ref&gt;

===Taxation===
In September 2012, the Intra-European Organization of Tax Administrations (IOTA), in Tbilisi, Georgia, held a workshop titled "Auditing Individuals and Legal Entities in the Use of e-Money." The workshop was attended by representatives from 23 countries.&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jerry Taylor, IOTA's technical taxation expert, said, "There's an awful lot happening on the Internet environment which is fascinating at the moment and introducing new challenges for auditors when it comes to virtual currency."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bitcoin was mentioned during the workshop.&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Matthew Elias, founder of the [[Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group]] (CLAG) published "Staying Between the Lines: A Survey of U.S. Income Taxation and its Ramifications on Cryptocurrencies", which discusses "the taxability of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CLAG "stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine on their own whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has "experienced a realization event."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Such examples are "when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred, and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Peter Vessenes]], [[Bitcoin Foundation|Bitcoin Foundation's]] executive director, said, since the foundation is trying to pay for everything in bitcoin, including salaries, "How do we W-2 someone for their bitcoins? Do we mark-to-market every time a transfer happens? Payroll companies cringe."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Bitcoin Foundation hopes "to push for solid guidance about its legal and tax treatment." [[Patrick Murck]], legal counsel for the Bitcoin Foundation, said he would like "to help regulators understand the technology better so they can make better decisions."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murck said, "Bitcoin has the potential to become much more than a niche currency, but it needs the guidance and understanding of regulators." and "The full potential of bitcoin could be realized through clearer guidelines and a better understanding by financial and tax regulators." and "Part of making that happen is to talk to regulators, the IRS, and tax professionals and helping them understand that bitcoin is not this nefarious thing, it's just software, it's a community, and there's nothing inherently nefarious about either of those things."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See Also==
* [[Introduction]]
* [[Getting started]]
* [[Using_Bitcoin|Detailed tutorial]]
* [[FAQ]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Digital currencies]]</text>
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'''Bitcoin''' este o [[valută digitală]] creată de către [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. Nu se bazează pe un server central pentru a procesa tranzacţiile sau stoca fondurile. Există un număr maxim de 2,100,000,000,000,000 de elemente Bitcoin(denumite [[satoshi]]), măsurat în mod curent în unităţi de 100,000,000 cunoscute că BTC.

Din Aprilie 2013, este cea mai folosită valută alternativă,&lt;ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"&gt;{{cite web|title=Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584.pdf|publisher=Cryptology ePrint Archive|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Ron Dorit|coauthors=Adi Shamir|page=17|quote=The Bitcoin system is the best known and most widely used alternative payment scheme,...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Mt.Gox data"&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mt.Gox data|url=http://bitcoincharts.com/markets/mtgoxUSD.html|publisher=Bitcoincharts}}&lt;/ref&gt;   cu un market cap de peste 11 miliarde de USD&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Market Capitalization|url=http://blockchain.info/charts/market-cap|publisher=Blockchain.info|accessdate=7 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bitcoin has no central issuer; instead, the peer-to-peer network regulates Bitcoins, transactions and issuance according to consensus in network software.
Bitcoins are issued to various nodes that verify transactions through computing power;
it is established that there will be a limited and scheduled release of no more than 21 million BTC worth of coins, which will be fully issued by the year 2140.

Internationally, Bitcoins can be exchanged and managed through various websites and [[software]] along with physical banknotes and coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Physical Bitcoins by Casascius|url=https://www.casascius.com/|publisher=Casascius Coins|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitbills|url=http://www.bitbills.com/|publisher=Bitbills|accessdate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
:Main article: [[History]]

A cryptographic system for untraceable payments was first described by David Chaum in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/Chaum.BlindSigForPayment.1982.PDF David Chaum, Blind signatures for untraceable payments], Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '82, Springer-Verlag (1983), 199–203.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1990 Chaum extended this system to create the first cryptographic anonymous electronic cash system.,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|last1=Chaum|first1=David|last2=Fiat|first2=Amos|last3=Naor|first3=Moni|title=Untraceable Electronic Cash|url=http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/chaum_fiat_naor_ecash.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; which became known as ecash.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney.html|publisher=Wired|title=E-Money (That's What I Want)|date=1994–2012|author=Steven Levy}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1998 Wei Dai published a description of an anonymous, distributed electronic cash system which he called "b-money".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=B-Money|url=http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt|author=Wei Dai|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around the same time, Nick Szabo created ''bit gold''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0|title=Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists’ Answer to Cash|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|quote=Around the same time, Nick Szabo, a computer scientist who now blogs about law and the history of money, was one of the first to imagine a new digital currency from the ground up. Although many consider his scheme, which he calls “bit gold,” to be a precursor to Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="bitgold"&gt;{{cite web|title=Bit gold|url=http://unenumerated.blogspot.co.uk/2005/12/bit-gold.html|author=Nick Szabo|quote=My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work.... The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like Bitcoin, ''Bit gold'' was a currency system where users would compete to solve a [[proof of work]] function, with solutions being cryptographically chained together and published via a distributed property title registry. A variant of ''Bit gold'', called ''Reusable Proofs of Work'', was implemented by Hal Finney.&lt;ref name="bitgold"/&gt;

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a paper&lt;ref name="whitepaper"&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Nakamoto
 |first= Satoshi
 |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
 |url= http://www.cs.kent.edu/~JAVED/class-P2P12F/papers-2012/PAPER2012-p2p-bitcoin-satoshinakamoto.pdf
 |accessdate = 14 December 2010
 |date= 24 May 2009
 |postscript=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/
 |title= Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper
}}&lt;/ref&gt; on The Cryptography Mailing list at metzdowd.com&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list]&lt;/ref&gt; describing the Bitcoin protocol.

The Bitcoin network came into existence on 3 January 2009 with the release of the first Bitcoin client, [[wxBitcoin]], and the issuance of the first Bitcoins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer |url=http://blockexplorer.com/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html |title=Bitcoin v0.1 released}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=244765 |title=SourceForge.net: Bitcoin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A year after, the initial exchange rates for Bitcoin were set by individuals on the bitcointalk forums.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The most significant transaction involved a 10,000 BTC pizza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/|publisher=Wired|accessdate=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Today, the majority of Bitcoin exchanges occur on the [[MtGox]] Bitcoin exchange.

In 2011, Wikileaks,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |last= Greenberg
 |first= Andy
 |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/06/14/wikileaks-asks-for-anonymous-bitcoin-donations/
 |title= WikiLeaks Asks For Anonymous Bitcoin Donations – Andy Greenberg – The Firewall – Forbes
 |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com
 |date= 2011-06-14
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Freenet]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= https://freenetproject.org/donate.html
 |title= /donate
 |publisher= The Freenet Project
 |date=
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singularity Institute,&lt;ref&gt;[http://singinst.org/donate/ SIAI donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Internet Archive,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.archive.org/donate/index.php Internet Archive donation page]&lt;/ref&gt; Free Software Foundation&lt;ref&gt;[https://my.fsf.org/donate/other/ Other ways to donate]&lt;/ref&gt; and others, began to accept donations in Bitcoin. The Electronic Frontier Foundation did so for a while but has since stopped, citing concerns about a lack of legal precedent about new currency systems, and because they "generally don't endorse any type of product or service."&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/06/eff-and-bitcoin
 |title= EFF and Bitcoin &amp;#124; Electronic Frontier Foundation
 |publisher= Eff.org
 |date= 2011-06-14
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some small businesses had started to adopt Bitcoin. LaCie, a public company, accepts Bitcoin for its Wuala service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wuala.com/en/bitcoin |title=Secure Online Storage – Backup. Sync. Share. Access Everywhere |publisher=Wuala |date= |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2012, BitPay reports of having over 1000 merchants accepting Bitcoin under its payment processing service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BitPay Signs 1,000 Merchants to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url=http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_176/bitpay-signs-1000-merchants-to-accept-bitcoin-payments-1052538-1.html|publisher=American Banker|accessdate=12 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Administration==
Bitcoin is administered through a decentralized peer-to-peer network.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt; Cryptographic technologies and the peer-to-peer network of computing power enables users to make and verify irreversible, instant online Bitcoin payments, without an obligation to trust and use centralized banking institutions and authorities. Dispute resolution services are not made directly available. Instead it is left to the users to verify and trust the parties they are sending money to through their choice of methods. 

Bitcoins are issued according to rules agreed to by the majority of the computing power within the Bitcoin network. The core rules describing the predictable issuance of Bitcoins to its verifying servers, a voluntary and competitive transaction fee system and the hard limit of no more than 21 million BTC issued in total.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt;

Bitcoin does not require a central bank, State,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/3
 |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash
 |publisher= IEEE.org
 |date= June 2012
 |accessdate = 2012-06-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt; or incorporated backers.

==Services==
:Main article: [[Wallet]]

Bitcoins are sent and received through software and websites called wallets. They send and confirm transactions to the network through Bitcoin addresses, the identifiers for users' Bitcoin wallets within the network.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt;

===Bitcoin addresses===
:Main article: [[Address]]

Payments are made to Bitcoin "addresses": human-readable strings of numbers and letters around 33 characters in length, always beginning with the digit 1 or 3, as in the example of ''31uEbMgunupShBVTewXjtqbBv5MndwfXhb''.

Users obtain new Bitcoin addresses from their Bitcoin software. Creating a new address can be a completely offline process and require no communication with the Bitcoin network.

===Transaction fees===
:Main article: [[Transaction fees]]
Transaction fees may be included with any transfer of Bitcoins. {{As of|2012}} many transactions are processed in a way which makes no charge for the transaction. For transactions which consume or produce many coins (and therefore have a large data size), a small transaction fee is usually expected.

===Confirmations===
:Main article: [[Confirmation]]

The network's software confirms a transaction when it records it in a block. Further blocks of transactions confirm it even further. After six confirmations/blocks, a transaction is confirmed beyond reasonable doubt.

The network must store the whole transaction history inside the blockchain, which grows constantly as new records are added and never removed. Nakamoto conceived that as the database became larger, users would desire applications for Bitcoin that didn't store the entire database on their computer. To enable this, the blockchain uses a [[merkle tree]] to organize the transaction records in such a way that client software can locally delete portions of its own database it knows it will never need, such as earlier transaction records of Bitcoins that have changed ownership multiple times.

==Economics==

===Initial distribution===

Bitcoin has no centralized issuing authority.&lt;ref name="ars-06-08-11"&gt;
{{Cite news
 |first= Thomas
 |last= Lowenthal
 |title= Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency
 |newspaper= Ars Technica
 |date= 8 June 2011
 |url= http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-inside-the-encrypted-peer-to-peer-currency.ars
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |author= Sponsored by
 |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency
 |title= Virtual currency: Bits and bob
 |publisher= The Economist
 |date=
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Geere
 |first= Duncan
 |url= http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-05/16/bitcoin-p2p-currency
 |title= Peer-to-peer currency Bitcoin sidesteps financial institutions (Wired UK)
 |publisher= Wired.co.uk
 |date=
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The network is programmed to increase the money supply as a geometric series until the total number of Bitcoins reaches 21 million BTC.&lt;ref name="Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"/&gt; {{As of|2012|10}} slightly over 10 million of the total 21 million BTC had been created; the current total number created is available online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title= Total Number of Bitcoins in Existence
 |url= http://blockexplorer.com/q/totalbc
 |work= Bitcoin Block Explorer
 |accessdate = 2012-10-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2013 half of the total supply will have been generated, and by 2017, three-quarters will have been generated. To ensure sufficient granularity of the [[money supply]], clients can divide each BTC unit down to eight decimal places (a total of 2.1&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; or 2.1 quadrillion units).&lt;ref name="lwn"&gt;{{Cite news
 |author= Nathan Willis
 |date= 2010-11-10
 |title= Bitcoin: Virtual money created by CPU cycles
 |publisher= LWN.net
 |url= http://lwn.net/Articles/414452/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The network {{As of|2012|lc=on}} required over one million times more work for confirming a block and receiving an award (25 BTC {{As of|2012|2|lc=on}}) than when the first blocks were confirmed.
The difficulty is automatically adjusted every 2016 blocks based on the time taken to find the previous 2016 blocks such that one block is created roughly every 10 minutes.

Those who chose to put computational and electrical resources toward mining early on had a greater chance at receiving awards for block generations. This served to make available enough processing power to process blocks. Indeed, without miners there are no transactions and the Bitcoin economy comes to a halt.

===Exchange rate===
Prices fluctuate relative to goods and services more than more widely accepted currencies;
the price of a Bitcoin is not static.

In August 2012, 1 BTC traded at around $10.00 USD. Taking into account the total number of Bitcoins mined, the monetary base of the Bitcoin network stands at over 110 million USD.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/ http://www.bitcoinwatch.com/] Bitcoin statistics&lt;/ref&gt;

== Security ==&lt;!--Please keep as starting template--&gt;
:Main article: [[Weaknesses]]

In the history of bitcoin, there have been a few [[incidents]], caused by problematic as well as malicious transactions. In the worst such incident, and the only one of its type, a person was able to pretend that he had a practically infinite supply of bitcoins, for almost 9 hours.

Bitcoin relies, among other things, on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public key cryptography] and thus may be vulnerable to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_cryptography#Quantum_computing_attacks quantum computing attacks] if and when practical quantum computers can be constructed.

If multiple different software packages, whose usage becomes widespread on the Bitcoin network, disagree on the protocol and the rules for transactions, this could potentially cause a fork in the block chain, with each faction of users being able to accept only their own version of the history of transactions. This could influence the price of bitcoins.

A global, organized campaign against the currency or the software could also influence the demand for bitcoins, and thus the exchange price.

==Bitcoin mining==
:Main article: [[Mining]]

Bitcoin mining nodes are responsible for managing the Bitcoin network.

Bitcoins are awarded to Bitcoin nodes known as "miners" for the solution to a difficult [[proof-of-work]] problem which confirms transactions and prevents double-spending. This incentive, as the Nakamoto white paper describes it, encourages "nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since no central authority issues them."&lt;ref name="whitepaper" /&gt;

Nakamoto compared the generation of new coins by expending CPU time and electricity to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"/&gt;

===Node operation===

The node software for the Bitcoin network is based on peer-to-peer networking, digital signatures and cryptographic proof to make and verify transactions. Nodes broadcast transactions to the network, which records them in a public record of all transactions, called the ''blockchain'', after validating them with a [[proof-of-work|proof-of-work system]].

Satoshi Nakamoto designed the first Bitcoin node and mining software&lt;ref name="processors"&gt;{{Cite news
 |last= Davis
 |first= Joshua
 |title= The Crypto-Currency
 |url= http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/all
 |accessdate = 11 November 2011
 |newspaper= Wired Magazine
 |date= 10 November 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and developed the majority of the first implementation, Bitcoind, from 2007 to mid-2010.&lt;ref name="code_start"&gt;{{cite web
 |url= https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13.msg46#msg46
 |title= Questions about Bitcoin
 |publisher= Bitcoin forum
 |date= 2009-12-10
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Node implementations include core software such as Bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt, [[libbitcoin]], [[cbitcoin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=cbitcoin|url=https://github.com/MatthewLM/cbitcoin|accessdate=3 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[BitCoinJ|bitcoinj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://news.slashdot.org/story/11/03/23/0210207/Google-Engineer-Releases-Open-Source-Bitcoin-Client
 |title= Google Engineer Releases Open Source Bitcoin Client
 |author= angry tapir, timothy
 |date= 23 March 2011
 |publisher= Slashdot
 |accessdate = 2011-05-18
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2012/120110-bitcoin-for-beginners-3.html?page=1
 |title= Bitcoin for beginners: The BitcoinJ API
 |author= Dirk Merkel
 |date= 10 January 2012
 |publisher= JavaWorld
 |accessdate = 2012-08-03
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Every node in the Bitcoin network collects all the unacknowledged transactions it knows of in a file called a ''block'', which also contains a reference to the previous valid block known to that node. It then appends a [[nonce]] value to this previous block and computes the SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the block and the appended nonce value. The node repeats this process until it adds a nonce that allows for the generation of a hash with a value lower than a specified ''target''. Because computers cannot practically reverse the hash function, finding such a nonce is hard and requires on average a predictable amount of repetitious trial and error. This is where the ''[[proof-of-work]]'' concept comes in to play.  When a node finds such a solution, it announces it to the rest of the network. Peers receiving the new solved block validate it by computing the hash and checking that it really starts with the given number of zero bits (i.e., that the hash is within the target). Then they accept it and add it to the chain.

===Mining rewards===
In addition to receiving the pending transactions confirmed in the block, a generating node adds a ''generate'' transaction, which awards new Bitcoins to the operator of the node that generated the block. The system sets the payout of this generated transaction according to its defined inflation schedule.  The miner that generates a block also receives the fees that users have paid as an incentive to give particular transactions priority for faster confirmation.

The network never creates more than a 50&amp;nbsp;BTC reward per block and this amount will decrease over time towards zero, such that no more than 21 million BTC will ever exist.&lt;ref name="lwn" /&gt; As this payout decreases, the incentive for users to run block-generating nodes is intended to change to earning [[#Transaction fees|transaction fees]].

===Mining pools===
:Main article: [[Pooled mining]]

Bitcoin users often pool computational effort to increase the stability of the collected fees and subsidy they receive.&lt;ref name="We Use Coins Mining"&gt;{{cite web|title=About Bitcoin Mining|url=http://www.weusecoins.com/mining-guide.php|publisher=We Use Coins|accessdate=18 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mining difficulty===
:Main article: [[Difficulty]]

In order to throttle the creation of blocks, the difficulty of generating new blocks is adjusted over time.  If mining output increases or decreases, the difficulty increases or decreases accordingly.

The adjustment is done by changing the threshold that a hash is required to be less than. A lower threshold means fewer possible hashes can be accepted, and thus a higher degree of difficulty.  The target rate of block generation is one block every 10 minutes, or 2016 blocks every two weeks.  Bitcoin changes the difficulty of finding a valid block every 2016 blocks, using the difficulty that would have been most likely to cause the prior 2016 blocks to have taken two weeks to generate, according to the timestamps on the blocks.  Technically, this is done by modeling the generation of Bitcoins as Poisson process.  All nodes perform and enforce the same difficulty calculation.

Difficulty is intended as an automatic stabilizer allowing mining for Bitcoins to remain profitable in the long run for the most efficient miners, independently of the fluctuations in demand of Bitcoin in relation to other currencies.

===Mining hardware===
:Main article: [[Mining Hardware Comparison]]

Bitcoins used to be mined through Intel/AMD CPUs. {{As of | 2012}}, mining has gradually moved to [[GPU]] and [[FPGA]] hardware.&lt;ref name="bitcoinmag-butterfly" /&gt; [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]-based hardware for Bitcoin mining has been announced by several manufacturers who intend to ship products from late 2012 to early 2013.&lt;ref name="bitcoinmag-butterfly"&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitpay Breaks Daily Volume Record with Butterfly ASIC mining release|url=http://bitcoinmagazine.net/bitpay-breaks-daily-volume-record-with-butterfly-asic-mining-release/|publisher=Bitcoin Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Concerns==

===As an investment===
Bitcoin describes itself as an experimental digital currency. Reuben Grinberg has noted that Bitcoin's supporters have argued that Bitcoin is neither a security or an investment because it fails to meet the criteria for either category.&lt;ref name="grinberg"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1817857 | title=Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency | publisher=SSRN | date=9 December 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Grinberg, Reuben}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Although it is a virtual currency, some people see it as an investment&lt;ref name="cnbc"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/45030812/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Biting_on_Bitcoins | title=The Pros And Cons Of Biting on Bitcoins | publisher=CNBC | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=4 December 2012 | author=Gustke, Constance}}&lt;/ref&gt; or accuse it of being a form of investment fraud known as a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/08/bitcoin_under_attack/ |title=US senators draw a bead on Bitcoin |last1=Chirgwin |first1=Richard |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The Register |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/01/uk-traders-bitcoin-idUKBRE8300JL20120401 |title=Bitcoin, the City traders' anarchic new toy |last1=O'Leary |first1=Naomi |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by the European Central Bank, using the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's definition of a Ponzi scheme, found that the use of bitcoins shares some characteristics with Ponzi schemes, but also has characteristics of its own which contradict several common aspects of Ponzi schemes.&lt;ref name="ecbreport"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf | title=Virtual Currency Schemes | publisher=European Central Bank | date=October 2012 | accessdate=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Privacy===
Because transactions are broadcast to the entire network, they are inherently public. Unlike regular banking,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash/0
 |title= Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash
 |publisher= IEEE.org
 |date= June 2012
 |accessdate = 2012-06-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt; which preserves customer privacy by keeping transaction records private, loose transactional privacy is accomplished in Bitcoin by using many unique addresses for every wallet, while at the same time publishing all transactions. As an example, if Alice sends 123.45 BTC to Bob, the network creates a public record that allows anyone to see that 123.45 has been sent from one address to another. However, unless Alice or Bob make their ownership of these addresses known, it is difficult for anyone else to connect the transaction with them. However, if someone connects an address to a user at any point they could follow back a series of transactions as each participant likely knows who paid them and may disclose that information on request or under duress.

It can be difficult to associate Bitcoin identities with real-life identities.&lt;ref name="An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System"&gt;Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan (24 July 2011). [http://anonymity-in-bitcoin.blogspot.com/2011/07/bitcoin-is-not-anonymous.html An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System]. An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System.&lt;/ref&gt; This property makes Bitcoin transactions attractive to sellers of illegal products.&lt;ref name="Forbes"&gt;Andy Greenberg (20 April 2011). [http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0509/technology-psilocybin-bitcoins-gavin-andresen-crypto-currency.html Crypto Currency]. Forbes Magazine.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Madrigal
 |first= Alexis
 |title= Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars
 |publisher= The Atlantic Monthly
 |date= 2011-06-01
 |url= http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/libertarian-dream-a-site-where-you-buy-drugs-with-digital-dollars/239776/
 |accessdate = 2011-06-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Illicit use===

====Cracking====
The cracking organization "LulzSec" accepted donations in Bitcoin, having said that the group "needs Bitcoin donations to continue their hacking efforts".&lt;ref name="CNET"&gt;{{cite web
 |last= Reisinger
 |first= Don
 |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20070268-17/senators-target-bitcoin-currency-citing-drug-sales/
 |title= Senators target Bitcoin currency, citing drug sales &amp;#124; The Digital Home – CNET News
 |publisher= News.cnet.com
 |date= 2011-06-09
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |last= Olson
 |first= Parmy
 |url= http://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/06/06/lulzsec-hackers-posts-sony-dev-source-code-get-7k-donation/
 |title= LulzSec Hackers Post Sony Dev. Source Code, Get $7K Donation – Parmy Olson – Disruptors – Forbes
 |publisher= Blogs.forbes.com
 |date= 6 June 2011
 |accessdate = 2011-06-22
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Silk Road====
[[Silk Road]] is an anonymous black market that uses only the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name="npr-06-12-11"&gt;
{{Cite news
 |url= http://www.npr.org/2011/06/12/137138008/silk-road-not-your-fathers-amazon-com
 |date= 12 June 2011
 |newspaper= NPR
 |title= Silk Road: Not Your Father's Amazon.com
 |author= Staff
}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In a 2011 letter to Attorney General Eric Holder and the Drug Enforcement Administration, senators Charles Schumer of New York and Joe Manchin of West Virginia called for an investigation into Silk Road and the Bitcoin.&lt;ref name="npr-06-12-11"/&gt;
Schumer described the use of Bitcoins at Silk Road as a form of money laundering.&lt;ref name="ars-06-08-11"/&gt;

====Botnet mining====
In June 2011, Symantec warned about the possibility of botnets engaging in covert "mining" of Bitcoins,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Updated: 17 June 2011 | Translations available: 日本語 |url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/bitcoin-botnet-mining |title=Bitcoin Botnet Mining &amp;#124; Symantec Connect Community |publisher=Symantec.com |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/researchers-find-malware-rigged-with-bitcoin-miner/8934 |title=Researchers find malware rigged with Bitcoin miner |publisher=ZDNet |date=2011-06-29 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; consuming computing cycles, using extra electricity and possibly increasing the temperature of the computer. Later that month, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation caught an employee using the company's servers to generate Bitcoins without permission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/au/2011/06/23/abc-employee-caught-mining-for-bitcoins-on-company-servers/ |title=ABC employee caught mining for Bitcoins on company servers |publisher=The Next Web |date=2011-06-23 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some malware also uses the parallel processing capabilities of the GPUs built into many modern-day video cards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/16/gpu_bitcoin_brute_forcing/ |title=Malware mints virtual currency using victim's GPU |date=16 August 2011&lt;!-- 20:00 GMT --&gt;|first=Dan |last=Goodin }}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid August 2011, Bitcoin miner botnets were found;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/20211/researcher-discovers-distributed-bitcoin-cracking-trojan-malware/ |title=Infosecurity – Researcher discovers distributed bitcoin cracking trojan malware |publisher=Infosecurity-magazine.com |date=2011-08-19 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; trojans infecting Mac OS X have also been uncovered.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/405849/mac_os_x_trojan_steals_processing_power_produce_bitcoins |title=Mac OS X Trojan steals processing power to produce Bitcoins – sophos, security, malware, Intego – Vulnerabilities – Security |publisher=Techworld |date=2011-11-01 |accessdate = 2012-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Theft and fraud===
On 19 June 2011, a security breach of the Mt.Gox (an acronym for ''M''agic: ''T''he ''G''athering ''O''nline E''x''change, its original purpose) Bitcoin Exchange caused the price of a Bitcoin to briefly drop to US$0.01 on the Mt.Gox exchange (though it remained unaffected on other exchanges) after a hacker allegedly used credentials from a Mt.Gox auditor's compromised computer to illegally transfer a large number of Bitcoins to him- or herself and sell them all, creating a massive "ask" order at any price. Within minutes the price rebounded to over $15 before Mt.Gox shut down their exchange and canceled all trades that happened during the hacking period.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mtgox.com/press_release_20110630.html Clarification of Mt Gox Compromised Accounts and Major Bitcoin Sell-Off]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1X6qQt9ONg YouTube. Bitcoin Report]&lt;/ref&gt; The exchange rate of Bitcoins quickly returned to near pre-crash values.&lt;ref name="mick"&gt;Jason Mick, 19 June 2011, [http://www.dailytech.com/Inside+the+MegaHack+of+Bitcoin+the+Full+Story/article21942.htm Inside the Mega-Hack of Bitcoin: the Full Story], DailyTech&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Timothy B. Lee, 19 June 2011, [http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/bitcoin-price-plummets-on-compromised-exchange.ars Bitcoin prices plummet on hacked exchange], Ars Technica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Karpeles, 20 June 2011, [https://support.mtgox.com/entries/20208066-huge-bitcoin-sell-off-due-to-a-compromised-account-rollback Huge Bitcoin sell off due to a compromised account – rollback], Mt.Gox Support&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="register1"&gt;{{Cite news
 |title= Bitcoin collapses on malicious trade – Mt Gox scrambling to raise the Titanic
 |url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/19/bitcoin_values_collapse_again/
 |date= 2011-06-19
 |author= Chirgwin, Richard
 |publisher= The Register
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accounts with the equivalent of more than USD 8,750,000 were affected.&lt;ref name="mick" /&gt;

In July 2011, The operator of Bitomat, the third largest Bitcoin exchange, announced that he lost access to his wallet.dat file with about 17,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 220,000 USD at that time). He announced that he would sell the service for the missing amount, aiming to use funds from the sale to refund his customers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://siliconangle.com/blog/2011/08/01/third-largest-bitcoin-exchange-bitomat-lost-their-wallet-over-17000-bitcoins-missing/ Third Largest Bitcoin Exchange Bitomat Lost Their Wallet, Over 17,000 Bitcoins Missing]. SiliconAngle&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2011, MyBitcoin, one of popular Bitcoin transaction processors, declared that it was hacked, which resulted in it being shut down, with paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 800,000 USD at that time) unaccounted for.&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/mybitcoin-spokesman-finally-comes-forward-what-did-you-think-we-did-after-the-hack-we-got-shitfaced/ MyBitcoin Spokesman Finally Comes Forward: “What Did You Think We Did After the Hack? We Got Shitfaced”]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/08/search-for-owners-of-mybitcoin-loses-steam/ Search for Owners of MyBitcoin Loses Steam]. BetaBeat&lt;/ref&gt;

In early August 2012, a lawsuit was filed in San Francisco court against Bitcoinica, claiming about 460,000 USD from the company. Bitcoinica was hacked twice in 2012, which led to allegations of neglecting the safety of customers' money and cheating them out of withdrawal requests.&lt;ref&gt;[http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/bitcoinica-users-sue-for-460k-in-lost-bitcoins/ Bitcoinica users sue for $460k in lost Bitcoins]. Arstechnica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/first-bitcoin-lawsuit-filed-in-san-francisco First Bitcoin Lawsuit Filed In San Francisco]. IEEE Spectrum&lt;/ref&gt;

In late August 2012, Bitcoin Savings and Trust was shut down by the owner, allegedly leaving around $5.6 million in debts; this led to allegations of the operation being a Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bitcoin ponzi scheme – investors lose $5 million USD in online hedge fund|url=http://rt.com/usa/news/investors-currency-digital-fund-868/|publisher=RT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Adrianne|title=Suspected multi-million dollar Bitcoin pyramid scheme shuts down, investors revolt|url=http://www.theverge.com/2012/8/27/3271637/bitcoin-savings-trust-pyramid-scheme-shuts-down|publisher=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mick|first=Jason|title="Pirateat40" Makes Off $5.6M USD in BitCoins From Pyramid Scheme|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Pirateat40+Makes+Off+56M+USD+in+BitCoins+From+Pyramid+Scheme/article25538.htm|publisher=DailyTech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://pandodaily.com/2012/08/31/bitcoin-how-a-virtual-currency-became-real-with-a-5-6m-fraud/ Bitcoin: How a Virtual Currency Became Real with a $5.6M Fraud]. PandoDaily&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, it was reported that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has started an investigation on the case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007836/bitcoin-pirate-scandal-sec-steps-in-amid-allegations-that-the-whole-thing-was-a-ponzi-scheme/ Bitcoin 'Pirate' scandal: SEC steps in amid allegations that the whole thing was a Ponzi scheme ]. The Telegraph&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2012, Bitfloor Bitcoin exchange also reported being hacked, with 24,000 BitCoins (roughly equivalent to 250,000 USD) stolen. As a result, Bitfloor suspended operations.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19486695 Bitcoin theft causes Bitfloor exchange to go offline]. BBC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/5/3293375/bitfloor-bitcoin-exchange-suspended-theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft Bitcoin exchange BitFloor suspends operations after $250,000 theft]. The Verge&lt;/ref&gt; The same month, Bitfloor resumed operations, with its founder saying that he reported the theft to FBI, and that he is planning to repay the victims, though the time frame for such repayment is unclear.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcworld.com/article/2010586/bitcoin-exchange-back-online-after-hack.html?tk=rel_news Bitcoin exchange back online after hack]. PCWorld&lt;/ref&gt;

===Taxation===
In September 2012, the Intra-European Organization of Tax Administrations (IOTA), in Tbilisi, Georgia, held a workshop titled "Auditing Individuals and Legal Entities in the Use of e-Money." The workshop was attended by representatives from 23 countries.&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jerry Taylor, IOTA's technical taxation expert, said, "There's an awful lot happening on the Internet environment which is fascinating at the moment and introducing new challenges for auditors when it comes to virtual currency."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bitcoin was mentioned during the workshop.&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Matthew Elias, founder of the [[Cryptocurrency Legal Advocacy Group]] (CLAG) published "Staying Between the Lines: A Survey of U.S. Income Taxation and its Ramifications on Cryptocurrencies", which discusses "the taxability of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CLAG "stressed the importance for taxpayers to determine on their own whether taxes are due on a bitcoin-related transaction based on whether one has "experienced a realization event."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Such examples are "when a taxpayer has provided a service in exchange for bitcoins, a realization event has probably occurred, and any gain or loss would likely be calculated using fair market values for the service provided."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Peter Vessenes]], [[Bitcoin Foundation|Bitcoin Foundation's]] executive director, said, since the foundation is trying to pay for everything in bitcoin, including salaries, "How do we W-2 someone for their bitcoins? Do we mark-to-market every time a transfer happens? Payroll companies cringe."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Bitcoin Foundation hopes "to push for solid guidance about its legal and tax treatment." [[Patrick Murck]], legal counsel for the Bitcoin Foundation, said he would like "to help regulators understand the technology better so they can make better decisions."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murck said, "Bitcoin has the potential to become much more than a niche currency, but it needs the guidance and understanding of regulators." and "The full potential of bitcoin could be realized through clearer guidelines and a better understanding by financial and tax regulators." and "Part of making that happen is to talk to regulators, the IRS, and tax professionals and helping them understand that bitcoin is not this nefarious thing, it's just software, it's a community, and there's nothing inherently nefarious about either of those things."&lt;ref name="BitCoin Tax issues Oct 2012"&gt;{{cite journal | title=2012 TNT 209-4 NEWS ANALYSIS: VIRTUAL CURRENCY: A NEW WORRY FOR TAX ADMINISTRATORS?. (Release Date: OCTOBER 17, 2012) (Doc 2012-21516) | author=Stewart, David D. and Soong Johnston, Stephanie D. | journal=Tax Notes Today | year=2012 | month=October 29 | volume=2012 TNT 209-4 | issue=2012 TNT 209-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See Also==
* [[Introduction]]
* [[Getting started]]
* [[Using_Bitcoin|Detailed tutorial]]
* [[FAQ]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Digital currencies]]</text>
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    <title>Format:Freenode IRC</title>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;small&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/{{{1}}} IRC] [https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels={{{1}}}&amp;uio=d4 Web]&lt;/small&gt; {{#if: {{{text|}}} | {{{text}}} | &lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="173" sha1="ahe1luztndumutmpidcyx0k0az0eei7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;[irc://irc.freenode.net/{{{1}}} IRC] [https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels={{{1}}}&amp;uio=d4 Web]&lt;/small&gt; {{#if: {{{text|}}} | {{{text}}} | &lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1}}}}}</text>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: Most of the following Bitcoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:   ==Bitcoin Project== {| class="wikitable" ! Channel !! Description |- | {{F...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6093" sha1="dfjeg6k57f3ol168svp0qatj7i9zl8i" xml:space="preserve">Most of the following Bitcoin-related IRC channels are available on [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:


==Bitcoin Project==
{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || General Bitcoin-related discussion.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discuss politics with other Bitcoin users.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Bitcoin gamers hangout.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || RSS News related to Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing and promotion of bitcoin
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Gentoo community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|text=[[Bitcoin-Watch|#bitcoin-watch]]}} || Streaming Bitcoin transactions, including market data.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bots}} ||  Bot and bot-related discussion; trading bots, IRC bots, utility bots.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigates incidents related to Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Settles disputes between parties.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Automated announce of bitcoin-related tweets.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-church}} || [[Bitcoin Church]] Discussion of our savior Satoshi
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Local communities===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || European OTC trading marketplace.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Argentina bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Aussie bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Austrian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Italian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Brazilian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Canadian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Chinese bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Czech bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || German bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Danish bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Israeli bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Russian bitcoin community.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Russian OTC trading marketplace.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||United kingdom OTC Trading Marketplace.Founder Angus Bates.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Venezuela bitcoin community.

|}

==Mining Related Communities==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discussion and support related to mining.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discussion and support specific to FPGA mining.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Russian discussion of mining specification.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|eligius}} || [[Eligius]] mining pool community
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ozcoin}} || [[Ozco.in]] mining pool community
|-
| &lt;small&gt;[irc://irc.foonetic.net/xkcd-bitcoin IRC] [http://irc.lc/foonetic/xkcd-bitcoin/Miner@@@ Web]&lt;/small&gt; #xkcd-bitcoin || [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/XKCD_Pool XKCD Pool]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;[irc://irc.quakenet.org/bitcoins.lc IRC] [http://irc.lc/quakenet/bitcoins.lc/Miner@@@ Web]&lt;/small&gt; #bitcoins.lc @ Quakenet || [http://www.bitcoins.lc Bitcoins.lc Pool] 
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bithasher}}  || Bit Pool Mining
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|p2pool}}  || [[P2Pool]] decentralized mining pool
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btcserv}} || [[Btcserv.net]] Mining Pool Community
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || [[BitMinter]] Mining Pool Community
|}

==Communities for Exchanges and Trading==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discussion of securities and other asset investments - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Talk regarding the [[GLBSE]] trading platform.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-market}} || Streaming market data (only), no chat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Over-the-counter trading marketplace and discussion. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-escrow}} || Third party escrow agents.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Only over-the-counter trading.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Distributed Web of Trust (WoT) system for [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.traders}} || Russian community discussion about trades/exchanges.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]] discussion
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || [[MtGox Live]] real-time view of trading
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox topics from Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time tape (executed trades).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time tape (executed trades).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || [[Intersango]] exchange support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]'s customer support and news channel. Selling gold and silver for Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc24}} || [https://bitcoin-24.com Bitcoin-24.com] Euro community talk and Bitcoin-24.com support.
|}

==Related Communities==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || [[Open Transactions]] project.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || [http://Ripple.com Ripple] project.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Market trading for [http://Ripple.com Ripple] project users.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] and the [[Dot-bit]] project.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-stackexchange}} || Discussion complementing [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com Bitcoin StackExchange].

|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>dfjeg6k57f3ol168svp0qatj7i9zl8i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>40</id>
      <parentid>39</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T02:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>40</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4784" sha1="pfirjj1mtw236wdzfpbn2h4m3oqp92x" xml:space="preserve">Majoritatea canalelor de mai jos sunt disponibile pe serverul [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:

==Proiectul Bitcoin==
{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || Discutii generale legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discutii despre politica.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Locul unde se aduna gamerii Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || Stiri RSS legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing si promovare Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Comunitatea Gentoo.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|text=[[Bitcoin-Watch|#bitcoin-watch]]}} || Streaming - Tranzactii Bitcoin in timp real
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigheaza incidente legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Rezolva dispute intre parti.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Anunta automat tweet-uri legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Comunitati Locale===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || Piata OTC europeana.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Argentina.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Australia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Austria.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Italia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Brazilia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Canada.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin China.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Cehia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Germania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Danemarca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Israel.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-romania}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Romania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Rusia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Piata OTC ruseasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||Piata OTC Anglia
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Venezuela.

|}

==Comunitati Legate de Minat==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat cu FPGA.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat in limba rusa.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || [[BitMinter]] Mining Pool Community
|}

==Comunitati de Tranzactionare si Exchange==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discutii despre investitii - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Despre platforma de tranzactionare [[GLBSE]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-market}} || Streaming market data (only), no chat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Piata over-the-counter(tranzactii directe) si discutii. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-escrow}} || Third party escrow agents.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Tranzactionari .
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Sistem Web of Trust (WoT) pentru [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]] discussion
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || [[MtGox Live]] real-time view of trading
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox topics from Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || Suport pentru exchange-ul [[Intersango]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || Relatii cu clientii si canal de stiri al [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]. Vand aur si argint pentru Bitcoin
|}

==Comunitati Anexe==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || Proiectul [[Open Transactions]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || Proiectul [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Tranzactionari cu [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] si proiectul [[Dot-bit]].
|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>pfirjj1mtw236wdzfpbn2h4m3oqp92x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>41</id>
      <parentid>40</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T02:13:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>41</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4789" sha1="atqovu9jd94s9kdw9uscv63ftyen7e1" xml:space="preserve">Majoritatea canalelor de mai jos sunt disponibile pe serverul [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:

==Proiectul Bitcoin==
{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || Discutii generale legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discutii despre politica.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Locul unde se aduna gamerii Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || Stiri RSS legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing si promovare Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Comunitatea Gentoo.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|}} || Streaming - Tranzactii Bitcoin in timp real
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigheaza incidente legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Rezolva dispute intre parti.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Anunta automat tweet-uri legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Comunitati Locale===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || Piata OTC europeana.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Argentina.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Australia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Austria.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Italia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Brazilia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Canada.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin China.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Cehia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Germania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Danemarca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Israel.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-romania text=[[Bitcoin-Romania|#bitcoin-romania]]}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Romania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Rusia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Piata OTC ruseasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||Piata OTC Anglia
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Venezuela.

|}

==Comunitati Legate de Minat==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat cu FPGA.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat in limba rusa.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || [[BitMinter]] Mining Pool Community
|}

==Comunitati de Tranzactionare si Exchange==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discutii despre investitii - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Despre platforma de tranzactionare [[GLBSE]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-market}} || Streaming market data (only), no chat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Piata over-the-counter(tranzactii directe) si discutii. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-escrow}} || Third party escrow agents.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Tranzactionari .
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Sistem Web of Trust (WoT) pentru [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]] discussion
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || [[MtGox Live]] real-time view of trading
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox topics from Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || Suport pentru exchange-ul [[Intersango]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || Relatii cu clientii si canal de stiri al [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]. Vand aur si argint pentru Bitcoin
|}

==Comunitati Anexe==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || Proiectul [[Open Transactions]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || Proiectul [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Tranzactionari cu [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] si proiectul [[Dot-bit]].
|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>atqovu9jd94s9kdw9uscv63ftyen7e1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>42</id>
      <parentid>41</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T02:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>42</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4788" sha1="r615r3nzlxbr4kp6x8ftd5zkqnhsd6k" xml:space="preserve">Majoritatea canalelor de mai jos sunt disponibile pe serverul [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:

==Proiectul Bitcoin==
{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || Discutii generale legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discutii despre politica.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Locul unde se aduna gamerii Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || Stiri RSS legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing si promovare Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Comunitatea Gentoo.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch|}} || Streaming - Tranzactii Bitcoin in timp real
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigheaza incidente legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Rezolva dispute intre parti.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Anunta automat tweet-uri legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Comunitati Locale===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || Piata OTC europeana.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Argentina.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Australia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Austria.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Italia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Brazilia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Canada.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin China.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Cehia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Germania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Danemarca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Israel.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-romaniatext=[[Bitcoin-Romania|#bitcoin-romania]]}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Romania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Rusia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Piata OTC ruseasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||Piata OTC Anglia
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Venezuela.

|}

==Comunitati Legate de Minat==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat cu FPGA.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat in limba rusa.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || [[BitMinter]] Mining Pool Community
|}

==Comunitati de Tranzactionare si Exchange==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discutii despre investitii - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Despre platforma de tranzactionare [[GLBSE]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-market}} || Streaming market data (only), no chat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Piata over-the-counter(tranzactii directe) si discutii. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-escrow}} || Third party escrow agents.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Tranzactionari .
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Sistem Web of Trust (WoT) pentru [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]] discussion
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || [[MtGox Live]] real-time view of trading
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox topics from Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || Suport pentru exchange-ul [[Intersango]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || Relatii cu clientii si canal de stiri al [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]. Vand aur si argint pentru Bitcoin
|}

==Comunitati Anexe==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || Proiectul [[Open Transactions]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || Proiectul [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Tranzactionari cu [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] si proiectul [[Dot-bit]].
|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>r615r3nzlxbr4kp6x8ftd5zkqnhsd6k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>43</id>
      <parentid>42</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T02:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>43</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4788" sha1="435mieceausaifpmsfq8v8cqdx2dbpx" xml:space="preserve">Majoritatea canalelor de mai jos sunt disponibile pe serverul [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:

==Proiectul Bitcoin==
{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || Discutii generale legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discutii despre politica.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Locul unde se aduna gamerii Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || Stiri RSS legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing si promovare Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Comunitatea Gentoo.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch}} || Streaming - Tranzactii Bitcoin in timp real
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigheaza incidente legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Rezolva dispute intre parti.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Anunta automat tweet-uri legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Comunitati Locale===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || Piata OTC europeana.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Argentina.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Australia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Austria.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Italia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Brazilia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Canada.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin China.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Cehia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Germania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Danemarca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Israel.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-romania|text=[[Bitcoin-Romania|#bitcoin-romania]]}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Romania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Rusia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Piata OTC ruseasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||Piata OTC Anglia
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Venezuela.

|}

==Comunitati Legate de Minat==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat cu FPGA.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat in limba rusa.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || [[BitMinter]] Mining Pool Community
|}

==Comunitati de Tranzactionare si Exchange==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discutii despre investitii - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Despre platforma de tranzactionare [[GLBSE]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-market}} || Streaming market data (only), no chat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Piata over-the-counter(tranzactii directe) si discutii. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-escrow}} || Third party escrow agents.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Tranzactionari .
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Sistem Web of Trust (WoT) pentru [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]] discussion
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || [[MtGox Live]] real-time view of trading
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox topics from Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || Suport pentru exchange-ul [[Intersango]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || Relatii cu clientii si canal de stiri al [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]. Vand aur si argint pentru Bitcoin
|}

==Comunitati Anexe==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || Proiectul [[Open Transactions]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || Proiectul [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Tranzactionari cu [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] si proiectul [[Dot-bit]].
|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>435mieceausaifpmsfq8v8cqdx2dbpx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>44</id>
      <parentid>43</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-10T02:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>44</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4625" sha1="pp36qb87whdq5u9pgs9glzaotcg3a9s" xml:space="preserve">Majoritatea canalelor de mai jos sunt disponibile pe serverul [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:

==Proiectul Bitcoin==
{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || Discutii generale legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discutii despre politica.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Locul unde se aduna gamerii Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || Stiri RSS legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing si promovare Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Comunitatea Gentoo.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch}} || Streaming - Tranzactii Bitcoin in timp real
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigheaza incidente legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Rezolva dispute intre parti.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Anunta automat tweet-uri legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Comunitati Locale===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || Piata OTC europeana.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Argentina.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Australia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Austria.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Italia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Brazilia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Canada.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin China.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Cehia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Germania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Danemarca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Israel.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-romania|text=[[Bitcoin-Romania|#bitcoin-romania]]}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Romania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Rusia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Piata OTC ruseasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||Piata OTC englezeasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Venezuela.

|}

==Comunitati Legate de Minat==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat cu FPGA.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat in limba rusa.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || Pool-ul [[BitMinter]].
|}

==Comunitati de Tranzactionare si Exchange==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discutii despre investitii - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Despre platforma de tranzactionare [[GLBSE]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Piata over-the-counter(tranzactii directe) si discutii. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Tranzactionari .
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Sistem Web of Trust (WoT) pentru [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || Vizualizarea real-time a tranzactiilor [[MtGox Live]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || Suport pentru exchange-ul [[Intersango]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || Relatii cu clientii si canal de stiri al [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]. Vand aur si argint pentru Bitcoin
|}

==Comunitati Anexe==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || Proiectul [[Open Transactions]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || Proiectul [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Tranzactionari cu [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] si proiectul [[Dot-bit]].
|}

[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>pp36qb87whdq5u9pgs9glzaotcg3a9s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>55</id>
      <parentid>44</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-18T17:41:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>55</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4645" sha1="tfbzpod6iyjqxv5cajezrq5o4zlpelq" xml:space="preserve">Majoritatea canalelor de mai jos sunt disponibile pe serverul [http://www.freenode.net Freenode]:

==Proiectul Bitcoin==
{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin}} || Discutii generale legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dev}} || Bitcoin software development. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-dev/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-politics}} || Discutii despre politica.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gaming}} || Locul unde se aduna gamerii Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bc-news}} || Stiri RSS legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-marketing}} || Marketing si promovare Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-gentoo}} || Comunitatea Gentoo.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-watch}} || Streaming - Tranzactii Bitcoin in timp real
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-police}} || [[Bitcoin Police]] Investigheaza incidente legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-court}} || [[Bitcoin Court]]  Rezolva dispute intre parti.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-tweets}} || Anunta automat tweet-uri legate de Bitcoin.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wiki}} || [[Bitcoin.it Wiki]]
|}

===Comunitati Locale===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-eu}} || Piata OTC europeana.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ar}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Argentina.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-aus}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Australia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-at}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Austria.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-it}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Italia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-bra}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Brazilia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cad}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Canada.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-cn}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin China.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin.cz}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Cehia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-de}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Germania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-dk}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Danemarca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-il}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Israel.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-romania|text=[[Bitcoin-Romania|#bitcoin-romania]]}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Romania.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Rusia.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ru}} || Piata OTC ruseasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-uk}} ||Piata OTC englezeasca.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-ve}} || Comunitatea Bitcoin Venezuela.

|}

==Comunitati Legate de Minat==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-mining}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-fpga}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat cu FPGA.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|btc.chat.miners}} || Discutii si suport pentru minat in limba rusa.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitminter}} || Pool-ul [[BitMinter]].
|}

==Comunitati de Tranzactionare si Exchange==

{| class="wikitable"
! Channel !! Description
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-assets}} || Discutii despre investitii - [http://www.bitcoin-assets.com bitcoin-assets.com]  
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-auction}} || Live auctions over IRC.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|GLBSE}} || Despre platforma de tranzactionare [[GLBSE]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc|text=[[bitcoin-otc|#bitcoin-otc]]}} || Piata over-the-counter(tranzactii directe) si discutii. ([http://bitcoinstats.com/irc/bitcoin-otc/logs/ history])
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-otc-ticker|bitcoin-otc-ticker}} || Streaming market data form the [[#bitcoin-otc]] order book.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-pit}} || Tranzactionari .
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-wot|bitcoin-wot}} || Sistem Web of Trust (WoT) pentru [[#bitcoin-otc]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoinconsultancy}} || [[Bitcoin Consultancy]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|#mtgox-chat}} || [[#MtGox]] chat (Note the pound sign (#) is part of the channel name)
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox}} || [[MtGox]] support
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgoxlive}} || Vizualizarea real-time a tranzactiilor [[MtGox Live]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-news}} || Mt. Gox Twitter.
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|mtgox-rt}} || Mt. Gox real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|bitcoin-rt}} || Real-time (tranzactii executate).
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|intersango}} || Suport pentru exchange-ul [[Intersango]]
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|Coinabul}} || Relatii cu clientii si canal de stiri al [http://Coinabul.com Coinabul]. Vand aur si argint pentru Bitcoin
|}

==Comunitati Anexe==

{| class="wikitable"
! Canal !! Descriere
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|opentransactions}} || Proiectul [[Open Transactions]].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple}} || Proiectul [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|ripple-market}} || Tranzactionari cu [http://Ripple.com Ripple].
|-
| {{Freenode IRC|namecoin}} || [[Namecoin]] si proiectul [[Dot-bit]].
|}

[[en:IRC Channels]]
[[pl:Kanały IRC]]</text>
      <sha1>tfbzpod6iyjqxv5cajezrq5o4zlpelq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tranzactii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46</id>
      <timestamp>2013-05-18T12:42:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: [[File:TxBinaryMap.png|thumb|right|Byte-map of Transaction with each type of TxIn and TxOut]] A transaction is a signed section of data that is broadcast to the [[network]] and col...</comment>
      <origin>46</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9893" sha1="1omza9miftb39ozug2l7y4ilkhpa2xz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:TxBinaryMap.png|thumb|right|Byte-map of Transaction with each type of TxIn and TxOut]]
A transaction is a signed section of data that is broadcast to the [[network]] and collected into [[block|blocks]]. It typically references previous transaction(s) and dedicates a certain number of bitcoins from it to one or more new public key(s) (Bitcoin address). It is not encrypted (nothing in Bitcoin is encrypted).

A [[block chain browser]] is a site where every transaction included within the block chain can be viewed.  This is useful for seeing the technical details of transaction in action, and for payment verification purposes.

=== general format of a Bitcoin transaction (inside a block) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Field
! Description
! Size
|-
|Version no
|currently 1
|4 bytes
|-
|In-counter
| positive integer
| 1 - 9 bytes
|-
|list of inputs
|[[Transactions#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_input_of_a_transaction_-_Txin|the first input of the first transaction is also called "coinbase" (its content was ignored in earlier versions)]]
|&lt;in-counter&gt;-many inputs
|-
|Out-counter
| positive integer
| 1 - 9 bytes
|-
|list of outputs
|[[Transactions#general_format_.28inside_a_block.29_of_each_output_of_a_transaction_-_Txout|the outputs of the first transaction spend the mined bitcoins for the block]]
|&lt;out-counter&gt;-many outputs
|-
|lock_time
|if non-zero and sequence numbers are &lt; 0xFFFFFFFF: block height or timestamp when transaction is final
|4 bytes
|}

=== Principle example of a Bitcoin transaction with 1 input and 1 output only ===

==== Data ====

&lt;pre&gt;Input:
Previous tx: f5d8ee39a430901c91a5917b9f2dc19d6d1a0e9cea205b009ca73dd04470b9a6
Index: 0
scriptSig: 304502206e21798a42fae0e854281abd38bacd1aeed3ee3738d9e1446618c4571d10
90db022100e2ac980643b0b82c0e88ffdfec6b64e3e6ba35e7ba5fdd7d5d6cc8d25c6b241501

Output:
Value: 5000000000
scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 404371705fa9bd789a2fcd52d2c580b65d35549d
OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Explanation ====

The input in this transaction imports 50 BTC from output #0 in transaction f5d8... Then the output sends 50 BTC to a Bitcoin address (expressed here in hexadecimal 4043... instead of the normal base58). When the recipient wants to spend this money, he will reference output #0 of this transaction in an input of his own transaction.

===== Input =====

An '''input''' is a reference to an output in a different transaction. Multiple inputs are often listed in a transaction. The values of the referenced outputs are added up, and the total is usable in the outputs of this transaction. '''Previous tx''' is a [[hash]] of a previous transaction. '''Index''' is the specific output in the referenced transaction. '''ScriptSig''' is the first half of a [[script]] (discussed in more detail later).

The script contains two components, a signature and a public key. The public key belongs to the redeemer of the output transaction and proves the creator is allowed to redeem the outputs value. The other component is an ECDSA signature over a hash of a simplified version of the transaction. It, combined with the public key, proves the transaction was created by the real owner of the address in question. Various flags define how the transaction is simplified and can be used to create different types of payment.

===== Output =====

An '''output''' contains instructions for sending bitcoins. '''Value''' is the number of Satoshi (1 BTC = 100,000,000 Satoshi) that this output will be worth when claimed. '''ScriptPubKey''' is the second half of a script (discussed later). There can be more than one output, and they share the combined value of the inputs. Because an output can only ever be referenced by a single input, the entire combined input value needs to be sent in an output if you don't want to lose it. If the input is worth 50 BTC but you only want to send 25 BTC, Bitcoin will create two outputs worth 25 BTC: one to the destination, and one back to you (known as "[[change]]", though you send it to yourself). Any input bitcoins not redeemed in an output is considered a [[transaction fee]]; whoever generates the block will get it.
[[File:transaction.png|thumb|A sends 100 BTC to C and C generates 50 BTC. C sends 101 BTC to D, and he needs to send himself some change. D sends the 101 BTC to someone else, but they haven't redeemed it yet. Only D's output and C's change are capable of being spent in the current state.]]

===== Verification =====

To verify that inputs are authorized to collect the values of referenced outputs, Bitcoin uses a custom Forth-like [[script|scripting]] system. The input's scriptSig and the ''referenced'' output's scriptPubKey are evaluated (in that order), with scriptPubKey using the values left on the stack by scriptSig. The input is authorized if scriptPubKey returns true. Through the scripting system, the sender can create very complex conditions that people have to meet in order to claim the output's value. For example, it's possible to create an output that can be claimed by anyone without any authorization. It's also possible to require that an input be signed by ten different keys, or be redeemable with a password instead of a key.

=== Types of Transaction ===
Bitcoin currently only creates three different scriptSig/scriptPubKey pairs. These are described below.

It is possible to design more complex types of transactions, and link them together into cryptographically enforced agreements. These are known as [[Contracts]].

==== Transfer to IP address ====

 scriptPubKey: &lt;pubKey&gt; OP_CHECKSIG
 scriptSig: &lt;sig&gt;
The sender gets the public key when talking to the recipient over IP. When redeeming coins that have been sent to an IP address, the recipient provides only a signature. The signature is checked against the public key in scriptPubKey.

Checking process:
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Stack 
! Script 
! Description 
|-
|Empty.
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt; OP_CHECKSIG
|scriptSig and scriptPubKey are combined.
|-
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt;
| OP_CHECKSIG
|Constants are added to the stack.
|-
|true
|Empty.
|Signature is checked for top two stack items.
|}

==== Transfer to Bitcoin address ====

 scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &lt;pubKeyHash&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
 scriptSig: &lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt;
A Bitcoin [[address]] is only a hash, so the sender can't provide a full public key in scriptPubKey. When redeeming coins that have been sent to a Bitcoin address, the recipient provides both the signature and the public key. The script verifies that the provided public key does hash to the hash in scriptPubKey, and then it also checks the signature against the public key.

Checking process:
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Stack 
! Script 
! Description 
|-
|Empty.
| &lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt; OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &lt;pubKeyHash&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG 
| scriptSig and scriptPubKey are combined.
|-
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt;
| OP_DUP OP_HASH160 &lt;pubKeyHash&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG 
| Constants are added to the stack.
|-
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt;
| OP_HASH160 &lt;pubKeyHash&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG 
| Top stack item is duplicated.
|-
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt; &lt;pubHashA&gt;
|&lt;pubKeyHash&gt; OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Top stack item is hashed.
|-
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt; &lt;pubHashA&gt; &lt;pubKeyHash&gt;
|OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
| Constant added.
|-
|&lt;sig&gt; &lt;pubKey&gt;
|OP_CHECKSIG
| Equality is checked between the top two stack items.
|-
|true
|Empty.
|Signature is checked for top two stack items.
|}

==== Generation ====

Generations have a single input, and this input has a "coinbase" parameter instead of a scriptSig. The data in "coinbase" can be anything; it isn't used. Bitcoin puts the current compact-format [[target]] and the arbitrary-precision "extraNonce" number there, which increments every time the Nonce field in the [[block_hashing_algorithm|block header]] overflows. Outputs can be anything, but Bitcoin creates one exactly like an IP address transaction.
The extranonce contributes to enlarge the domain for the proof of work function. Miners can easily modify nonce (4byte), timestamp and extranonce (2 to 100bytes).

=== general format (inside a block) of each input of a transaction - Txin ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Field
! Description
! Size
|-
|Previous Transaction hash 
| doubled [[Wikipedia:SHA-256|SHA256]]-[[hash|hashed]] of a (previous) to-be-used transaction
|32 bytes
|-
|Previous Txout-index
| non negative integer indexing an output of the to-be-used transaction
|4 bytes
|-
|Txin-script length
|non negative integer
|1 - 9 bytes
|-
|Txin-script / scriptSig
|[[Script]]
|&lt;in-script length&gt;-many bytes
|-
|sequence_no
|normally 0xFFFFFFFF; irrelevant unless transaction's lock_time is &gt; 0
|4 bytes
|}

The input sufficiently describes where and how to get the bitcoin amout to be redeemed.
If it is the (only) input of the first transaction of a block, it is called the generation transaction input and its content completely ignored. (Historically the Previous Transaction hash is 0 and the Previous Txout-index is -1.)

=== general format (inside a block) of each output of a transaction - Txout ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Field
! Description
! Size
|-
|value
|non negative integer giving the number of [[FAQ#What_do_I_call_the_various_denominations_of_bitcoins.3F|Satoshis(BTC/10^8)]] to be transfered
|8 bytes
|-
|Txout-script length
|non negative integer
|1 - 9 bytes
|-
|Txout-script / scriptPubKey
|[[Script]]
|&lt;out-script length&gt;-many bytes
|}
The output sets the conditions to release this bitcoin amount later. The sum of the output values of the first transaction is the value of the mined bitcoins for the block plus possible transactions fees of the other transactions in the block.

==See Also==

* [[Script]]
* [[BTC Sender]] Transmit raw, hand-crafted transactions
* [[Raw Transactions]]
* [[Transaction Malleability]]

[[Category:Technical]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]
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[[es:Transacción]]
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: Pagina este in curs de traducere. Pentru inceput le putem importa ca atare, in engleza, apoi sa le traducem.</comment>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: The purpose of this page is to provide a general overview of the Bitcoin system and economy.  ==Basic Concepts==  ===Currency===  Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpaca...</comment>
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      <text bytes="14100" sha1="oiiowjth6xyzna8vtd3rs29mxrpsxpj" xml:space="preserve">The purpose of this page is to provide a general overview of the Bitcoin system and economy.

==Basic Concepts==

===Currency===

Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html Alpaca socks] which Bob has for sale. In return, she must provide something of equal value to Bob. The most efficient way to do this is by using a medium of exchange that Bob accepts which would be classified as currency. Currency makes trade easier by eliminating the need for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants coincidence of wants] required in other systems of trade such as barter. Currency adoption and acceptance can be global, national, or in some cases local or community-based.

===Banks===

Alice need not provide currency to Bob in-person. She may instead transfer this value by first entrusting her currency to a bank who promises to store and protect Alice's currency notes. The bank gives Alice a written promise (called a "bank statement") that entitles her to withdraw the same number of currency bills that she deposited. Since the money is still Alice's, she is entitled to do with it whatever she pleases, and the bank (like most banks), for a small fee, will do Alice the service of passing on the currency bills to Bob on her behalf. This is done by Alice's bank by giving the dollar bills to Bob's bank and informing them that the money is for Bob, who will then see the amount the next time he checks his balance or receives his bank statement.

Since banks have many customers, and bank employees require money for doing the job of talking to people and signing documents, banks in recent times have been using machines such as ATMs and web servers that do the job of interacting with customers instead of paid bank employees. The task of these machines is to learn what each customer wants to do with their money and, to the extent that it is possible, act on what the customer wants (for example, ATMs can hand out cash). Customers can always know how much money they have in their accounts, and they are confident that the numbers they see in their bank statements and on their computer screens accurately reflect the number of dollars that they can get from the bank on demand. They can be so sure of this that they can accept those numbers in the same way they accept paper banknotes (this is similar to the way people started accepting paper dollars when they had been accepting gold or silver).

Such a system has several disadvantages:
* It is costly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer EFTs] in Europe can cost 25 euros. Credit transactions can cost several percent of the transaction.
* It is slow. Checking and low cost wire services take days to complete.
* In most cases, it cannot be anonymous.
* Accounts can be frozen, or their balance partially or wholly confiscated.
* Banks and other payment processors like PayPal, Visa, and Mastercard may refuse to process payments for certain legal entities. 


Bitcoin is a system of owning and voluntarily transferring amounts of so-called ''bitcoins'', in a manner similar to an on-line banking, but pseudonymously and without reliance on a central authority to maintain account balances. If bitcoins are valuable, it is because they are useful and limited in supply.

==Bitcoin Basics==

===Creation of coins===
The creation of coins must be limited for the currency to have any value. 

New coins are slowly [[Mining|mined]] into existence by following a mutually agreed-upon set of rules. A user [[Mining|mining]] bitcoins is running a software program that searches tirelessly for a solution to a very difficult math problem whose difficulty is precisely known. The difficulty is automatically adjusted regularly so that the number of solutions found globally, by everyone, for a given unit of time is constant: an average of 6 per hour. When a solution is found, the user may tell everyone of the existence of this newly found solution, along with other information, packaged together in what is called a "[[Block|block]]". 

Blocks create 25 new bitcoins at present. This amount, known as the block reward, is an incentive for people to perform the computation work required for generating blocks. Roughly every 4 years, the number of bitcoins that can be "mined" in a block reduces by 50%. Originally the block reward was 50 bitcoins; it halved in November 2012.  Any block that is created by a malicious user that does not follow this rule (or any other rules) will be rejected by everyone else. In the end, no more than 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. 

Because the block reward will decrease over the long term, miners will some day instead pay for their hardware and electricity costs by collecting [[Transaction_fee|transaction fees]]. The sender of money may voluntarily pay a small transaction fee which will be kept by whoever finds the next block. Paying this fee will encourage miners to include the transaction in a block more quickly.

===Sending payments===
To guarantee that a third-party, let's call her Eve, cannot spend other people's bitcoins by creating transactions in their names, Bitcoin uses [[Wikipedia:Public-key_cryptography|public key cryptography]] to make and verify digital signatures. In this system, each person, such as Alice or Bob, has one or more addresses each with an associated pair of public and private keys that they may hold in a [[Wallet|wallet]]. Only the user with the private key can sign a transaction to give some of their bitcoins to somebody else, but anyone can validate the signature using that user’s public key.

Suppose Alice wants to send a bitcoin to Bob.
* Bob sends his address (from which the public key can be derived) to Alice.
* Alice adds Bob’s public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Alice signs the transaction with her private key.
* Alice broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.

(Only the first two steps require human action. The rest is done by the Bitcoin client software.)

Looking at this transaction from the outside, anyone who knows that these addresses belong to Alice and Bob can see that Alice has agreed to transfer the amount to Bob, because nobody else has Alice's private key. Alice would be foolish to give her private key to other people, as this would allow them to sign transactions in her name, removing funds from her control.

Later on, when Bob wishes to transfer the same bitcoins to Charley, he will do the same thing:
* Charlie sends Bob his address.
* Bob adds Charlie's public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Bob signs the transaction with his private key.
* Bob broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see. 

Only Bob can do this because only he has the private key that can create a valid signature for the transaction.

Eve cannot change whose coins these are by replacing Bob’s public key with her public key, because Alice signed the transfer to Bob using her own private key, which is kept secret from Eve, and instructing that the coins which were hers now belong to Bob. So if Charlie accepts that the original coin was in the hands of Alice, he will also accept the fact that this coin was later passed to Bob, and now Bob is passing this same coin to him.

===Preventing [[double-spending]]===
The process described above does not prevent Alice from using the same bitcoins in more than one transaction. The following process does; this is the primary innovation behind Bitcoin.

* Details about the [[Transactions|transaction]] are [[Network|sent and forwarded]] to all or as many other computers as possible.
* A constantly growing chain of [[Blocks|blocks]] that contains a record of all transactions is collectively maintained by all computers (each has a full copy).
* To be accepted in the chain, transaction blocks must be valid and must include [[proof of work]] (one block generated by the network every 10 minutes).
* Blocks are chained in a way so that, if any one is modified, all following blocks will have to be recomputed.
* When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.

When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.

===Anonymity===
When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no "accounts" to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money "belongs" to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.

A [[Address|Bitcoin address]] mathematically corresponds to a public key and looks like this:

:1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN

Each person can have many such addresses, each with its own balance, which makes it very difficult to know which person owns what amount. In order to protect his [[Anonymity|privacy]], Bob can generate a new public-private key pair for each individual receiving transaction and the Bitcoin software encourages this behavior by default. Continuing the example from above, when Charlie receives the bitcoins from Bob, Charlie will not be able to identify who owned the bitcoins before Bob.

===Capitalization / Nomenclature===
Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use ''Bitcoin'' (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and ''bitcoins'' (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.

==Where to see and explore==
You can directly explore the system in action by visiting [http://blockchain.info/ Blockchain.info] or [http://blockexplorer.com/ Bitcoin Block Explorer].
The site shows you the latest blocks in the block chain. The [[Block_chain|block chain]] contains the agreed history of all transactions that took place in the system.
Note how many blocks were generated in the last hour, which on average will be 6. Also notice the number of transactions and the total amount transferred in the last hour (last time I checked it was about 64 and 15K).
This should give you an indication of how active the system is.

Next, navigate to one of these blocks.
The block's [[hash]] begins with a run of zeros. This is what made creating the block so difficult; a hash that begins with many zeros is much more difficult to find than a hash with few or no zeros. The computer that generated this block had to try many ''Nonce'' values (also listed on the block's page) until it found one that generated this run of zeros.
Next, see the line titled ''Previous block''. Each block contains the hash of the block that came before it. This is what forms the chain of blocks.
Now take a look at all the transactions the block contains. The first transaction is the income earned by the computer that generated this block. It includes a fixed amount of coins created out of "thin air" and possibly a fee collected from other transactions in the same block.

Drill down into any of the transactions and you will see how it is made up of one or more amounts coming in and out.
Having more than one incoming and outgoing amount in a transaction enables the system to join and break amounts in any possible way, allowing for any fractional amount needed. Each incoming amount is a past transaction (which you can also view) from someone's address, and each outgoing amount is addressed to someone and will be part of a future transaction (which you can also navigate down into if it has already taken place.)

Finally you can follow any of the [[Address|addresses]] links and see what public information is available for them.

To get an impression of the amount of activity on the Bitcoin network, you might like to visit the monitoring websites [[Bitcoin Monitor]] and [[Bitcoin Watch]]. The first shows a real-time visualization of events on the Bitcoin network, and the second lists general statistics on the amount and size of recent transactions.

===How many people use Bitcoin?===

This is quite a difficult question to answer accurately. One approach is to count how many bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours. We can do this because some clients transmit their addresses to the other members of the network periodically. In September 2011 this method suggested that there were about {{formatnum:60000}} users.

==See Also==

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo What is Bitcoin?] video introduction
* Installing Bitcoin [[getting started]] 
* [[Using Bitcoin]]
* A gentle introduction to Bitcoin - [[BitcoinMe]]
* [http://coinlab.com/2011/12/bitcoin-primer Bitcoin Primer] from CoinLab
* Another introduction, ''The Rebooting Of Money'' podcast is found at [[Bitcoin Money]]
* A beginner's step-by-step guide to using Bitcoin, use of alternative wallets, and generally keeping your money and computer secure - [http://BitcoinIntro.com BitcoinIntro.com]
* [http://howtobitcoin.info howtobitcoin.info] Directory of bitcoin links for beginners
* Amazon Kindle Book [http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Step-by-ebook/dp/B00A1CUQQU Bitcoin Step by Step] $3.99 (USD).  The author walks you step by step through getting started.

[[zh-cn:简介]]

[[de:Einführung]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14105" sha1="tpiofnnmtb7445ic9q5wfzgkvbbd5br" xml:space="preserve">Scopul acestei pagini este sa ofere o imagine de ansamblu asupra economiei si sistemului Bitcoin.

==Concepte de baza==

===Moneda===

Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html Alpaca socks] which Bob has for sale. In return, she must provide something of equal value to Bob. The most efficient way to do this is by using a medium of exchange that Bob accepts which would be classified as currency. Currency makes trade easier by eliminating the need for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants coincidence of wants] required in other systems of trade such as barter. Currency adoption and acceptance can be global, national, or in some cases local or community-based.

===Banci===

Alice need not provide currency to Bob in-person. She may instead transfer this value by first entrusting her currency to a bank who promises to store and protect Alice's currency notes. The bank gives Alice a written promise (called a "bank statement") that entitles her to withdraw the same number of currency bills that she deposited. Since the money is still Alice's, she is entitled to do with it whatever she pleases, and the bank (like most banks), for a small fee, will do Alice the service of passing on the currency bills to Bob on her behalf. This is done by Alice's bank by giving the dollar bills to Bob's bank and informing them that the money is for Bob, who will then see the amount the next time he checks his balance or receives his bank statement.

Since banks have many customers, and bank employees require money for doing the job of talking to people and signing documents, banks in recent times have been using machines such as ATMs and web servers that do the job of interacting with customers instead of paid bank employees. The task of these machines is to learn what each customer wants to do with their money and, to the extent that it is possible, act on what the customer wants (for example, ATMs can hand out cash). Customers can always know how much money they have in their accounts, and they are confident that the numbers they see in their bank statements and on their computer screens accurately reflect the number of dollars that they can get from the bank on demand. They can be so sure of this that they can accept those numbers in the same way they accept paper banknotes (this is similar to the way people started accepting paper dollars when they had been accepting gold or silver).

Such a system has several disadvantages:
* It is costly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer EFTs] in Europe can cost 25 euros. Credit transactions can cost several percent of the transaction.
* It is slow. Checking and low cost wire services take days to complete.
* In most cases, it cannot be anonymous.
* Accounts can be frozen, or their balance partially or wholly confiscated.
* Banks and other payment processors like PayPal, Visa, and Mastercard may refuse to process payments for certain legal entities. 


Bitcoin is a system of owning and voluntarily transferring amounts of so-called ''bitcoins'', in a manner similar to an on-line banking, but pseudonymously and without reliance on a central authority to maintain account balances. If bitcoins are valuable, it is because they are useful and limited in supply.

==Bitcoin Basics==

===Crearea monezilor===
The creation of coins must be limited for the currency to have any value. 

New coins are slowly [[Mining|mined]] into existence by following a mutually agreed-upon set of rules. A user [[Mining|mining]] bitcoins is running a software program that searches tirelessly for a solution to a very difficult math problem whose difficulty is precisely known. The difficulty is automatically adjusted regularly so that the number of solutions found globally, by everyone, for a given unit of time is constant: an average of 6 per hour. When a solution is found, the user may tell everyone of the existence of this newly found solution, along with other information, packaged together in what is called a "[[Block|block]]". 

Blocks create 25 new bitcoins at present. This amount, known as the block reward, is an incentive for people to perform the computation work required for generating blocks. Roughly every 4 years, the number of bitcoins that can be "mined" in a block reduces by 50%. Originally the block reward was 50 bitcoins; it halved in November 2012.  Any block that is created by a malicious user that does not follow this rule (or any other rules) will be rejected by everyone else. In the end, no more than 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. 

Because the block reward will decrease over the long term, miners will some day instead pay for their hardware and electricity costs by collecting [[Transaction_fee|transaction fees]]. The sender of money may voluntarily pay a small transaction fee which will be kept by whoever finds the next block. Paying this fee will encourage miners to include the transaction in a block more quickly.

===Sending payments===
To guarantee that a third-party, let's call her Eve, cannot spend other people's bitcoins by creating transactions in their names, Bitcoin uses [[Wikipedia:Public-key_cryptography|public key cryptography]] to make and verify digital signatures. In this system, each person, such as Alice or Bob, has one or more addresses each with an associated pair of public and private keys that they may hold in a [[Wallet|wallet]]. Only the user with the private key can sign a transaction to give some of their bitcoins to somebody else, but anyone can validate the signature using that user’s public key.

Suppose Alice wants to send a bitcoin to Bob.
* Bob sends his address (from which the public key can be derived) to Alice.
* Alice adds Bob’s public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Alice signs the transaction with her private key.
* Alice broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.

(Only the first two steps require human action. The rest is done by the Bitcoin client software.)

Looking at this transaction from the outside, anyone who knows that these addresses belong to Alice and Bob can see that Alice has agreed to transfer the amount to Bob, because nobody else has Alice's private key. Alice would be foolish to give her private key to other people, as this would allow them to sign transactions in her name, removing funds from her control.

Later on, when Bob wishes to transfer the same bitcoins to Charley, he will do the same thing:
* Charlie sends Bob his address.
* Bob adds Charlie's public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Bob signs the transaction with his private key.
* Bob broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see. 

Only Bob can do this because only he has the private key that can create a valid signature for the transaction.

Eve cannot change whose coins these are by replacing Bob’s public key with her public key, because Alice signed the transfer to Bob using her own private key, which is kept secret from Eve, and instructing that the coins which were hers now belong to Bob. So if Charlie accepts that the original coin was in the hands of Alice, he will also accept the fact that this coin was later passed to Bob, and now Bob is passing this same coin to him.

===Preventing [[double-spending]]===
The process described above does not prevent Alice from using the same bitcoins in more than one transaction. The following process does; this is the primary innovation behind Bitcoin.

* Details about the [[Transactions|transaction]] are [[Network|sent and forwarded]] to all or as many other computers as possible.
* A constantly growing chain of [[Blocks|blocks]] that contains a record of all transactions is collectively maintained by all computers (each has a full copy).
* To be accepted in the chain, transaction blocks must be valid and must include [[proof of work]] (one block generated by the network every 10 minutes).
* Blocks are chained in a way so that, if any one is modified, all following blocks will have to be recomputed.
* When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.

When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.

===Anonymity===
When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no "accounts" to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money "belongs" to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.

A [[Address|Bitcoin address]] mathematically corresponds to a public key and looks like this:

:1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN

Each person can have many such addresses, each with its own balance, which makes it very difficult to know which person owns what amount. In order to protect his [[Anonymity|privacy]], Bob can generate a new public-private key pair for each individual receiving transaction and the Bitcoin software encourages this behavior by default. Continuing the example from above, when Charlie receives the bitcoins from Bob, Charlie will not be able to identify who owned the bitcoins before Bob.

===Capitalization / Nomenclature===
Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use ''Bitcoin'' (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and ''bitcoins'' (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.

==Where to see and explore==
You can directly explore the system in action by visiting [http://blockchain.info/ Blockchain.info] or [http://blockexplorer.com/ Bitcoin Block Explorer].
The site shows you the latest blocks in the block chain. The [[Block_chain|block chain]] contains the agreed history of all transactions that took place in the system.
Note how many blocks were generated in the last hour, which on average will be 6. Also notice the number of transactions and the total amount transferred in the last hour (last time I checked it was about 64 and 15K).
This should give you an indication of how active the system is.

Next, navigate to one of these blocks.
The block's [[hash]] begins with a run of zeros. This is what made creating the block so difficult; a hash that begins with many zeros is much more difficult to find than a hash with few or no zeros. The computer that generated this block had to try many ''Nonce'' values (also listed on the block's page) until it found one that generated this run of zeros.
Next, see the line titled ''Previous block''. Each block contains the hash of the block that came before it. This is what forms the chain of blocks.
Now take a look at all the transactions the block contains. The first transaction is the income earned by the computer that generated this block. It includes a fixed amount of coins created out of "thin air" and possibly a fee collected from other transactions in the same block.

Drill down into any of the transactions and you will see how it is made up of one or more amounts coming in and out.
Having more than one incoming and outgoing amount in a transaction enables the system to join and break amounts in any possible way, allowing for any fractional amount needed. Each incoming amount is a past transaction (which you can also view) from someone's address, and each outgoing amount is addressed to someone and will be part of a future transaction (which you can also navigate down into if it has already taken place.)

Finally you can follow any of the [[Address|addresses]] links and see what public information is available for them.

To get an impression of the amount of activity on the Bitcoin network, you might like to visit the monitoring websites [[Bitcoin Monitor]] and [[Bitcoin Watch]]. The first shows a real-time visualization of events on the Bitcoin network, and the second lists general statistics on the amount and size of recent transactions.

===How many people use Bitcoin?===

This is quite a difficult question to answer accurately. One approach is to count how many bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours. We can do this because some clients transmit their addresses to the other members of the network periodically. In September 2011 this method suggested that there were about {{formatnum:60000}} users.

==See Also==

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo What is Bitcoin?] video introduction
* Installing Bitcoin [[getting started]] 
* [[Using Bitcoin]]
* A gentle introduction to Bitcoin - [[BitcoinMe]]
* [http://coinlab.com/2011/12/bitcoin-primer Bitcoin Primer] from CoinLab
* Another introduction, ''The Rebooting Of Money'' podcast is found at [[Bitcoin Money]]
* A beginner's step-by-step guide to using Bitcoin, use of alternative wallets, and generally keeping your money and computer secure - [http://BitcoinIntro.com BitcoinIntro.com]
* [http://howtobitcoin.info howtobitcoin.info] Directory of bitcoin links for beginners
* Amazon Kindle Book [http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Step-by-ebook/dp/B00A1CUQQU Bitcoin Step by Step] $3.99 (USD).  The author walks you step by step through getting started.

[[zh-cn:简介]]

[[de:Einführung]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14138" sha1="k3vvmbbyuu04pe5lddio8tnbe5flocs" xml:space="preserve">Scopul acestei pagini este sa ofere o imagine de ansamblu asupra economiei si sistemului Bitcoin.

==Concepte de baza==

===Moneda===

Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html Alpaca socks] which Bob has for sale. In return, she must provide something of equal value to Bob. The most efficient way to do this is by using a medium of exchange that Bob accepts which would be classified as currency. Currency makes trade easier by eliminating the need for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants coincidence of wants] required in other systems of trade such as barter. Currency adoption and acceptance can be global, national, or in some cases local or community-based.

===Banci===

Alice need not provide currency to Bob in-person. She may instead transfer this value by first entrusting her currency to a bank who promises to store and protect Alice's currency notes. The bank gives Alice a written promise (called a "bank statement") that entitles her to withdraw the same number of currency bills that she deposited. Since the money is still Alice's, she is entitled to do with it whatever she pleases, and the bank (like most banks), for a small fee, will do Alice the service of passing on the currency bills to Bob on her behalf. This is done by Alice's bank by giving the dollar bills to Bob's bank and informing them that the money is for Bob, who will then see the amount the next time he checks his balance or receives his bank statement.

Since banks have many customers, and bank employees require money for doing the job of talking to people and signing documents, banks in recent times have been using machines such as ATMs and web servers that do the job of interacting with customers instead of paid bank employees. The task of these machines is to learn what each customer wants to do with their money and, to the extent that it is possible, act on what the customer wants (for example, ATMs can hand out cash). Customers can always know how much money they have in their accounts, and they are confident that the numbers they see in their bank statements and on their computer screens accurately reflect the number of dollars that they can get from the bank on demand. They can be so sure of this that they can accept those numbers in the same way they accept paper banknotes (this is similar to the way people started accepting paper dollars when they had been accepting gold or silver).

Such a system has several disadvantages:
* It is costly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer EFTs] in Europe can cost 25 euros. Credit transactions can cost several percent of the transaction.
* It is slow. Checking and low cost wire services take days to complete.
* In most cases, it cannot be anonymous.
* Accounts can be frozen, or their balance partially or wholly confiscated.
* Banks and other payment processors like PayPal, Visa, and Mastercard may refuse to process payments for certain legal entities. 


Bitcoin is a system of owning and voluntarily transferring amounts of so-called ''bitcoins'', in a manner similar to an on-line banking, but pseudonymously and without reliance on a central authority to maintain account balances. If bitcoins are valuable, it is because they are useful and limited in supply.

==Despre Bitcoin==

===Crearea monezilor===
The creation of coins must be limited for the currency to have any value. 

New coins are slowly [[Mining|mined]] into existence by following a mutually agreed-upon set of rules. A user [[Mining|mining]] bitcoins is running a software program that searches tirelessly for a solution to a very difficult math problem whose difficulty is precisely known. The difficulty is automatically adjusted regularly so that the number of solutions found globally, by everyone, for a given unit of time is constant: an average of 6 per hour. When a solution is found, the user may tell everyone of the existence of this newly found solution, along with other information, packaged together in what is called a "[[Block|block]]". 

Blocks create 25 new bitcoins at present. This amount, known as the block reward, is an incentive for people to perform the computation work required for generating blocks. Roughly every 4 years, the number of bitcoins that can be "mined" in a block reduces by 50%. Originally the block reward was 50 bitcoins; it halved in November 2012.  Any block that is created by a malicious user that does not follow this rule (or any other rules) will be rejected by everyone else. In the end, no more than 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. 

Because the block reward will decrease over the long term, miners will some day instead pay for their hardware and electricity costs by collecting [[Transaction_fee|transaction fees]]. The sender of money may voluntarily pay a small transaction fee which will be kept by whoever finds the next block. Paying this fee will encourage miners to include the transaction in a block more quickly.

===Efectuarea platilor===
To guarantee that a third-party, let's call her Eve, cannot spend other people's bitcoins by creating transactions in their names, Bitcoin uses [[Wikipedia:Public-key_cryptography|public key cryptography]] to make and verify digital signatures. In this system, each person, such as Alice or Bob, has one or more addresses each with an associated pair of public and private keys that they may hold in a [[Wallet|wallet]]. Only the user with the private key can sign a transaction to give some of their bitcoins to somebody else, but anyone can validate the signature using that user’s public key.

Suppose Alice wants to send a bitcoin to Bob.
* Bob sends his address (from which the public key can be derived) to Alice.
* Alice adds Bob’s public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Alice signs the transaction with her private key.
* Alice broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.

(Only the first two steps require human action. The rest is done by the Bitcoin client software.)

Looking at this transaction from the outside, anyone who knows that these addresses belong to Alice and Bob can see that Alice has agreed to transfer the amount to Bob, because nobody else has Alice's private key. Alice would be foolish to give her private key to other people, as this would allow them to sign transactions in her name, removing funds from her control.

Later on, when Bob wishes to transfer the same bitcoins to Charley, he will do the same thing:
* Charlie sends Bob his address.
* Bob adds Charlie's public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Bob signs the transaction with his private key.
* Bob broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see. 

Only Bob can do this because only he has the private key that can create a valid signature for the transaction.

Eve cannot change whose coins these are by replacing Bob’s public key with her public key, because Alice signed the transfer to Bob using her own private key, which is kept secret from Eve, and instructing that the coins which were hers now belong to Bob. So if Charlie accepts that the original coin was in the hands of Alice, he will also accept the fact that this coin was later passed to Bob, and now Bob is passing this same coin to him.

===Cum se previne [[cheltuirea dubla]](double-spending)===
The process described above does not prevent Alice from using the same bitcoins in more than one transaction. The following process does; this is the primary innovation behind Bitcoin.

* Details about the [[Transactions|transaction]] are [[Network|sent and forwarded]] to all or as many other computers as possible.
* A constantly growing chain of [[Blocks|blocks]] that contains a record of all transactions is collectively maintained by all computers (each has a full copy).
* To be accepted in the chain, transaction blocks must be valid and must include [[proof of work]] (one block generated by the network every 10 minutes).
* Blocks are chained in a way so that, if any one is modified, all following blocks will have to be recomputed.
* When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.

When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.

===Anonimitate===
When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no "accounts" to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money "belongs" to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.

A [[Address|Bitcoin address]] mathematically corresponds to a public key and looks like this:

:1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN

Each person can have many such addresses, each with its own balance, which makes it very difficult to know which person owns what amount. In order to protect his [[Anonymity|privacy]], Bob can generate a new public-private key pair for each individual receiving transaction and the Bitcoin software encourages this behavior by default. Continuing the example from above, when Charlie receives the bitcoins from Bob, Charlie will not be able to identify who owned the bitcoins before Bob.

===Capitalizare/ Nomenclatura===
Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use ''Bitcoin'' (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and ''bitcoins'' (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.

==Where to see and explore==
You can directly explore the system in action by visiting [http://blockchain.info/ Blockchain.info] or [http://blockexplorer.com/ Bitcoin Block Explorer].
The site shows you the latest blocks in the block chain. The [[Block_chain|block chain]] contains the agreed history of all transactions that took place in the system.
Note how many blocks were generated in the last hour, which on average will be 6. Also notice the number of transactions and the total amount transferred in the last hour (last time I checked it was about 64 and 15K).
This should give you an indication of how active the system is.

Next, navigate to one of these blocks.
The block's [[hash]] begins with a run of zeros. This is what made creating the block so difficult; a hash that begins with many zeros is much more difficult to find than a hash with few or no zeros. The computer that generated this block had to try many ''Nonce'' values (also listed on the block's page) until it found one that generated this run of zeros.
Next, see the line titled ''Previous block''. Each block contains the hash of the block that came before it. This is what forms the chain of blocks.
Now take a look at all the transactions the block contains. The first transaction is the income earned by the computer that generated this block. It includes a fixed amount of coins created out of "thin air" and possibly a fee collected from other transactions in the same block.

Drill down into any of the transactions and you will see how it is made up of one or more amounts coming in and out.
Having more than one incoming and outgoing amount in a transaction enables the system to join and break amounts in any possible way, allowing for any fractional amount needed. Each incoming amount is a past transaction (which you can also view) from someone's address, and each outgoing amount is addressed to someone and will be part of a future transaction (which you can also navigate down into if it has already taken place.)

Finally you can follow any of the [[Address|addresses]] links and see what public information is available for them.

To get an impression of the amount of activity on the Bitcoin network, you might like to visit the monitoring websites [[Bitcoin Monitor]] and [[Bitcoin Watch]]. The first shows a real-time visualization of events on the Bitcoin network, and the second lists general statistics on the amount and size of recent transactions.

===Cate persoane folosesc Bitcoin?===

This is quite a difficult question to answer accurately. One approach is to count how many bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours. We can do this because some clients transmit their addresses to the other members of the network periodically. In September 2011 this method suggested that there were about {{formatnum:60000}} users.

==Alte link-uri:==

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo What is Bitcoin?] video introduction
* Installing Bitcoin [[getting started]] 
* [[Using Bitcoin]]
* A gentle introduction to Bitcoin - [[BitcoinMe]]
* [http://coinlab.com/2011/12/bitcoin-primer Bitcoin Primer] from CoinLab
* Another introduction, ''The Rebooting Of Money'' podcast is found at [[Bitcoin Money]]
* A beginner's step-by-step guide to using Bitcoin, use of alternative wallets, and generally keeping your money and computer secure - [http://BitcoinIntro.com BitcoinIntro.com]
* [http://howtobitcoin.info howtobitcoin.info] Directory of bitcoin links for beginners
* Amazon Kindle Book [http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Step-by-ebook/dp/B00A1CUQQU Bitcoin Step by Step] $3.99 (USD).  The author walks you step by step through getting started.

[[zh-cn:简介]]

[[de:Einführung]]</text>
      <sha1>k3vvmbbyuu04pe5lddio8tnbe5flocs</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="14143" sha1="mk4lpmp8ox953mwsnl5d5jv8p6lbnyo" xml:space="preserve">Scopul acestei pagini este sa ofere o imagine de ansamblu asupra economiei si sistemului Bitcoin.

==Concepte de baza==

===Moneda===

Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html Alpaca socks] which Bob has for sale. In return, she must provide something of equal value to Bob. The most efficient way to do this is by using a medium of exchange that Bob accepts which would be classified as currency. Currency makes trade easier by eliminating the need for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants coincidence of wants] required in other systems of trade such as barter. Currency adoption and acceptance can be global, national, or in some cases local or community-based.

===Banci===

Alice need not provide currency to Bob in-person. She may instead transfer this value by first entrusting her currency to a bank who promises to store and protect Alice's currency notes. The bank gives Alice a written promise (called a "bank statement") that entitles her to withdraw the same number of currency bills that she deposited. Since the money is still Alice's, she is entitled to do with it whatever she pleases, and the bank (like most banks), for a small fee, will do Alice the service of passing on the currency bills to Bob on her behalf. This is done by Alice's bank by giving the dollar bills to Bob's bank and informing them that the money is for Bob, who will then see the amount the next time he checks his balance or receives his bank statement.

Since banks have many customers, and bank employees require money for doing the job of talking to people and signing documents, banks in recent times have been using machines such as ATMs and web servers that do the job of interacting with customers instead of paid bank employees. The task of these machines is to learn what each customer wants to do with their money and, to the extent that it is possible, act on what the customer wants (for example, ATMs can hand out cash). Customers can always know how much money they have in their accounts, and they are confident that the numbers they see in their bank statements and on their computer screens accurately reflect the number of dollars that they can get from the bank on demand. They can be so sure of this that they can accept those numbers in the same way they accept paper banknotes (this is similar to the way people started accepting paper dollars when they had been accepting gold or silver).

Such a system has several disadvantages:
* It is costly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer EFTs] in Europe can cost 25 euros. Credit transactions can cost several percent of the transaction.
* It is slow. Checking and low cost wire services take days to complete.
* In most cases, it cannot be anonymous.
* Accounts can be frozen, or their balance partially or wholly confiscated.
* Banks and other payment processors like PayPal, Visa, and Mastercard may refuse to process payments for certain legal entities. 


Bitcoin is a system of owning and voluntarily transferring amounts of so-called ''bitcoins'', in a manner similar to an on-line banking, but pseudonymously and without reliance on a central authority to maintain account balances. If bitcoins are valuable, it is because they are useful and limited in supply.

==Despre Bitcoin==

===Crearea monezilor===
The creation of coins must be limited for the currency to have any value. 

New coins are slowly [[Mining|mined]] into existence by following a mutually agreed-upon set of rules. A user [[Mining|mining]] bitcoins is running a software program that searches tirelessly for a solution to a very difficult math problem whose difficulty is precisely known. The difficulty is automatically adjusted regularly so that the number of solutions found globally, by everyone, for a given unit of time is constant: an average of 6 per hour. When a solution is found, the user may tell everyone of the existence of this newly found solution, along with other information, packaged together in what is called a "[[Block|block]]". 

Blocks create 25 new bitcoins at present. This amount, known as the block reward, is an incentive for people to perform the computation work required for generating blocks. Roughly every 4 years, the number of bitcoins that can be "mined" in a block reduces by 50%. Originally the block reward was 50 bitcoins; it halved in November 2012.  Any block that is created by a malicious user that does not follow this rule (or any other rules) will be rejected by everyone else. In the end, no more than 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. 

Because the block reward will decrease over the long term, miners will some day instead pay for their hardware and electricity costs by collecting [[Transaction_fee|transaction fees]]. The sender of money may voluntarily pay a small transaction fee which will be kept by whoever finds the next block. Paying this fee will encourage miners to include the transaction in a block more quickly.

===Efectuarea platilor===
To guarantee that a third-party, let's call her Eve, cannot spend other people's bitcoins by creating transactions in their names, Bitcoin uses [[Wikipedia:Public-key_cryptography|public key cryptography]] to make and verify digital signatures. In this system, each person, such as Alice or Bob, has one or more addresses each with an associated pair of public and private keys that they may hold in a [[Wallet|wallet]]. Only the user with the private key can sign a transaction to give some of their bitcoins to somebody else, but anyone can validate the signature using that user’s public key.

Suppose Alice wants to send a bitcoin to Bob.
* Bob sends his address (from which the public key can be derived) to Alice.
* Alice adds Bob’s public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Alice signs the transaction with her private key.
* Alice broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.

(Only the first two steps require human action. The rest is done by the Bitcoin client software.)

Looking at this transaction from the outside, anyone who knows that these addresses belong to Alice and Bob can see that Alice has agreed to transfer the amount to Bob, because nobody else has Alice's private key. Alice would be foolish to give her private key to other people, as this would allow them to sign transactions in her name, removing funds from her control.

Later on, when Bob wishes to transfer the same bitcoins to Charley, he will do the same thing:
* Charlie sends Bob his address.
* Bob adds Charlie's public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Bob signs the transaction with his private key.
* Bob broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see. 

Only Bob can do this because only he has the private key that can create a valid signature for the transaction.

Eve cannot change whose coins these are by replacing Bob’s public key with her public key, because Alice signed the transfer to Bob using her own private key, which is kept secret from Eve, and instructing that the coins which were hers now belong to Bob. So if Charlie accepts that the original coin was in the hands of Alice, he will also accept the fact that this coin was later passed to Bob, and now Bob is passing this same coin to him.

===Cum se previne [[cheltuirea dubla]](double-spending)===
The process described above does not prevent Alice from using the same bitcoins in more than one transaction. The following process does; this is the primary innovation behind Bitcoin.

* Details about the [[Transactions|transaction]] are [[Network|sent and forwarded]] to all or as many other computers as possible.
* A constantly growing chain of [[Blocks|blocks]] that contains a record of all transactions is collectively maintained by all computers (each has a full copy).
* To be accepted in the chain, transaction blocks must be valid and must include [[proof of work]] (one block generated by the network every 10 minutes).
* Blocks are chained in a way so that, if any one is modified, all following blocks will have to be recomputed.
* When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.

When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.

===Anonimitate===
When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no "accounts" to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money "belongs" to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.

A [[Address|Bitcoin address]] mathematically corresponds to a public key and looks like this:

:1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN

Each person can have many such addresses, each with its own balance, which makes it very difficult to know which person owns what amount. In order to protect his [[Anonymity|privacy]], Bob can generate a new public-private key pair for each individual receiving transaction and the Bitcoin software encourages this behavior by default. Continuing the example from above, when Charlie receives the bitcoins from Bob, Charlie will not be able to identify who owned the bitcoins before Bob.

===Capitalizare/ Nomenclatura===
Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use ''Bitcoin'' (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and ''bitcoins'' (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.

==Unde se poate vedea si explora==
You can directly explore the system in action by visiting [http://blockchain.info/ Blockchain.info] or [http://blockexplorer.com/ Bitcoin Block Explorer].
The site shows you the latest blocks in the block chain. The [[Block_chain|block chain]] contains the agreed history of all transactions that took place in the system.
Note how many blocks were generated in the last hour, which on average will be 6. Also notice the number of transactions and the total amount transferred in the last hour (last time I checked it was about 64 and 15K).
This should give you an indication of how active the system is.

Next, navigate to one of these blocks.
The block's [[hash]] begins with a run of zeros. This is what made creating the block so difficult; a hash that begins with many zeros is much more difficult to find than a hash with few or no zeros. The computer that generated this block had to try many ''Nonce'' values (also listed on the block's page) until it found one that generated this run of zeros.
Next, see the line titled ''Previous block''. Each block contains the hash of the block that came before it. This is what forms the chain of blocks.
Now take a look at all the transactions the block contains. The first transaction is the income earned by the computer that generated this block. It includes a fixed amount of coins created out of "thin air" and possibly a fee collected from other transactions in the same block.

Drill down into any of the transactions and you will see how it is made up of one or more amounts coming in and out.
Having more than one incoming and outgoing amount in a transaction enables the system to join and break amounts in any possible way, allowing for any fractional amount needed. Each incoming amount is a past transaction (which you can also view) from someone's address, and each outgoing amount is addressed to someone and will be part of a future transaction (which you can also navigate down into if it has already taken place.)

Finally you can follow any of the [[Address|addresses]] links and see what public information is available for them.

To get an impression of the amount of activity on the Bitcoin network, you might like to visit the monitoring websites [[Bitcoin Monitor]] and [[Bitcoin Watch]]. The first shows a real-time visualization of events on the Bitcoin network, and the second lists general statistics on the amount and size of recent transactions.

===Cate persoane folosesc Bitcoin?===

This is quite a difficult question to answer accurately. One approach is to count how many bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours. We can do this because some clients transmit their addresses to the other members of the network periodically. In September 2011 this method suggested that there were about {{formatnum:60000}} users.

==Alte link-uri==

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo What is Bitcoin?] video introduction
* Installing Bitcoin [[getting started]] 
* [[Using Bitcoin]]
* A gentle introduction to Bitcoin - [[BitcoinMe]]
* [http://coinlab.com/2011/12/bitcoin-primer Bitcoin Primer] from CoinLab
* Another introduction, ''The Rebooting Of Money'' podcast is found at [[Bitcoin Money]]
* A beginner's step-by-step guide to using Bitcoin, use of alternative wallets, and generally keeping your money and computer secure - [http://BitcoinIntro.com BitcoinIntro.com]
* [http://howtobitcoin.info howtobitcoin.info] Directory of bitcoin links for beginners
* Amazon Kindle Book [http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Step-by-ebook/dp/B00A1CUQQU Bitcoin Step by Step] $3.99 (USD).  The author walks you step by step through getting started.

[[zh-cn:简介]]

[[de:Einführung]]</text>
      <sha1>mk4lpmp8ox953mwsnl5d5jv8p6lbnyo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74</id>
      <parentid>54</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-24T07:32:43Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="14145" sha1="1awp87l3l1j3zqwduysx6onro7kwh9e" xml:space="preserve">Scopul acestei pagini este să ofere o imagine de ansamblu asupra economiei și sistemului Bitcoin.

==Concepte de baza==

===Moneda===

Alice wants to buy the [http://www.grasshillalpacas.com/alpacaproductsforbitcoinoffer.html Alpaca socks] which Bob has for sale. In return, she must provide something of equal value to Bob. The most efficient way to do this is by using a medium of exchange that Bob accepts which would be classified as currency. Currency makes trade easier by eliminating the need for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants coincidence of wants] required in other systems of trade such as barter. Currency adoption and acceptance can be global, national, or in some cases local or community-based.

===Banci===

Alice need not provide currency to Bob in-person. She may instead transfer this value by first entrusting her currency to a bank who promises to store and protect Alice's currency notes. The bank gives Alice a written promise (called a "bank statement") that entitles her to withdraw the same number of currency bills that she deposited. Since the money is still Alice's, she is entitled to do with it whatever she pleases, and the bank (like most banks), for a small fee, will do Alice the service of passing on the currency bills to Bob on her behalf. This is done by Alice's bank by giving the dollar bills to Bob's bank and informing them that the money is for Bob, who will then see the amount the next time he checks his balance or receives his bank statement.

Since banks have many customers, and bank employees require money for doing the job of talking to people and signing documents, banks in recent times have been using machines such as ATMs and web servers that do the job of interacting with customers instead of paid bank employees. The task of these machines is to learn what each customer wants to do with their money and, to the extent that it is possible, act on what the customer wants (for example, ATMs can hand out cash). Customers can always know how much money they have in their accounts, and they are confident that the numbers they see in their bank statements and on their computer screens accurately reflect the number of dollars that they can get from the bank on demand. They can be so sure of this that they can accept those numbers in the same way they accept paper banknotes (this is similar to the way people started accepting paper dollars when they had been accepting gold or silver).

Such a system has several disadvantages:
* It is costly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer EFTs] in Europe can cost 25 euros. Credit transactions can cost several percent of the transaction.
* It is slow. Checking and low cost wire services take days to complete.
* In most cases, it cannot be anonymous.
* Accounts can be frozen, or their balance partially or wholly confiscated.
* Banks and other payment processors like PayPal, Visa, and Mastercard may refuse to process payments for certain legal entities. 


Bitcoin is a system of owning and voluntarily transferring amounts of so-called ''bitcoins'', in a manner similar to an on-line banking, but pseudonymously and without reliance on a central authority to maintain account balances. If bitcoins are valuable, it is because they are useful and limited in supply.

==Despre Bitcoin==

===Crearea monezilor===
The creation of coins must be limited for the currency to have any value. 

New coins are slowly [[Mining|mined]] into existence by following a mutually agreed-upon set of rules. A user [[Mining|mining]] bitcoins is running a software program that searches tirelessly for a solution to a very difficult math problem whose difficulty is precisely known. The difficulty is automatically adjusted regularly so that the number of solutions found globally, by everyone, for a given unit of time is constant: an average of 6 per hour. When a solution is found, the user may tell everyone of the existence of this newly found solution, along with other information, packaged together in what is called a "[[Block|block]]". 

Blocks create 25 new bitcoins at present. This amount, known as the block reward, is an incentive for people to perform the computation work required for generating blocks. Roughly every 4 years, the number of bitcoins that can be "mined" in a block reduces by 50%. Originally the block reward was 50 bitcoins; it halved in November 2012.  Any block that is created by a malicious user that does not follow this rule (or any other rules) will be rejected by everyone else. In the end, no more than 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. 

Because the block reward will decrease over the long term, miners will some day instead pay for their hardware and electricity costs by collecting [[Transaction_fee|transaction fees]]. The sender of money may voluntarily pay a small transaction fee which will be kept by whoever finds the next block. Paying this fee will encourage miners to include the transaction in a block more quickly.

===Efectuarea platilor===
To guarantee that a third-party, let's call her Eve, cannot spend other people's bitcoins by creating transactions in their names, Bitcoin uses [[Wikipedia:Public-key_cryptography|public key cryptography]] to make and verify digital signatures. In this system, each person, such as Alice or Bob, has one or more addresses each with an associated pair of public and private keys that they may hold in a [[Wallet|wallet]]. Only the user with the private key can sign a transaction to give some of their bitcoins to somebody else, but anyone can validate the signature using that user’s public key.

Suppose Alice wants to send a bitcoin to Bob.
* Bob sends his address (from which the public key can be derived) to Alice.
* Alice adds Bob’s public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Alice signs the transaction with her private key.
* Alice broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see.

(Only the first two steps require human action. The rest is done by the Bitcoin client software.)

Looking at this transaction from the outside, anyone who knows that these addresses belong to Alice and Bob can see that Alice has agreed to transfer the amount to Bob, because nobody else has Alice's private key. Alice would be foolish to give her private key to other people, as this would allow them to sign transactions in her name, removing funds from her control.

Later on, when Bob wishes to transfer the same bitcoins to Charley, he will do the same thing:
* Charlie sends Bob his address.
* Bob adds Charlie's public key and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.
* Bob signs the transaction with his private key.
* Bob broadcasts the transaction on the Bitcoin network for all to see. 

Only Bob can do this because only he has the private key that can create a valid signature for the transaction.

Eve cannot change whose coins these are by replacing Bob’s public key with her public key, because Alice signed the transfer to Bob using her own private key, which is kept secret from Eve, and instructing that the coins which were hers now belong to Bob. So if Charlie accepts that the original coin was in the hands of Alice, he will also accept the fact that this coin was later passed to Bob, and now Bob is passing this same coin to him.

===Cum se previne [[cheltuirea dubla]](double-spending)===
The process described above does not prevent Alice from using the same bitcoins in more than one transaction. The following process does; this is the primary innovation behind Bitcoin.

* Details about the [[Transactions|transaction]] are [[Network|sent and forwarded]] to all or as many other computers as possible.
* A constantly growing chain of [[Blocks|blocks]] that contains a record of all transactions is collectively maintained by all computers (each has a full copy).
* To be accepted in the chain, transaction blocks must be valid and must include [[proof of work]] (one block generated by the network every 10 minutes).
* Blocks are chained in a way so that, if any one is modified, all following blocks will have to be recomputed.
* When multiple valid continuations to this chain appear, only the longest such branch is accepted and it is then extended further.

When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.

===Anonimitate===
When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no "accounts" to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money "belongs" to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.

A [[Address|Bitcoin address]] mathematically corresponds to a public key and looks like this:

:1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN

Each person can have many such addresses, each with its own balance, which makes it very difficult to know which person owns what amount. In order to protect his [[Anonymity|privacy]], Bob can generate a new public-private key pair for each individual receiving transaction and the Bitcoin software encourages this behavior by default. Continuing the example from above, when Charlie receives the bitcoins from Bob, Charlie will not be able to identify who owned the bitcoins before Bob.

===Capitalizare/ Nomenclatura===
Since Bitcoin is both a currency and a protocol, capitalization can be confusing. Accepted practice is to use ''Bitcoin'' (singular with an upper case letter B) to label the protocol, software, and community, and ''bitcoins'' (with a lower case b) to label units of the currency.

==Unde se poate vedea si explora==
You can directly explore the system in action by visiting [http://blockchain.info/ Blockchain.info] or [http://blockexplorer.com/ Bitcoin Block Explorer].
The site shows you the latest blocks in the block chain. The [[Block_chain|block chain]] contains the agreed history of all transactions that took place in the system.
Note how many blocks were generated in the last hour, which on average will be 6. Also notice the number of transactions and the total amount transferred in the last hour (last time I checked it was about 64 and 15K).
This should give you an indication of how active the system is.

Next, navigate to one of these blocks.
The block's [[hash]] begins with a run of zeros. This is what made creating the block so difficult; a hash that begins with many zeros is much more difficult to find than a hash with few or no zeros. The computer that generated this block had to try many ''Nonce'' values (also listed on the block's page) until it found one that generated this run of zeros.
Next, see the line titled ''Previous block''. Each block contains the hash of the block that came before it. This is what forms the chain of blocks.
Now take a look at all the transactions the block contains. The first transaction is the income earned by the computer that generated this block. It includes a fixed amount of coins created out of "thin air" and possibly a fee collected from other transactions in the same block.

Drill down into any of the transactions and you will see how it is made up of one or more amounts coming in and out.
Having more than one incoming and outgoing amount in a transaction enables the system to join and break amounts in any possible way, allowing for any fractional amount needed. Each incoming amount is a past transaction (which you can also view) from someone's address, and each outgoing amount is addressed to someone and will be part of a future transaction (which you can also navigate down into if it has already taken place.)

Finally you can follow any of the [[Address|addresses]] links and see what public information is available for them.

To get an impression of the amount of activity on the Bitcoin network, you might like to visit the monitoring websites [[Bitcoin Monitor]] and [[Bitcoin Watch]]. The first shows a real-time visualization of events on the Bitcoin network, and the second lists general statistics on the amount and size of recent transactions.

===Cate persoane folosesc Bitcoin?===

This is quite a difficult question to answer accurately. One approach is to count how many bitcoin clients connected to the network in the last 24 hours. We can do this because some clients transmit their addresses to the other members of the network periodically. In September 2011 this method suggested that there were about {{formatnum:60000}} users.

==Alte link-uri==

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um63OQz3bjo What is Bitcoin?] video introduction
* Installing Bitcoin [[getting started]] 
* [[Using Bitcoin]]
* A gentle introduction to Bitcoin - [[BitcoinMe]]
* [http://coinlab.com/2011/12/bitcoin-primer Bitcoin Primer] from CoinLab
* Another introduction, ''The Rebooting Of Money'' podcast is found at [[Bitcoin Money]]
* A beginner's step-by-step guide to using Bitcoin, use of alternative wallets, and generally keeping your money and computer secure - [http://BitcoinIntro.com BitcoinIntro.com]
* [http://howtobitcoin.info howtobitcoin.info] Directory of bitcoin links for beginners
* Amazon Kindle Book [http://www.amazon.com/Bitcoin-Step-by-ebook/dp/B00A1CUQQU Bitcoin Step by Step] $3.99 (USD).  The author walks you step by step through getting started.

[[zh-cn:简介]]

[[de:Einführung]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Comparatie hardware minat</title>
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      <id>57</id>
      <timestamp>2013-05-19T22:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: Below are some statistics about the mining performance of various hardware used in a [[mining rig]].  '''Notes:''' * Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; ma...</comment>
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      <text bytes="145731" sha1="s2rve5ia94tby1fnoylyaz2vwfv1dc5" xml:space="preserve">Below are some statistics about the mining performance of various hardware used in a [[mining rig]].

'''Notes:'''
* Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; may not be very energy efficient with some models)
* Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule (energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)
* W = watt (maximum power consumption, i.e. energy per unit of time: 1 W = 1 J/s)

== ASIC ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-	
! Product !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! Watts !! Price !! Shipping !! Comm ports
|-
| Avalon ASIC #1
| 66,300&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 107 || 52.34 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,299&lt;ref name="avalon"&gt;[http://shop.avalon-asic.com/catalog/product/view/id/1 "Avalon ASIC"]. Avalon. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #2
| 60,000&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || 97 || 40.02 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,499&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #3&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt;
|  ||  || || || || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitForce SC 5Gh/s
| 5,000&lt;ref name="jap"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-jalapeno "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Jalapeno' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved April 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 18.24 || 30W || 274&lt;ref name="jap" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Little Single
| 30,000&lt;ref name="ls" /&gt; || || 46.22 || || 649&lt;ref name="ls"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/pre-order-form-bitforce-little-single-sc/ "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Little' Single SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Single 'SC'
| 60,000&lt;ref name="sc"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-single "Pre Order Form – BitForce Single 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ??? || 46.18 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 1,299&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Mini Rig 'SC'
| 1,500,000&lt;ref name="rig" /&gt; || ??? || 50.16 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 29,899&lt;ref name="rig"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-mini-rig "Pre Order Form – BitForce Mini Rig 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || Wifi
|-
| BitForce SC 25 Gh/s
| 25,000 || ??? || 24.01 || ??? || 1,249 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 50 Gh/s
| 50,000 || ??? || 20.00 || ???&lt;ref name="watts"&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1b8hvt/bfl_josh_updates_on_asic_status_full_transcript/&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,499&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Blade
| 10,752 || 129 || 1.87&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 83W || 5,749&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Emerald
| 336 || ??? || n/a || ??? || Promo || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Sapphire
| 300 || ??? || 1.31&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || ??? || 229&lt;ref name="bcprice"&gt;Actual price is in bitcoins. USD value estimated.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| KnCMiner Jupiter
| 350,000 || ??? || 50.04 || ??? || 6,995 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnCMiner Saturn
| 175,000 || ??? || 46.11 || ??? || 3,695 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || ???
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

== FPGA ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-	
! Product !! Hash rate&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/J] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s/$] !! Power&lt;br /&gt;[W] !! Price&lt;br /&gt;[$]
|-
! Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T Development Kit
| 100&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 19, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0 "Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.10 ||  || 995&lt;ref&gt;[http://avnetexpress.avnet.com/store/em/EMController?action=products&amp;catalogId=500201&amp;storeId=500201&amp;N=0&amp;langId=-1&amp;slnk=b&amp;term=AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G&amp;hrf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.avnet.com%2Fen-us%2Fdesign%2Fdrc%2FPages%2FXilinx-Spartan-6-FPGA-LX150T-Development-Kit.aspx&amp;intcmp=EMA-BUY-AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G "AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G Parts"]. Avnet Express. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Bitcoin Dominator X5000
| 100&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 14.7 || 0.22 || 6.8&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 440&lt;ref name="bd"&gt;NewMeat1 (August 18, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0 "Custom FPGA Board for Sale!"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! BitForce SHA256 Single
| 832&lt;ref name="single"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/ "BitForce SHA256 Single – Technical Specifications"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 10.4 || 1.38 || 80&lt;ref name="single" /&gt; || 599&lt;ref name="single" /&gt;
|-
! Butterflylabs Mini Rig
| 25,200&lt;ref name="mini"&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20120514032732/http://www.butterflylabs.com/products "Products"]. Butterfly Labs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20.16 || 1.64 || 1,250&lt;ref name="mini" /&gt; || 15,295&lt;ref name="mini2"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sha256-mini-rig/ "Order Form – BitForce SHA256 – Mini Rig"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Digilent Nexys 2 500K
| 5&lt;ref&gt;The Seven (June 3, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg164438#msg164438 "Re: Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner (Smaller Devices Now Supported!)"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.03 ||  || 149&lt;ref name="dig"&gt;[http://www.digilentinc.com/Products/Detail.cfm?Prod=NEXYS2 "Nexys™2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board"]. Digilent. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Icarus
| 380&lt;ref name="ica"&gt;Nzghang (November 9, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51371.0 "FPGA development board 'Icarus' – DisContinued/ important announcement"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 19.79 || 0.66 || 19.2&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt; || 569&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt;
|-
! KnCMiner Mars
| 6,000 || ??? || 2.15 || ??? || 2,795
|-
! Lancelot
|  ||  ||  ||  || 500&lt;ref name="lan"&gt;Nzghang (May 6, 2012). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79835.0 "FPGA development board "Lancelot" - accept bitsteam developer's orders."]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ModMiner Quad 
| 800&lt;ref name="mmq"&gt;[http://www.btcfpga.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=50 "ModMiner Quad"]. BTCFPGA. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20 || 0.75 || 40&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt; || 1,069&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt;
|-
! Terasic DE2-115
| 80&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 4, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5379.msg105544#msg105544 "Re: FPGA mining"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.13 ||  || 595&lt;ref name="de2"&gt;[http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?No=502 "Altera DE2-115 Development and Education Board"]. Terasic. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! X6500 FPGA Miner 
| 400&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 23.25 || 0.72 || 17.2&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 550&lt;ref name="x65"&gt;[http://store.fpgamining.com/ "FPGA Mining Store"]. FPGA Mining. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15b
| 90&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.27 ||  || 325&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=62&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15x
| 215&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.52 ||  || 406&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=66&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15y
| 860&lt;ref name="miner"&gt;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&lt;/ref&gt; || || 0.65 || || 1,304&lt;ref name="1.15y"&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=74&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

==Graphics cards==
=== Popular Mining Cards ===
This information has been included to make choosing a card easier. The cards selected are generally readily available online. Once you have purchased a card or cards, use the tables below to compare different configurations and setups.
=== genBTC's Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
The purpose of this chart is 1) Update used prices 2) To consolidate multiple sources of information into an at-a-glance format. 3) Provide 3 hashrate columns to make it easier to figure out performance before 4) You use this table to make informed decisions about purchasing a card for mining.&lt;br&gt;
Only edit Common MH/s. MH/s #1 and MH/s #2 were outsourced.&lt;br&gt;
I will continue to work on this chart, and it is a work in progress. &lt;br&gt;
Created February 25th 2013, Updated February 27th 2013 &lt;br&gt;
All the cards below are AMD (ATI) Radeon HD 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model	!! MH/s #1 !! MH/s #2 !! Common MH/s !! TDP(W) !! Shaders !! Stock Clock !! Ebay $ !! MSRP $ !! Cheapest $
|----
|5770||212.83||||200||108||800||850 MHz||$178?||$159||$ 50
|----
|5830||302||220||275||175||1120||800 MHz||$105||$239||$ 65
|----
|5850||346.16||270||330||151||1440||725 MHz||$101||$259||$ 90
|----
|5870||393||420||380||188||1600||850 MHz||$165||$379||$125
|----
|5970||704||700||750||294||3200||725 MHz||$248||$599||$269
|----
|6750||167.59||||170||86||720||725 MHz||$ 67||$109||
|----
|6770||196.67||||200||108||800||900 MHz||$ 84||$135||
|----
|6850||213.7||||250||127||960||775 MHz||$104||$179||
|----
|6870||278.31||||300||150||1120||900 MHz||$124||$239||
|----
|6950||369||350||350||200||1408||800 MHz||$171||$299||
|----
|6970||397||400||385||250||1536||880 MHz||$172||$369||
|----
|6990||772||700||750||375||3072||830 MHz||$372||$699||
|----
|7750||123||200||125||55||512||800 MHz||$ 93||$109||Newegg $89
|----
|7770||||250||200||80||640||1000 MHz||$ 98||$159||Newegg $119
|----
|7850||||375||300||130||1024||860 MHz||$177||$249||Newegg $169
|----
|7870||||||400||175||1280||1000 MHz||$227||$349||Newegg $229
|----
|7950||||450||500||200||1792||850 MHz||$307||$449||Newegg $299
|----
|7970||685||600||650||250||2048||925 MHz||$391||$549||Newegg $399
|----
|7990||||||1200||555||4096||925 MHz||$777||$999||Newegg $899
|----
|}
MH/s #1 taken from Joseph Woodrell's chart directly below this one.&lt;br&gt;
MH/s #2 taken from https://bitclockers.com/calc	&lt;br&gt;
TDP, Shaders, Stock Clock comes from http://www.hwcompare.com/ &amp; www.AMD.com to Verify&lt;br&gt;
Ebay Price taken from http://cgi5.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?SellHub3	and questionable prices marked with a ? &lt;br&gt;
Cheapest $ = Used price. Sourced from All over the internet as if I had to buy	 the card today.&lt;br&gt;
Newegg Price means NEW &amp; price was taken from the LOWEST priced card on 2/25/2013 @ 8 PM EST, any rebate disregarded&lt;br&gt;

=== Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
This spreadsheet performs several calculations and displays a visualization graph of a theoretical mining rig over time. It can be used to visualize any "what if" scenarios to better wrap your head around which card is the best choice under different conditions.  Bright Yellow Boxes are editable, and affect the calculations.  Dark Yellow Boxes are editable for notation, but don't affect the calculations.  The Green highlighted card is the best under those conditions, the Blue highlight is second best, the Orange highlight is third best.  Higher MHash/s performance can be obtained for each card through overclocking, but that drives up the wattage draw of the cards, and I did not have that complete dataset so I used the "average" MHash/s values listed here. &lt;br /&gt;
V1.5 - 1 Jan, 2012 - by. Joseph Woodrell 
[http://www.woodrell.com/joe/bitcoin/mining_sheet.zip Card Selection Spreadsheet]
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Single Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon&gt;Price from http://ebay.com/ on 2012-02-10 using an average of completed items, minus the top and bottom 20% to avoid spikes and give a truer average.&lt;/ref&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5770
|$136
|Moderate
|212.83
|1.45
|1.56 
|----
|5830
|$92
|Moderate
|302
|1.68
|3.28
|----
|5850
|$114.96
|Limited
|346.16
|1.92
|3.0
|----
|5870
|$190.16
|Limited
|393
|1.97
|2.066 
|----
|5970
|$421
|Limited
|704
|2.2
|1.67 
|----
|6750
|$116
|Easy
|167.59
|
|1.44 
|----
|6770
|$115
|Easy
|196.67
|
|1.71 
|----
|6850
|$160
|Easy
|213.7
|1.35
|1.34 
|----
|6870
|$190
|Easy
|278.31
|1.73
|1.46 
|----
|6930
|$180
|Limited
|350
|
|1.94
|----
|6950
|$230
|Easy
|369
|1.94
|1.6 
|----
|6970
|$271.89
|Easy
|397
|1.89
|1.46 
|----
|6990
|$622.99
|Limited
|772
|1.93
|1.23 
|----
|7750
|$110
|Easy
|123
|2.46
|1.12 
|----
|7970
|$420
|Easy
|685
|
|1.22 
|----
|}

==== Multi-Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon/&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5830x2
|$360
|Moderate
|525
|
|1.46 
|----
|5850x4
|$644
|Limited
|1360
|1.94
|2.11 
|----
|5850x6
|$996
|Limited
|2130
|
| 
|----
|5870x2
|$700
|Limited
|787.5
|0.84
|1.13 
|----
|6770x2
|$274
|Easy
|464
|
|1.69 
|----
|6950x4
|$1,000
|Easy
|1316
|1.51
|1.32 
|----
|6970x2
|$700
|Easy
|769
|1.6
|1.10 
|----
|6990x2
|$1,540
|Limited
|1568
|1.7
|1.02 
|----
|6990x3
|$2,310
|Limited
|2094
|1.8
|0.91 
|----
|7970x3
|$1680
|Easy
|2050
|2.41
|1.16 
|----
|7970x2
|$868
|Easy
|1060
|
| 
|----
|}

===AMD (ATI)===
Stream SDK 2.5 seems to have resolved many of the problems with earlier versions.  Everyone's setups will be unique so this should only be a guide or starting point, not an absolute. 



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt; !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! SDK !! Slot !! Miner !! Notes 
|-
| 3410 || 0.89 || 0.074 || ? || 12(?) || 222 || 40 || 1.4 beta || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || A custom Brook+ miner || Using 16,384 length streams
|-
| 3XXX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported
|-
| 42XX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported (integrated/mobile GPU)
|-
| 4350 || 6.93 || 0.346 ||0.16 || 20 || 575 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4350 || 7.2 || || || || 600 || || 1.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer/Linux || default settings
|-
| 4350 || 8.14 || -|| 0.19 || - || 730 || 80 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 32. Model: Asus EAH4350 Silent. Memory at 400MHz. Runs at 60°C with ambient at 25°C.
|-
| 4350 || 10.7 || -|| - || - || 730 || - || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || CGMiner/Windows7 || -v -w 64 Voltage set at 0.900 core set at 800MHZ and memory set to 200MHZ
|-
| 4550 || 7.23 || 0.289 ||0.13 || 25 || 600 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4550 || 7.8 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer /phoenix || worksize=64 VECTORS 
|-
| 4570M || 8.02 || 0.297 || ? || 27 || 680 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW
|-
| 4570M || 9.6 || 0.300|| ? || 32 || 825(OC) || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW. OC core 680-&gt;825. U/C memory 800-&gt;500.
|-
| 4650 || 31.33 || 0.653||  0.44 || 48 || 650 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 36.14 || 0.613|| 0.34 || 59 || 750 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 40.11 || 0.679|| 0.38 || 59 || 800 || 320 || - || AGP x8 || poclbm/Ubuntu 10.10 w/ H == 0 mod || -w 32 -f 0, don't use vectors [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.msg85236#msg85236 source]
|-
| 4670 || 50 || - || 0.47 || 60 || 800 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || 2 miners set up i7 920 (130W), CPU: Ufasoft, GPU: OpenCL; the CPU is getting about 40 Mhash/s while the GPU goes from 10-20 Mhash/s
|-
| 4730 || 72.29 || 0.657|| ? || 110 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4770 || 72.29 || 0.904|| 0.72 || 80 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 55.42 || 0.583|| || 95 || 575 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 61.7 || - || || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 64.9 || - || - || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 66.12 || 0.503|| || 105 || 700 || 1005 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - ||
|-
| 4850 || 75.30 || 0.685 || || 110 || 625 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4850 || 84.3 || 0.766 ||  || 110 || 725 || 300 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || -w64 fan at 70% temp 73C, stock voltage -gui miner
|-
| 4850 || 87.4 || 0.79 || - || 110 || 785 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || Phoenix; -k poclbm
|-
| 4850 || 90.1 || 0.819 || || 110 || 800 || 500 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 30; Tried phoenix and phatk, got same max
|-
| 4850 || 101 || 0.918 || || 110 || 817 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 0, core 817mhz(default 625)@1.123v , mem downclock to 500mhz (default 993) [http://www.smpake.com/?p=6 source]
|-
| 4850x2 || 150.60 || 0.602 || || 250 || 625 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4860 || 67.47 || 0.519||  || 130 || 700 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 78 || 0.520||  || 150 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Vista 64bit || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source]
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 88 || ||  || 140 || std || 800 || 12.3.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / 64bit OS X pyopencl / poclbm || Standard Mac Pro 3,1 with Apple HD4870 upgrade. Flags: FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5 (don't use vectors, and hash rate drops to 60-70 if browser windows are visible, speeds up to 88 if you hide them!
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 90.36 || 0.602||  || 150 || 750 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 92.84 || 0.6189333(?)||  || 150(?) || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm AGGRESSION=5 (Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU OC 750-&gt;830MHz, VRAM UC 900-&gt;450MHz, BIOS modded)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 96 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / phoenix 1.50 / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -k phatk bfi_int=false FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 104 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / DiabloMiner / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.2 || ?||  || ? || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 200 MHz By MSI AfterBurner. Card: Gainward Golden Sample. @70%Fan we have 55 GPU temp.
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.6 || 0.872||  || 120 || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 256 -f 1, Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 190 MHz (saves 30 watts at outlet)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 112 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BAMT 0.5c / cgminer || Powercolor @ GPU 875 MHz/ MEM 300 Mhz/ 1,25VDC @ 100% FAN @ 65 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.6||   0.632|| || 286 || 800 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.72||    0.632|| || 286 || 750 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4870x2 || 203 || || ||  || 850(OC) || 1600 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod ver. 20 april 2011|| Gainward / Win7 x64 / -w 256 -f 1 / 850MHz GPU - 300MHz Mem - 1,262V - 100% fun : 72C
|-
| 4890 || 97.1 || 0.511|| || 190 || 870(OC) || 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-01-21 Solo settings || Sapphire fab. No flags options helped. Close all browsers and do full restart of GUIMiner and then Bitcoin via GUIMiner server starter or the browsers GPU accl. will limit to 56~ ish Mhash/s - I can now start browser without slowdowns
|-
| 4890 || 102.41 || 0.539|| || 190 || 850 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 108.3 || 0.57|| || 190 || 975 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 121.5 || -||  || 190 || 1025 (OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || no flags, Vcore 1.4 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 11.99||   0.631|| || 19 || 650 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 13.74|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linuxcoin v0.2 || -v -w128 tried several options, seems to work best.
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 14.12|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/Linuxcoin v0.2 || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64" Kernel: "phatk"
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 15.36|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_ING WORKSIZE=128" Kernel: "phatk" - MagicSata
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 18.10|| || - || - || 774 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 1 774.66MHz/300.37MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5470 || 17.10|| || - || - || - || - || - || - || poclbm || -v -w 128 MobileGPU
|-
| 5550 || 40.59 || 1.041||  || 39 || 550 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5550 || 62.10 || - || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || 700MHz core 800MHz ram, phatk mod, Flags: "-k phatk worksize=128 vectors aggression=4 bfi_int"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 59.96 || 1.538|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 62 || 1.59|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 64 || 1.641|| || 39 || 650 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 73 || 1.872|| || 39 || 700 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 86.3 || 2.397|| || 36 || 775 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 (no Aero) ||-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v  WORKSIZE=256 Fan 100% 86C Undervolted @ 0.96v using Sapphire Trixx
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 94 || stock || || || 880 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUI Miner 02-12/Windows 7 x86 || -v -w128 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 102 || 1.46(+)|| || 75(-) || 950 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Windows 7 x86 (no Aero) || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 (Reference Sapphire card, 2 additional 120mm coolers, temperature is 79-82C)
|-
| 5650 || 48 || 1.37|| || 35(?) || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/ATI-Mobility-Radeon-HD-5650.23697.0.html source] -- not TDP but load
|-
| 5650 || 61.2 || || || 35 || || || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=9
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 71.49 || 1.117|| || 64 || 775 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 72 || 1.64|| || 44 || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod (Win7-64) || Sapphire 100287VGAL card is low power
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 85|| || - || - || 900 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 91|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 poclbm catalyst 11.2 win7 x86 || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 100|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 1.5.6 || GPU/Mem 890/800 temp 72C
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 103 || -|| || - || 900/275 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 11.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / small fan, under 50 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 127.8|| || - || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Windows 7 (64bit) Phoenix 2.0 || Aggression=11 Worksize=128 Fastloop=False Opencl
|-
| 5750 || 105 || - || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || poclbm || Apple iMac 27inch (Mid 2010), Mac OSX 10.7 Lion 
|-
| 5750 || 116.24 || 1.352|| || 86 || 700 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5750 || 137 || ||- || - || 710 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 using stock memory and GPU clocks
|-
| 5750 || 146.4 || || - || - || 775 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || -v -w128, AMD Catalyst overclock (775MHz GPU / 1225 MHz Memory)
|-
| 5750 || 154.56 || 1.45|| || 106 || 830 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || -v -w128 -f20 underclocked memory clocks from 1150MHz to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 170 || - || || - || 870 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 patched BIOS to underclock memory to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 173 || - || ||- || 875 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || phoenix || 875/300 w/MSI Afterburner, BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE -k phatk
|-
| 5750 || 177 || - || ||- || 910/575 || 720 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.5.6 || PowerColor GoGreen+fan, MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE WORKSIZE=64
|-
| 5750 || 190 || - || ||- || 930/290 || - || atistream sdk || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || 930gpu / 290mem (O.S. Ubuntu 10.10 x64, overclock gpu &amp; underclock mem) with poclbm options -v -f 0 -w 256
|-
| 5750 Vapor-X || 195 || - || - || 125 || 975/300 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || (O.S. Ubuntu 12.01 AMD64 dedicated) cgminer options -Q 0 -I 9 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 65 --gpu-vddc 1.075 (Fan speed 60~65%)
|-
| 5750x2 CF || 356 || - || ||- || 870 || 720x2 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=28402.0 cgminer v1.5.1] (Win7 64bit) || 870MHz GPU / -I 8 / 2x [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3402#sp GIGABYTE GV-R575SL-1GI] cards + [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3258#sp GIGABYTE GA-790FXTA-UD5] MB + 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=9&amp;lng=en 80mm], 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=16&amp;lng=en 90mm] Noctua coolers
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 156.83 || 1.452|| || 108 || 850 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 171.12 || - || - || - || - || stock || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.3/debian gnu/linux 6 squeeze || -k phatk2 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 180 || 1.406(*)|| || 128(*) || 950(OC) || 800 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here])
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 Hawk || 182 || ||- || - || 875 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || -v -w 128 (875MHz is stock for 5770 Hawk)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 185 || - || ||- || 850 || 1200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 205.58 || - || ||- || 935 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.5 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || mem underclocked 300 mhz, 1.1vcore, 950mhz core, @69°C/57%FAN VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.7 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / win7x86 || mem underclocked 309 mhz, -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 216.5 || -|| || - || 955 || || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 /phatk || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 218.35 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1401 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 128 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1Ghz core with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 223 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 227 || -|| || - || 1030 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 256 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1030 core/300 mem with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 233 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 236 || -|| || - || 1033/275 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / big fans, under 75 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 240.61 || 2.3632(-)|| || 100(+) || 1080 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC'd and OV'd 1080/300 1.25v)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 241 || - || - || 100(+) || 1045 || 250 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC 1020/300) XFX@1.1 volts. +Kernel function improve 5%
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 244 || -|| || - || 1050 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 /phatk2 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=9, Temp 75C, FAN 100% (manual)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770x2 || 425 || - || - || 225(+) || 960 || 800x2 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w128 (OC 960/1200)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830M || 120 || -|| || - || 570|| 120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Win7 x64|| -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 244 || 1.36|| || 179 || 800 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 245 || 1.28|| || 192 || 880 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 248 || 1.29|| || 192 || 880 || 500 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.46 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 256 || -|| || - || 900 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 267 || -|| || - || 875 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 272 || 1.52|| || 179 || 875 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / LinuxCoin || 275Mhz Memory clock, 1.125 V (from 1.163), VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 275 || 1.5714|| || 175 || 900 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w64 -f10, XFX stock w/ v2.4 SDK = 230Mh/s, v2.1 SDK = +10Mh/s, overclocking core clock by 100 = +30Mh/s, underclocking memory to 500 (ran cooler), and changing workload to -w64 = +5Mh/s.
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 285 || - ||1.58 || - || 960 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 930 || - || 2.2 || PCI-E x16/x4/x1 || GUIMiner / phoenix  1.5 / POCLBM / Win 7 64 || POCLBM VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false / Memory 300Mhz, VCore standard
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 295 || -|| || - || 980 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win XP 32 || Extra flags -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 297 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 44% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 960|| 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win 7 64 || Extra flags -v -w 256 (Sapphire Extreme 71 degrees @ 52% fan)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / pheonix 1.48 / Win7 64 || (sapphire xtreme) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 305 || -|| || - || 984 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / phatk / Win7 32 || 400Mhz Memory clock, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || -|| || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || 2.25 || 2.55 || 125 || 965 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.0.5 / Win7 64 || Mem @ 300/Stock voltage/Entire system 200W
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / poclbm / Xubuntu 11.04 x64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 black || 310 || ||- || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || LinuxCoin 0.2b, phoenix/phatk || (XFX Brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 311 || -|| || - || 1000 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 315 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.1 / phatk2 / CrunchBang Linux || memory @ 300mhz VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 316 || ||- || - || 1015 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 319 || -|| 1.77 || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Xp 64 || 1.2v 355Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 321 || -||  || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Linux || 1000Mhz GPU, 350Mhz RAM, 1.15V, 90% fan, ~60c Temp, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; phatk kernel found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 323 || || ||  || 900 (OC) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.5 Win7x64 || (500Mhz RAM), ~61c Temp, 57% fan, BFI_INT  FASTLOOP=false VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 (127$) || 325 || 1.98 || 2.57Mh/$ || 165W || 1040MHz || 200MHz || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Guiminer/phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] w7 64bit  || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS2 WORKSIZE=128 stock volt, watercooled 53C
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 328 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix / phatk || 1.195 V, RAM @ 325 Mhz, fan @90%, no case, extra 10K RPM fan (62 deg.C in full-load); options: -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; brand: Sapphire Xtreme; bord is stable up to 1060 Mhz ~ 335 MHash, but produces some visual artefacts;
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 331 || - || 4.14 || - || 1010 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || WinXP 32 / Phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 || Stock Voltage, RAM 300, 64C, Fan 67%, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false (+6Mh w/ Phoenix 1.7.5 over 1.6.2)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 333 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix-1.50 / phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] || + ~5 Mhash increase using the modified phatk from the user above. I am the same guy with 330 @ 1040 MHz Sapphire Xtreme, all other settings the same, board stable, no increase in rejected
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1040 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 208Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk 2.0 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT  -- (upped from 330 achieved with diapolo mod [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]), now using phatk 2.0 found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7964.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 342 || - || - || - || 1045 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk 2.2 / WinSvr 2008 R2 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS VECTORS4 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 BFI_INT -k phatk-2.2
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 CF || 480 || -|| || - || 800 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit |Guiminer || -v -f70 -w128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 570 || -|| || - || 950 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit poclbm || poclbm -v -w256 -f10 MEMORYCLOCK 300MHZ GPUCLOCK 950MHZ FAN 52% 72°C 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 608 || -|| || - || 990 || - || - || 2x PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 2.0/ phatk2 / Win7 32bit || Stock voltage, 300Mhz Memory, VECTORS GOFFSET AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FAN 51% 69°C (Open ATX case) 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x6 || 1967 || 1.62 || 1.97 || - || 1020/340 || 1120x6 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.7.5/phatk2/BAMT Linux || 100% fan @65C / 1.162V / CCC 11.6 / BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 240.77 || 1.595|| 1.49 || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 250.26 || 1.657|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || opencl client || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 252 || 1.575|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 255.3 || 1.593|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 264 || 1.748|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || guiminer-20110501 || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || 1.75|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || with BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || - || ||- || 725 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 / Fedora 14 || -v -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=true
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 282.75 ||style="background:#EFEFFF;"| 3.06|| - || 92.25|| 666 (UC) || 1440|| 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/WinXP || undervolted to 0.95V; phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; driver 10.12; [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9982.0 clocktweak] for setting values; [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40056 thread]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 292 || 1.825|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 298 || 1.8620|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 -w 64 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 300 || 1.5460|| || 194 || 925(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 304 || - || || - || 725 (stock) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer.exe -v 2 -I 8 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 275 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 314 || 1.8362|| || 171 || 820(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 328 || - || || - || 875 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || 70C @42% fan, mem @ 500mhz; -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 330 || - || ||- || 850 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || EAH5850, miner arguments: -k poclbm DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 331 || - || ||- || 725 (Stock) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits||  Sapphire 5850 Xtreme, Arguments: -v 2 -w 192 (by Swapper 2011-07-05)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 335 || 1.8611|| || 180 || 890(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128, Memory downclocked to 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 344 || 1.8594|| || 185 || 890(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 347 || -|| || - || 876 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 50% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 354 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || diablo -v 2 -w 128 || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=9239.0 Headless], catalyst 11.5, memory downclocked to 300mhz, stock voltage. flashed with atiflash [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9AxNmOy6_0 video]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit, Memory downclocked to 200MHz, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 60% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 356 || -|| || - || 870 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 359 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 365 || -|| || - || 920 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 367.5 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || diablo with bitless's hack, -v 2 -w 128 || RHEL 5U5 x86_64, catalyst 11.5, Sapphire HD 5850 Xtreme, Memory downclocked to 300MHz, core voltage 1.145V, BIOS modded with RBE
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 369.4 || -|| || - || 930 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix / phatk / Win7 32 || Catalyst 11.5, XFX HD5850, Memory downclocked to 322MHz, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 372 || 1.68 || - || 220 @ Wall || 900 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || cgminer 2.3.1 from source / Ubuntu 11.11 x86_64 || -I 8 -v 2 -w 256 --- hex-core opteron cpu w/ 12GB RAM and cgminer CPU bug in linux makes power usage a little high ~210w in windows 7 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 375 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 10.04 || 300Mhz memory clock  VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 381 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || phoenix / phatk / Win7 x64 / Catalyst 11.6 || MSI Afterburner 500MHz memory clock,-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 382 || 1.8454|| || 207 || 995(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix || OC 1.177v on core
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || - || - || 180 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.2 || ASUS DirectCU @ GPU 960 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.2 @ 70% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2,1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenix 1.5 / phatk / Win7 64 || Mem @ 280, fan @ 100%, Temp @ 71, 1.163 V core, -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, The name is Mautobu
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 392 || -||2.43 || - || 990 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-svn (AUR) / phatk / Arch Linux || Memory: 180MHz, -v -q 1 -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 397 || -|| || - || 950 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64, catalyst 11.6 || Mem speed 350Mhz, Fan 85%, 70C, 1.083 Vcore, -k phatk  VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 400 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 x64 || Memory 600MHz, Vcore 1.225, 73C, -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 404 || -|| || - || 965 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenixsvn / phatk2 / Ubuntu 11.04 / catalyst 11.8 || 5870 bios flash, Mem @322, fan@55%, Temp@83oC, 1.163Vcore, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 408 || -|| - || - || 999/275 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || Fan 70%, temp &lt; 60 deg C, Sapphire 5 heatpipe card, same flags as above/below (edit1- oops, no voltage tweaks... edit2- wow, phatk-mod makes a difference... catfish)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 412 || -|| || - || 1010 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.5 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 414.8 || -|| || - || 1018 || 450 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || GUIMiner / Win7 64 11.7 || I use Sapphire HD5850 Toxic 2GB and for OC TRIXX Sapphire Tweak Utility v4.0.2. 72 deg C, fan 100%, core 1018mhz, mem 450Mhz, stock voltage (1.163). proof: http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/2367/414upload.png GUIMiner parameters: -v -w256 -f1  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 420 || -|| || - || 1055 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.6 || Fan 80%, 66C, 1.250 Vcore, -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 And proof: http://i.imgur.com/s9hqs.png
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 431 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 4x&gt;16x || phoenix-svn / phatk kernel / Debian Wheezy AMD64 + fglrx 11.6 || fan 100%, vcore 1.1750 V, 72C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=15 FASTLOOP=false -k phatk, proof: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/199/431u.png/
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 432.15 || -|| || - || 1040 || 500 || 2.5.793.1 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 kernel / Win7 x64 SP1 || fan 100%, vcore 1.212 V, 69C, VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=64 -k phatk2, proof: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18704286/mining%205850.png/ ... Card is REF HIS 5850 ... i mining at this speed for stable but... max unstable (if i play video/flashvideo it will crash) is 436.48Mhash/sec with core 1051 mem 500 vcore 1.237 (same other settings) it's too hot in VRM that not sound good to me... i don't want to kill it for my fun mining ... - Nito Niwatori 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 620 || - || || - || 800 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer ( cl miner )  v2012-02-19 Win7 x64 || MSI OC-Edition, -v -w 128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 702 || - || - || - || 905 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 (x2) || phoenix 2.0.0 / Win 7 x32 || ASUS DirectCU: 304Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, Voltage Tweak, AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/9u6f2jz3sz1poxb/5850.jpg)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 720 || -|| || - || 875 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x3 || 1,010 || -|| || - || 850 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 (x3) || GUIMiner || -v -w128 | MSI Afterburner settings: 850MHz core clock and 500MHz memory clock 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x4 || 1360 || 1.94|| || 700@wall || 900 ||  ||  ||  || poclbm|| 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x6 || 2,135 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 (6 total, 4 full length, 2 @ PCIE1x with risers || GUIMiner 24/8/2011 - poclbm || -v -f1 -w128 | Win 7 64Bit, Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 motherboard, 4gb ram, AM3 cpu, Kingston SSD, Catalyst 11.8 drivers, guiminer switches: -v -f1 -w128, MSI Afterburner settings: 900MHz core clock and 1000MHz memory clock, cable risers required to fit all 6 cards, fans 100% Proof: http://i.imgur.com/6s7zv.jpg 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 152.5 || -|| || - || 750(OC) || 1000 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || gui-miner (win-7) ||
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 189.2 || -|| || - || 850(OC) || 1000 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Wins 7 64/gui-miner (win-7) ||  -v -w128 -f0 Graphics Overdrive setting 700-&gt;850 core clock &amp; 900-&gt;1030memory clock . +35mhs over stock settings
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313 || 1.665|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313.65 || 1.668||1.65 || 188 || 850 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 340 || 1.809|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 343 || 1.824|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 355 || 1.888|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 360 || 1.6822|| || 214 || 970 || 700 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL w7-64 || -f 0 -v -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=6144.msg91959#msg91959 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 379 || 2.015|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 397 || -|| || - || 930 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 400 || 1.9047|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Phoenix 1.3 || -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 FASTLOOP BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 408 || 1.8888|| || 216 || 980 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Win7x64 || -f 20 -v -w 128, BIT_ALIGN, BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 414 || 1.9255|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/w7x64 || -k poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 VECTORS BITALIGN BFI_INT -- Memory Clock 300
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 420 || 2.0000|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421 || 1.9581|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.47 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421.5 || 2.007|| || 201 || 950 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2 (GPU OC to 900, memory downclocked to 900)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 430 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 432 || || || || 985 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.73/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 Memory Clock=900Mhz Asus 76C Fan=60% 65F ambient
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 435 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || LinuxCoin v0.2b phoenix/phatk || (Powercolor brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 437 || || 1.90|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk || Card is clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 438 || 1.9819|| || 221 || 1000(OC) || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Linux || -v -w 64 -f 1
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 440 || 2.0000|| || 220 || 995 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 445 || 2.28||2.34 || 195 || 1005 || 335 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Ubuntu 11.04 phoenix/phatk || (Asus brand, volts = 1'072) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false -a 7 (-a 10)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 453 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 catalyst 11.6 phatk 2.2 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOPS=false -- Memory Clock 350Mhz Vcore 1.163v
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 458 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Windows 7 64 || -v -w 256 -f 1 Crossfired, Water cooled, 916 Mhash/s total. Best dual gpu setup me thinks? The name is Mautobu.
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1020 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 -k phatk -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 461 || || || || 1000 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, Memory Clock=213, stock voltage
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 481 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1x || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=20 [MSI HD 5870 Ref Design vs Zalman VF3000A 1200mv Mem 600MHz]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (CF) || 864 || -|| || - || 900 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=7 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 (Same flags per GPU)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 620 || -|| || - || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 0.751|| || 1100 || 950 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 1.18|| || 700 || 935 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 w/ Phatk || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false, memory @ 319 MHz, Windows 7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 878 || 0.585|| || 1500 || 1000 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x4 || 1784 || || 1.29|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk + [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0 Version 2.2 Improvement] || Cards are clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x6 || 2568 || -|| || 1200 || 970 || -|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit  || -v -w128, voltage default, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 80-90% (+ 4x12cm fun 1900rpm), Temp 6x 70-75C. Whole computer comsumpts 1280Watt. Using PCI-E risers 16x-16x to use 6 GPU cards
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 530 || 1.803||0.53 ? || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.4.595.10 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/201103.beta3/Windows || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 535.06 || 1.820|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 560 || 1.905|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 565 || 1.922|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine2 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 604 || 2.054|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 645 || 1.875|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || -f1, Debian 6, fglrx-driver 10.9.3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 739 || || || || 795 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || -I 9 -k phatk -w 256 -v 2, memory clock @ 265MHz, Debian Squeeze, fglrx-driver 12.1.1, performance scales linearly with engine clock as long as memory clock is 1/3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 740 || 2.1511|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix/1.3 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 755 || 2.2076|| || 342 || 848 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 28-04-11 || -f 1 -w 256 -v, Ubuntu 10.10, fglrx 11.4, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 802 || 2.31|| || 347 || 850 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix poclbm Ubuntu 11.04 || -q 6 -k AGGRESSION=19 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, fglrx 11.4, mem clock @ 1000MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 820 || ??? || || ??? || 910 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS -k phatk, 11.5, Mem @ 300MHz, 1.110v, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 822.2 || -|| || - || 950 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix win7 || -k phatk -q 6 AGGRESSION=20 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, but with this increasing difficulty mining becomes pretty pointless
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 833 || -|| || - || 930 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5, win7 x64, catalyst 11.7 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS fastloops=false. memory@300mhz, 1.125v, fan 100%, 73C core temp, 95c voltage controllers. it will clock higher but not stable without a voltage increase and i fear for the VRMs
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 863.4 || -|| || - || 955 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo - Debian || -v 2 -w 256 (XFX Radeon HD 5970 Black Edition)
|-
| 6310M || 9.821 || 0.545|| || 18 || 500 || 80 || 2.4 || Integrated/APU || poclbm-gui -v -w128 || HP DM1z 18W TDP is shared with the CPU
|-
| 6450 || 27.0 || 1.5 || - || 18 || 625 || 160 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire HD6450 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| 6450 || 32.6 || 1.918 || - || 17 || 725 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/Phoenix1.75 Windows 7 x64 (no Aero)|| -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Dell OEM HD6450 1gb ddr3 passive cooling/no fan 81C
|-
| 6450 || 37.8 || ? || - || 17 || 850 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Sapphire HD6450 1GB DDR3 passive cooling/no fan 150MHz memory/1000mV VCore
|-
| 6470M || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || guiminer || 
|-
| 6470M || 31.0 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.48 || 
|-
| 6480G || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.75 || 
|-
| 6490M || 15.21 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 VRAM: 256MB
|-
| 6490M || 16.289 || 0.708|| || 23 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm-mod (Mac OS X 10.6.7) || MacBook Pro early 2011
|-
| 6490M || 17.18 || - || ||- || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoneix 1.50 with poclbm, Mac OS X 10.6.7 || MacBook Pro 2,8 VRAM: 256MB. phoenix -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP
|-
| 6490M || 32.1 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || guiminer 2011-07-01 with poclbm (Win7-x64) ||MacBookPro8,2 (WinX64) -v -w128 -f0
|-
| style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6520G || 33.8 || - || || - || 400 || 320 || - || Integrated/APU || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 on Toshiba L775D-S7222
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6530D || 40.5 || - || || - || 444 || 320 || 2.4 || FM-1 || cgminer 2.4.1  || Integrated/APU A6-3500; Linux; Catalyst 11.11; APP-SDK-v2.4 (595.10)
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D(A8 Onboard) || 66.2 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D || 67.6 || -|| || - || 600 || 400 || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f2
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 68.0 || 1.133|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || no extra option for miner . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 82.1 || 1.368|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || -v -w128 . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 86.0 || 1.95 || - || 44 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire Ultimate HD6570 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 112.0 || - || || - || 860 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f1 . Sapphire 6570 Low Profile gddr3 1024mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 114.0 || - || || - || 866 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -f 0 -w128 -a 3 . XFX 6570 Full Profile gddr3 1024mb 64 bit
|-
|  6630M || 48.80 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-06-18 / Mac OS X 10.7 || Mac Mini 2011 MC816D/A
|-
|  6630M || 63.00 || -|| || - || 600 || 480 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner Windows || Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E320 (card overclocked using Sapphire TRIXX)
|-
|  6670 || 102.20 || -|| || - || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Debian sid || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|  6670 || 104.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 820 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -a4 -f15 -d0 -w64
|-
|  6670 || 110.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -f 0 -w 128 -q 6
|-
|  6670 || 111.77 || 1.69 || - || 66 || 910 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.5 || -k phatk2 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=5 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6670 || 120.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || kernel: diablo i:10 core: 900 mem: 750
|-
|  6670 || 124.0 || - || - || 66 || 940 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=128 Sapphire HD6670 Ultimate 1GB DDR5 passive cooling/no fan 300MHz memory/1100mV VCore
|-
|  6750 || 142 || -|| || 150 || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, Gigabyte SL (passive cooler), watts is TDP, card runs very hot (&gt;90°C)
|-
|  6750 || 167.59 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6750 || 172.00 || -|| || - || 860 || 600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) MSI Afterburner 2.2.3 || -v -w128 f-20 Sapphire 6570 GDDR3 1024Mb CCC ver. 11.12 OCL 2.5
|-
|  6750M || 41.48 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || diablominer ||
|-
|  6750M || 60 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || diablominer OSX 10.7 WorkSize=128||
|-
|  6770 || 180 || -|| || - || 850 || 1200 || - || - || guiminer || -v -w128 , this was an XFX (OEM) model, GPU @ 850 MHz, mem @ 1200 MHz; I pushed it up to 190 Mhash/s briefly by overclocking, but it crashed the system above that
|-
|  6770 || 202 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x1,x4,x8,x16 || phoenix 1.48 || Sapphire 6770 (standard) -q2 -k poclbm DEVICE=0 AGGRESSION=10 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP (The PCI-E speed does not affect the mining speed)
|-
|  6770 || 217 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E x16 || Guiminer with phoenix || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 with https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 modification
|-
|  6770 || 221 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || MSI 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770 || 235 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770x2 || 470 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6790 || 220 || 1.467|| || 150 || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS OC'd to 1ghz, underclocked mem to 300, voltage at 1175
|-
|  6790 || 219 || 1.467|| || 150 || 960 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f0 -w128 / GPU OC to 960MHz under Windows7 64bit
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 171.59 || 1.351||1.07 || 127 || 775 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 196 || -|| || - || 850 || 960 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 0
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 220 || 1.236(*)|| || 178(*) || 1000(OC) || 960 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] )
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 234.8 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 236.0 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, Core @ 900MHz, Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 244.2 || ||- || - || 960 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm june-2011 || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 245.1 || ||- || 200 || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer (Phoenix) || Sapphire 6850 (Memory @1000MHz); Win7 64bit; flags: -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 250 || 1.612(*) ||- || 155(*) || 940 (OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || AOCLBF 1.74 (Phoenix 1.5**) @Win7/x64 || XFX 6850 (Memory @840MHz; Vdcc @1.148V; Fan @74%; Temp @70C; System  @39C); flags: -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] / **: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 Tainted Kernel])
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 256.2 || || - || 170 || 980 || 960 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5 / Win7 32bit || -k phatk -VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9, Sapphire VaporX 1GB, mem@250MHz, stock VDDC 1.150V 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 262.5 || || - || - || 965 || 525 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 (HIS 6850 flashed to HIS 6870 BIOS)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 267.2 || ||1.67 || - || 1010(OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.50 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 301.4 || ||1.67 || - ||  ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 2 -w 128 clock @ 985 mem @ 890
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 232.47 || 1.540||1.22 || 151 || 900 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 245|| -|| || - || 900|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.45 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=10
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 264.5 || - || - || - || 980 || 1050 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Stays around 66*C if I keep the side panel off and the room well ventilated. Card is PowerColor branded. Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 with Classic theme. Fan is at 100%. -v -w128 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 271 || 1.807|| || 150 || 940 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || Debian 6.0.1 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 277.47 || -|| || - || 940 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 279 || 1.847(?)|| || 151(?) || 900 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha cat 11.4 sdk 2.4 || -G2 -D stock clocks, debian linux 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 281.7 || 1.172 (stock)|| || - || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer-v2011-06-09 || xfx6870, flags: -v 19 -w 128, win7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 293.13 ||  || ||- || 945 || 1050|| 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Phatk || xfx6870, Catalyst 11.6, 1.5 Phoenix flags: -k phatk FASTLOOP=false DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25860.0 Kernel Patch; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6458.0 Cmd; http://developer.amd.com/tools/gDEBugger/Pages/default.aspx No Crossfire Required; runs faster without crossfire 1% + additional 3% from update
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk || xfx6870, 340MHz memory clock, Catalyst 11.6, flags: BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 985 || 1100|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Diablo || Powercolor branded card, Win 8 x64, -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 295 || 2.02||1.64 || 146 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill latest as of 7/6/11 (ubuntu 11.4) || hashkill-gpu -p bitcoin user:pass:server -D, mem clock 850, voltage @ 1.175, Fan @ 70%, Temp @ 71C.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 297|| -|| || - || 1000|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.62 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || Vectors HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.6.2 phatk2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1038 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat 11.4 || -v -w128 -f1 mem clock 360, fan 100% temp 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300.06 || 1.830|| || 164 || 1020 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 cat 11.4 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 fastloop mem clock 344
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 302 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, -w 256 -I 9, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 307 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1001/\1001 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat11.8 || -v -w128 -f5,85°C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 ||  || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS AMD64) || intensity=13, vectors=2, worksize=128, kernel=diablo, gpu-engine=1000, gpu-memclock=900
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1035 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || -|| || - || 975 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk linuxcoin || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 340MHz, core clock @ 970MHz, flashed bios, 72 degrees w/ fan @ 68%, GIGABYTE SOC
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 312 || -|| || - || 975 || 300|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Windows 7 x64 SP1 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300, Fan @ 45%, Temp @ 62C,  MSI 6870 HAWK.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 314 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 316 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.25, Fan @ 40%, Temp @ 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 320 || - || - || 160 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.1 || Saphire @ GPU 1030 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.25 @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 321|| -|| || - || 1050|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 ||aoclbf 1.7 phoenix 1.50 11.6|| Vectors HD5xxx+ phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256,  Memory=325MHz, Volts=1.3V, Fan~55%, Temps~70C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 322 || 1.882|| || 170 || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 400MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 329 || -|| || - || 1075 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 332 || -||1.74 || - || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-14 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.3, Fan @ 60%, Temp @ 74C, flash and browser hardware acceleration disabled, aero enabled.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 339.25 || - || - || - || 1090 || 1120 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.3 cat 12.1 || Mem @ 350Mhz Clock @ 1090 Voltage 1.337 fan @ 100 Temp @ 75 diapolo's modified phatk kernel -k phatk_dia platform=0 device=0 VECTORS2 AGGRESSION=11 worksize=64 FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 375 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate 32-bit / Guiminer v2011-07-01 / phoenix 1.5 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 1000 MHz / MEM @ 200 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.187 V / FAN @ 40% / Temp @ 72 C / Flags: -k phatk2 platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=6 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false / Using 2 miners with equal settings on 1 GPU
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x2 || 600 || - || - || - || 945 || 330 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit / Phoenix 2 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 945 MHz / MEM @ 330 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.175  / Config: phatk2 VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false GOFFSET=True
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1150|| -|| 1.2 || - || 900|| 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7 (Win7-64bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0-3 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1180 || -|| - || 145 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU default 950 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer).
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1200 || -|| - || 150 || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU overclocked from 950 to 970 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer). Unstable with GPU@975 MHz.
|-
|  6930 || 320|| -|| - || - || 960 || 1200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/phatk || stock voltage, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64. 70C, FAN 80% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 370|| -|| - || - || 980 || 855 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer-2.4.1 || stock voltage (1,160), -I9. 71C, FAN 85% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 372 || -||1.89(?) || - || 1000 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/poclbm || max stable @ 1200 mV, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64
|-
| style="background:#00FFFF;"|6930x2|| 700 ||- || - ||400~|| 940 || 2560 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer || max stable @ 1100mV mem 300, Fan 80-90%, temp 70-75, -v -w64 -f10
|-
|  6950 || 272 || -||0.90 || - || 900 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1150 mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 291 || -|| || - || 920 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1200mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || -|| || - || 930 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1275mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || 1.844(?)|| || 160(?) || 810 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 300 || -|| || - || 940 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1300mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 314 || -|| || - || 800 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-01-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250 Stock Sapphire 6950 1gb
|-
|  6950 || 325 || 1.635(?)|| || 200(?) || 885 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 332 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 333 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.650.9 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 338 || 1.84~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/poclbm kernel || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128; power and MH/J calculated using Power = C*f*v^2 w/ assumption of 175 W at stock settings w/ 100% GPU util. (not measured)
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 895 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -w 128, mem @ 500, 1200 mV, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 800 || 1536 ||(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250,Sapphire 6950 1gb, unlocked shaders
|-
|  6950 || 343 || 2.14 || - || 160 || 840 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 06-27-11 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false, HIS H695FN2G2M 2GB, mem @ 720, Kill-a-Watt measured
|-
|  6950 || 344 || 2.02~ || 1.27~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/20110709 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 344.4 || -|| || - || 800 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 349 || 1.745(?)|| || 200(?) || 800 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128, xfx 6950 xxx 1gb, locked shaders, core 900, mem 650, 79° C
|-
|  6950 || 351 || 1.91~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIminer/poclbm v2011-07-01 || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: -v -w 128 -f 0; (same system as the 338 MH/s result above using Phoenix)
|-
|  6950 || 352.8 || -|| || - || 820 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 360 || 1.8(?)|| || 200(?) || 970 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 360 || -|| || - || 870 || 1375 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || flashed with 6970 BIOS, -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6950 || 365 || -|| || - || 925 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 366.4 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 381 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer/phatk || XFX 6950 2Gb reference @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1100mV 850/1250, +10% powertune, I=5, Fan @ 54% ~3100RPM, temp 73C w128. Windows7x64, Catalyst 13.1 .
|-
|  6950 || 383 || -|| || - || 975 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, voltage 1.274 @72c MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 388.4 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|- 
|  6950 || 389.9 || -|| || - || 950 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.2/Diablo || stock bios, -I 9, VRAM @ 820Mhz, fan @ 100%, voltage 1.250v, temp @ 68c, HIS ICE-Q X 2GB, OCed using MSI Afterburner, Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP 1
|-
|  6950 || 400~ || -|| || - || 895 || 320 || 1536|| PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner 24th Aug 2011  || Sapphire HD6950 Shader unlock mod 1408&gt;1536 / +20% Power control, Fan @ 55%, Flags:-v -f2 -w64 -r5.Note this keeps temps under 80oC which is needed for this to be stable.Moderate fan noise.Power use is ~200W.
|-
|  6950 || 403 || -|| || - || 939 || 685 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk || ASUS EAH6950 ([http://www.techpowerup.com/vgabios/90661/Asus.HD6970.2048.101124.html (Ref. 6950 Flashed -&gt; 6970)]) / +10% overdrive volt., Fan @ 90%, VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13. Overclocked from 880 -&gt; 939 with MSI Aferburner
|-
|  6950 || 408.8 || -|| || - || 925 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.12 || GIGABYTE GV-R695D5-2GD-B @ shadermod on original Bios 6950, mem@625, V=1100mv Fan @ 60%. Windows 7x64, Catalyst 11.9
|-
|  6950 || 410.4 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 417 || 2.085(?)|| || 200(?) || 975 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 77%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1145mV
|-
|  6950 || 418.8 || -|| || - || 940|| 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Gigabyte OC 1GB, shadermod, voltage locked 1.175, mem 450, -w128 -v -f0, ATI Tray Tool
|-
|  6950 || 425.3 || -|| || - || 950/850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk2 (Ubuntu natty) || Asus 1GB DirectCU, shadermod on OEM BIOS, OEM 1.1v, AMDOverdriveCtrl for 950 core 850 mem, 20% overdrive, flags VECTORS2 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6950 || 428 || 2.14(?)|| || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 80%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1160mV
|-
|  6950 || 432 || 2.16(?)||1.44 || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 520, fan @ 80%, temp 76C, -v -w128 -f 2, gpu core @ 1275mV
|-
|  6950 || 432.4 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 440 || || || || 990 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phatk || unlocked shaders, mem @ 1375, VGPU 1.21v, Watercooled (MCW60), temp 54C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 -k phatk
|-
|  6950 || 454.4 || -|| || - || 1050 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 720 || - || - || 400 ~|| 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 69-71C(bottom vga) fan@94% / 77-81C(top vga) fan@99% - 31C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 731 || - || - || 400~ || 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 68C(bottom vga) fan@90% / 73C(top vga) fan@99% - 28C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6950x3 || 1081 || -|| || - || 860 || 1408 || 2.4(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || guiminer/poclbm 07-01 || Sapphire 2GB stock bios, stock voltage, locked shaders: +20% overdrive, mem@650, fan@95%, temp 94C, -v -f0 -w128, 93c
|-
|  6950x4 || 1316 || 1.513|| || 870 || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || locked shaders, default mem 1250, dual fan 75C typical
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 323 || 1.468||0.92 || 220 || 880 || 1536 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 64, SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx.
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 365 || 2.28|| || 160 || 880 || 1536 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phoenix || VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, fan @ 45%, 61C, 1.0 Vcore, 150 MHz mem, TX650w (84%), reference card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 370 || -|| || - || 880 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 372 || 1.691(?)|| || 220(?) || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix (svn trunk 05.14.2011) || clock 900/1375, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128, fan 45% (auto) / temp 90C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 380 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128&lt;br&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 # to reduce poclbm CPU from 100% to 2%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 385 || 1.964|| || 196 || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, memory downclocked to 684Mhz, fan @ 70%/temp 81C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 388 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock voltage of 1.175v
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 403 || -|| || - || MAX || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || clock Max/50%+stock, -v -w128, fan= 100%/temp 72C (Note: Overclocked using CCC utility under Windows 7, Clock set to Max value w/ 50% increase to memory and 5% increase to voltage)
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 406 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/phatk || GPU Overclocked to Max (950MHz) using aticonfig, Memory Underclocked using AMDOverdriveCtrl (850MHz). Temp ~ 82C. VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 407 || -|| || - || 955 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fan 75%/temp 75C, voltage +10%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 414 || -|| || - || 960 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 53%/temp 73C, stock voltage of 1.175v, high air flow case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 420 || -|| || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128 -f0, clocks 975MHz/685MHz MSI Lightning
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 423 || -||1.20 || - || 995 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || ATI Tray Tools, Clocks=995/331.25, WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 VECTORS ,68C @ 65% Fan, HAF932 Case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 431 || -|| - || - || 976 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7/phatk2 || MSI AFTERBURNER, Clocks[976/1000], -k parameters[VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11], Temperatures{CARD}[86C@100% Fan]{ROOM}[27C/81F], 
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 433 || -|| - || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.2/phatk || MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS, GPU 65C@100% Fan, Room 21C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 710 || -|| || - || 900/880 || 1536 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 256
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 828|| -|| || - || 940 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fans 74%/82%, temp 74C/82C, powertune +20% (via CCC), memory underclock 825MHz (via MSI Afterburner), with 'Maj' fix
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x3 || 1243|| -|| || 1000+ || 910 || 1536 || 2.5 || 2x16, 1x8 || phoenix 1.7.0 || fans 100%, temp 88C/84C/69C, GPU 920/ memory 795/ powertune 20%, ATI 11.11, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990 || 670 || 1.94||0.89 || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || Catalyst 11.4 [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=2949.msg106238#msg106238 source].
|-
|  6990 || 704 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.4, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-07)
|-
|  6990 || 708 || 2.05|| || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "default" position 2, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 744 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.6b, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-14)
|-
|  6990 || 746 || 1.82|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 758 || -|| || - || 880 || - || 2.4 || - || Phoenix with Poclbm || Catalyst 11.4, OC switch ON, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990 || 771 || 1.8804|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx. Memory clock @ 1280Mhz.
|-
|  6990 || 772 || 1.8380|| || 420 || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix &amp; Poclbm || OC switch ON + overclocked to 900 mhz, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990 || 790 || -|| || - || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=900,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 900 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 795 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 ||  || Diablo's miner || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; On Windows Vista, Clocks set at  955,1250. Power control at 20.
Diablo's args:  -w 128 -g 5  -v 2  -f 0
|-
|  6990 || 802 || -|| || - || 915 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=915,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 915 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 835 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --adapter=1 --odsc=990,890 and aticonfig --adapter=0 --odsc=960,860" (GPU 0 runs hot). Currently, aticonfig can only underclock RAM to 100mhz below core speed. Command line: phoenix.py -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|  6990 || 852 || -|| || - || 955|| 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || Memory: 830 Mhz, -v 2 -w 128 -I 9, Watercooled, stock voltage. (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|  6990 || 865 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with core 0 at 990/890 engine/mem, core 1 at 960/860 (runs hot).  Watercooled at 65-68C.
|-
|  6990x2 || 1436 || 1.848|| || 777 || 880 || 6144 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x2 || guiminer 2011.05.11 || AUSUM switch set to 1 on both cards; Core left at 880MHz, memory left at 1250MHz; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990x2 || 1640 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || phoenix 1.7.0 || GPU 910MHz, Memory 785MHz, Powertune 20%; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990x2 || 1700 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || guiminer 2011.06.14 || GPU 1010MHz, Memory 900MHz; -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990x2 || 1740 || 2.11 || || 825 || 940 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || cgminer 2.0.8 || GPU0+3 930MHz core/805MHz memory, GPU1+2 940MHz core/815MHz memory; BIOS switch factory setting; Cooled with 7C air from outside; -g4 -I9 -k phatk
|-
|  6990x3 || 2094 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || poclbm || GPU 900MHz, Memory 1250MHz; poclbm.py -f 0 -w 256
|-
|  7750 || 104.15 ||  ||  ||  || 800 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 117.15 ||  ||  ||  || 900 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 125.5 || - || - || - || 830 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 830MHz, Memory: 1125MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 134 || 2.66 || 1.21 || 50 || 880 || 512 || 2.6 (?) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Gentoo Linux AMD64) || factory-overclocked to 880 MHz; power draw measured with a Kill-a-Watt, intensity=13, vectors=1, worksize=128, kernel=diablo
|-
|  7750 || 136.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 900MHz (CCC locked @ 900), Memory: 800MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7770 || 182 || - || - || 83 || 1020 || 640 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Ubuntu 10.04 LTS amd64, GPU: 1020MHz
|-
|  7770 || 213 || - || - || - || 1150 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Win7 32bit, Core2Duo, poclbm guiminer
|-
|  7850 || 287 || 1,91 || 1,1 || 150 || 950 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || GPU:950 MEM:800, Linux 64bit, Intensive 14, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%
|-
|  7850 || 329 || - || - || 150 || 1100 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.4 || Linux 64bit GTK+3, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%, -v 1 -k poclbm -I 6 --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 950
|-
|  7850 || 363 || - || - || - || 1241 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || GPU:1241 MEM:4840 
|-
|  7870 || 405 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || Sapphire 7870 OC , GPU: 1100MHz, Mem: 950 Mhz, GPU temp: 65°C, Fan 36% (1377 RPM).
|-
|  7870 || 406 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Gigabyte GV-R787OC-2GD, GPU: 1200MHz, [cgminer -I 7]
|-
|  7870 || 422 || - || - || - || 1165 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Sapphire 7870 1ghz edition, GPU: 1165MHz, [cgminer.exe -d 0 -l 1 -T -I 8]
|-
|  7870 || 460 || - || - || - || 1250 || 1280 || 2.7? || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || MSI R7870 TFIII/oc, Catalyst 12.11 beta4, 455-460 mhash/s @1250 core, 750 mem, 0% Power limit, 1.218v, Zalman VF3000N = 42C, VRMS = 57C, ambient approx. 17-19C, -v -w128 -f10
|-
| 7870 XT || 485 || 3.09 || 1.8726 || 157 || 1200 || 1280 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 2.0 || cgminer ||7870XT clock/mem - 1200/1600
|-
| 7870xt || 520 || - || - || - || 1200 || 1536 || 2.7? lol || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Guiminer || Sapphire HD7870xt, Catalyst 12.11 beta 4, 515-520 mhash/s @1200/core 750/mem, 0%PL, 1.17v/stock, Zalman vf3000a @60-62C even though its sandwiched between a 7870 and 5850. xD
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 510 || - || - || - || 985 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Windows 8 x64, Asus P8Z77 WS, i7 3rd Gen, Card is XFX brand, Clock 985Mhz, Mem 1100Mhz, -v 1 -w 256
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 512 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x8 || poclbm || GPU: 1000MHz, Memory: 850MHz
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 550 || - || - || - || 1060 || 1792 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Core 1060, Mem 800, -v 1 -w 256 Intesity 7
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 605 || - || - || - || 1150 || 1792 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256

|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 555 || - || - || - || 925 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 925MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 640 || -|| || - || 1070 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1070 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || Diablo|| GPU 1100MHz, Memory 600MHz;
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || cgminer 2.4.1 || Win7 х86, Catalyst 12.3, GPU 1100 MHz, Memory 950 MHz, GPU temp = 68°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 58%, -k poclbm -v 1 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 674 || -|| || - || 1130 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1130 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1150 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1150 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 58%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1177 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1177, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 690 || - || - || - || 1150 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 695 || - || - || - || 1160(core)/1050(mem) || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner (options: -v 1 -w 256) || Asus HD7970-DC2T-3GD5 @ 1.17V; Linux Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit; AMD SDK 2.6; Catalyst 12.3 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 710 || -|| || - || 1200 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner|| GPU 1200MHz, Memory 600MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 714~ || -|| || - || 1210 || 2048 || 2.7 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || MSI HD7970 R7970-2PMD3GD5/OC, core clock - 1210Mhz, memory clock - 685, core voltage (1.149V - MSI Afterburner, ~1.043V - GPU-Z), memory voltage 1.5V, temperature - 75C at mid-day and 65C w/ AC on at 20C, Catalyst 12.8, Windows 8 Release Preview 32-bit, kernel - poclbm, vector - 1, worksize - 64, intensity - 14, fan - 100% 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"|  7970 || 825 || -|| || 214 || 1290 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Bitminter|| Bitminter beta 1.1.1; GPU 1290MHz, Memory 
1375MHz (Trixx = 600); work size 256, "BFI_INT," Device-accessible CPU memory; full watercooled block; power stats from GPU-Z; Driver 11.12
|-
|  7970x3 || 1950 || 2.6 || 1.72 || 750 || 1100 || 2048x3 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || Win8, Catalyst 12.8, driver: 8.982.0.0, E: 1100, M:750, kernel: poclbm, worksize: 256, intensity: 9, gpu-threads: 4, refitted Diamond 7970 HSF with new VRM pads to lower VRM temps ~15C.  Undervolted each card until crash under load, then raised about 0.015v for stability.  Settings using afterburner 2.2.1 with OC unlocked.  Visiontek 7970: $370, Sapphire 7970: $360, Diamond 7970: $400
|-
|  7970x3 || 2050 || 2.41 || 1.22 || 850 || 1150 || 6144 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1150, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256, 850W power consumption measured at the wall
|-
| FirePro V3800 || 69.0 || -|| || - ||  ||  ||  || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BitMinter Client || 
|-
| FirePro V4800 || 79.7 || -|| || - || 775 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || 
|-
| FirePro V8700 || 84.8 || -|| || - || 750 || 800 || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || 

|-
| FirePro M5800 || 61.4 || -|| || - || 650 || - || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || Ubuntu
|-
| FirePro M5800 || 69.3 || -|| || - || 650 || 400 || 2.1 || - || GUIMiner v2011-04-26  || -v -w128, Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro M5950 || 96.7 || -|| || - || 725 || 900 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128 (Windows 7 64 bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 119 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 144 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 161 || -|| || - || 780 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V7750 || 35.7 || -|| || - || - || 320 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || Windows 7 64bit
|-
| FirePro V7800 || 254.85 || -|| || - || - || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 with poclbm || Debian Squeeze
|-
| FirePro M7740  (M97 GL) [DELL] || 63.0 ||  -|| || - || 650 || - || 2.1 || PCIe v2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || Windows 7 64bit / only SDK2.1 works
|-
| FirePro M7820 || 150.0 || -|| || - || 700 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-09 / poclbm || Memory downclocked to 500 from 1000MHz, 169MH/s@800MHz, 181MH/s@860Mhz (max.), only SDK2.1 works, Windows 7 x86
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Nvidia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! Comment
|-
| ION || 1.8 || 0.067 || 27 ||  || 16 || poclbm;  power consumption incl. CPU
|-
| 8200 mGPU || 1.2 || || || 1200 || 16 || 128 MB shared memory, "poclbm -w 128 -f 0"
|-
| 8400 GS || 2.3 || || ||  ||  || "poclbm -w 128"
|-
| 8400 GS || 1.6 || 0.013 || 128 || 1238 ||  || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| 8400M GS || 2.0 || || ||  ||  ||
|-
| 8500GT || 2.4 || || || 918 || 16 || poclbm under GUIMiner
|-
| 8600M GT || 4.93 ||  ||  ||  || 32 ||
|-
| 8600M GT || 3.8 ||  ||  ||  || || Macbook Pro running Diablo
|-
| 8600GT || 5.66 ||  ||  || 1188 ||  32 ||
|-
| 8600GT OC || 7.3 ||  ||  || 1602 || 32 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72833#msg72833 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 25   || 0.24 || 105 || 1300 ||  ||
|-
| 8800GT || 24.5 || 0.23 || 105 || 1300 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 31.1   || 0.296 || 105 || 1855 ||  || Overclocked 715 GPU / 1030 Memory / 1855 Shader; GuiMiner v2011-05-21
|-
| 8800GT || 31.8   || 0.303 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || 713 gpu, 1026 memory. win7x86, phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5
|-
| 8800GT || 34.0   ||       || 105 || 1998 ||     || gpu 756M, mem 1123M, shader 1998M, temp 65C. winXP, phoenix 1.50, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=6 -- same settings get 32.7 MH/s with aggression 2
|-
| 8800GTS || 16.8 || 0.109 || 154 ||  ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source] [http://www.techspot.com/review/79-geforce-8800-gts-512/page11.html source]
|-
| 8800 GTS || 18.7 || 0.124 || 150 || 1200 ||  || poclbm -w 64 no vectors
|-
| 8800 GTS || 33.5 || || 150 || OC ||  || CUDA mining via GUIminer. Win7 64bit. poclbm -v -w128 -f0. OC'd Core@799MHz, Mem@1080MHz, Shader@1905MHz.  Fan 70%, GPU temp @ 66C in comfortable room temp.
|-
| 8800 GTX || 27.5 || || || 1404 || || phoenix 1.48, poclbm, no vectors, 83C with 50C ambient  
|-
| 8800m GTX || 16.3 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda Win7-64
|-
| 9300GE || 1.57 ||  ||  || 1300 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300GS || 1.69 ||  ||  || 1400 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300/nForce 730i || 2.15 ||  ||  || 1200 ||  16 ||
|-
| 9400GT || 3.37 || 0.067 || 50 || 1400 || 16 ||
|-
| 9400M (MacBook) || 1.90 || 0.32 || 6 || 700 ||  || poclbm -f 8 no vectors
|-
| 9500M GS || 3.2 ||  ||  || 950 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9500GT || 6.75 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32 ||
|-
| 9500GT || 7.30 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32|| rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 730 GPU/ 500 Memory / fan 100% 70C solid
|-
| 9500GT || 7.10 || 0.135 || 50 || 1767 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 707 GPU / 500 Memory / fan 100% 73C steady
|-
| 9600GSO || 19.88 || 0.237 || 84 || 1375 || 96 ||
|-
| 9600GSO512 || 11.75 || 0.131 || 90 || 1625 || 48 ||
|-
| 9600GT || 15.66 || 0.165 || 95 || 1625 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT Zotac || 15 ||  ||  || 1650 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT OC || 18.8 || &lt;0.198 || &gt;95 || 1981 || 64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 -f 10 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg74610#msg74610 source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73353#msg73353 source]
|-
| 9600M GS || 4.0 ||  ||  || 1075 || 32 ||  rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT || 30.36 || 0.289 || 105 || 1800 || 112 ||
|-
| 9800GT EE || 19.7 || 0.263 || 75 || 1375 || 112 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT OC || 29.5 || 0.283 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || poclbm.py, no options. Memory underclocked to 850Mhz, GPU overclocked to 733Mhz
|-
| 9800GTX || 32.54 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 32.6 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 || win7x64 275.33 Overclocked to 756/1890/1102 using a CUDA-specific miner (instead of phoenix, yay for ZERO stales!)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 35.39 || 0.251 || 141 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 36 ||  ||  ||  ||  || factory OC ubuntu polclbm.py -w 128 -f 10 -a 10 (DO NOT USE -v)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 37.23 || 0.266 || 140 || 1890 || 128 || win7x64 275.27 phoenix(1.48) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=3 WORKSIZE=64 (may cause 75%+ stale count, in which case use a CUDA-specific miner instead)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 40.20 || 0.287 || 140 || 835 || 128 || lowered memory clock higher core, unstable if going higher
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 57.83 || 0.294 || 197 ||  || 2x128 ||
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 28 || 0.142 || 197 ||  || 2x128 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
| G210 || 3.38 || 0.111 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 ||
|-
| G210 || 3.79 || 0.124 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 || poclbm -f 1
|-
| GT220 || 10.8 || 0.084 || 128 || 1360 || || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1000 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| GT230 || 15.5 || 0.161 || 96 || 650 || 64 || (9600GT rebranded one from in a medion pc)
|-
| GT240 || 19.37 || 0.281 || 69 || 1340 || 96 ||
|-
| GT240 || 21.24 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4291.0 poclbm-mod] -f 0 -v [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73383#msg73383 source]
|-
| GT240 || 28.1 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || poclbm -f0 -v (Gainward GT240 1024DDR5 OC core@670/stockmem@1700/shader@1700 - stable; max.temp=73)
|-
| GT240M || 9.8 || 0.426 || 23 || 550 || 48 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256 
|-
| GT240 OC || 25.6 || 0.365 || 70 || 1765 || 96 || poclbm
|-
| GTS250 || 35.39 || 0.244 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 || 35.2 || 0.243 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 OC || 37 || 0.255 || 145 || 2047 || 128 || 37.2 with the following OC: Core: 775MHz, Shader: 1900MHz, Memory: 1200MHz
|-
| GTX260M || 22.5 ||  || || 500 || 112 || poclbm 4/28/2011 Asus G71GX runs ~90c without cooling pad 
|-
| GTX260 || 35.91 || 0.178 || 202 || 1242 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX260 || 44 || 0.242 || 182 || 1242 || 216 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| GTX260c216 || 40.40 || 0.236 || 171 || 1242 || 216 ||
|-
| GTX260c216 || 47.4 || 0.260 || 182 || 1348 || 216 || poclbm -w 256
|-
| GTX260c216 || 50.00 ||      ||    || 1050 || 216 || m0mchil GPU client, Windows 7 64-bit, x6 @ 3.5ghz
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 52.0 || || || 1461 || 216 || "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 58.9 || || || 756/400 || 216 || Core overclocked, Memory underclocked, Ubuntu 11.04 Classic Session(No Effects) "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 60.1 || || || 1706 || 216 || Core: 364 MHz, Shaders: 1706 MHz, Memory: 594 MHz, VDDC: 1.1800V. "poclbm-mod -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX275 || 50.75 || 0.232 || 219 || 1404 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX275 || 58 || || || 729/1458 || 240 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GTX280 || 46.84 || 0.198 || 236 || 1296 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX280 || 64.34 || 0.289 || 245 || 1296 || 240 || phoenix.exe -k poclbm AGGRESSION=6 WORKSIZE=128 (61*C with Accelero XTREME GTX280)
|-
| GTX285 || 64.8 || || || 1607 || 240 || GuiMiner - Not sure about wattage yet. Still testing. Card runs around 74 C
|-
|-
| GTX285 || 53.35 || 0.262 || 204 || 1476 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 89.78 || 0.311 || 289 || 1242 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 120.70 || 0.418 || 289 || 1242 || 480 || GUIMiner no oc.
|-
| GTX295 || 117.30 || 0.406 || 289 || 1476 || 490 ||
|-
| GT 320M (MacBook Air) || 6.12 ||  ||  || 1212 || 48 ||
|-
| 320M (Mac mini 2010) || 7.0 || 0.35 || 20 || 450 || 32 || poclbm no extra options, windows 7 x64
|-
| GT 325M || 7.5 ||  ||  || 990 || 48 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT 325M || 10.5 ||  ||  || 325/650(mem)/1300(shaders) || || rpcminer-cuda, 71 degrees
|-
| GT 325M || 7.99 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT330 || 21.65 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT 330M || 7.97 ||  ||  || ||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7
|-
| GT 330M || 10.8 ||  ||  ||650MHZ core||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: GUIMiner running in Bootcamp v2011-08-24 / Mac OS X 10.6.8.The GPU was OC'd to 650MHZ core clock,mem clock was the lowest it would go in MSI Afterburner.The Bootcamp OS was Windows 7 x64.MBP Mid 2010.
|-
| GT 330M (Sony Vaio Z) || 7.8 || 0.71 ( 0.3 total) || 11 (26w total) || 1045 || 48 ||
|-
| GT 330M (Samsung R480) || 9.1 || || || 575(GPU)/1265(shader) || ||VRAM 1024MB. pocblm -vectors --verbose. Windows 7 Ultimate x86
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV) || 17.0 || 1.214 || 14 || 1080 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV5) || 20.8 ||  ||  || 1350 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe, OC'd 550/850/1350 73C stable
|-
| GTS 360M || 25.0 || || || || || [toshiba qosmio laptop, ~150-165*F stock fans]
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 20.0 || || || || || everythins is stock, it cannot sustain. it reaches 90 degrees and freezes.
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 27.2 || || || Shader @ 1720, Memory @ 900 || || stock hardware (clean exhaust fan), Afterburner, 72 deg C Stable 
|-
| GT430 || 20.24 || 0.413 || 49 || 1400 || 96 ||
|- 
| GT440 || 20.4 || || || 1645 || 96 || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8; winxp x64 driver 275.33
|-
| GT530 || 17.9 || 0.358 || 50 || 1400 || || BitMinter v1.1.2
|-
| GT520M || 8.9 || || || || ||  rpcminer-cuda, got up 2 10.2MH/s OC'ed
|-
| GT525M || 14.6 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT540M || 16.0 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT550M || 17.08 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8
|-
| GT610M (ASUS K45V) || 9.371 || || || 738 MHz || || 2GB RAM.
|-
| GT650M (rMBP) || 17.8 || || || 900 || 16 || cgminer 2.5.0 on OSX 10.7.4
|-
| GT650M OC || 27.4 || || || || || GUIMiner  
|-
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTS450 (Sparkle One) || 40.0 || || || || || poclbcm git Oct 2012
|-  
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX460SE || 56.39 || 0.376 || 150 || 1300 || 288 ||
|-
| GTX460 || 66.32 ||  ||  || 814 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda 20110605, Graphics Clock @ 814MHz, Memory @ 1555MHz
|-
| GTX460 || 68.31 || 0.427 || 160 || 1350 || 336 ||
|-
| GTX460 768MB || 57.8 ||  || ? || 1350 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 768MB (MSI Cyclone 768D5/OC) || 75.1 ||  || ? || 930 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda on Win7 x64 with ForceWare 275.33. [http://event.msi.com/vga/afterburner/download.htm MSI Afterburner] set to core: 930MHz, shader: 1850MHz, core voltage: 1.087V, memory: 1600MHz. Runs at 58°C with fan at 75% (ambient 25°C).  
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 72.3 || ? || ? || 1672 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 89.5 || ? || ? || 1000 || 336 || guiminer GPU:1000mhz MEM:900
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga FPB ) || 71.4 || -- || -- || 870/1744/1800 || 336 || guiminer-cuda v2012-02-19 FW290.53 Win7x64
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga ) || 83.1 || 0.519 || 160 || 925/1850/900@0.960v || 336 || guiminer (phoenix1.75) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_INT -v WORKSIZE=256 ForceWare 301.42 Win7x64 Runs at 70°C with fan at 100%
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) || 102 || 0.319? || 320? || 1350 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) OC || 127 || 0.374 || 340 || 1620 || 2x 336 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=128 ver.20110227
|-
| GTX460 1GB OC (2x MsiHawksSLI) || 158 || 0.658 || 240w(used kill a watt) || core/shader/ram@vcore 930/1860/1150@1.087v (only vcore raised) || 2x 336 || rpcminer-cuda ver.20110227 -gpugrid=320 -gputhreads=320 -aggression=7 Watercooled stable @ 110°F/43° !!!USE ASUS GPU Tweak with GPU-Z (afterburner v2.2.3 wont OC with NVIDIA driver 306.97) I would need gpu bios mod to get more oc/volt. Setting faster ram did increase Mhash/s versus setting ram=core clock.
|-
| GTX465 || 64.41 || 0.322 || 200 || 1215 || 352 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 81.98 || 0.381 || 215 || 1215 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 94.7 || || || 1414 || ||
|-
| GTX470 || 103.7 || || || 1520 || || memory @ 418MHz, stable @ 72 deg fan @ 90%, puddinpop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhread=128 AGGRESSION=14 GIGABYTE brand card BIOS 70.00.21.00.03 
|-
| GTX470 || 111.9 || 0.520 || 215 || 1650 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 115 || || || 1616 || || phoenix 1.46 poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6
|-
| GTX470x2 || 121 ea. (130 burst ea.) || || || 1700 ||448|| PuddinPop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhreads=128 AGGRESSION=14 (memory 856 Max Temp. 71 deg. F on Water 1.085v+, Stable on Beast 2.0&gt;3 days, no i7 CPU OC, driver 280.26, bios 70.00.21.00.03)
|-
| GTX480 || 101.28 || 0.405 || 250 || 1401 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX480 || 140.43 ||  ||  || 1700 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=512 -gputhreads=480
|-
| GTX480 AMP!Zotac|| 140.1 ||  ||  || 1700|| 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=480 (vCore-1050,Core Clock-851, Shader Clock-1702, Memory Clock-2033, t-79°c, Water 43°c, stable temperature and work)
|-
| GTX550 Ti || 45.0 || ? || ? || ? || ? || EVGA 1GB, WinXP rpcminer, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 67.7 || 0.39  || 170 || 1700 || 384 || standard EVGA 560, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74 || 0.41  || 170 || 822 || 384 || MSI 560Ti HAWK; core 822 Mhz clock (no overclock); rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=4 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; temp - 71°C; Win 7 x64
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74.8 || 0.41  || 180 || 1700 || 384 || gigabyte 900Mhz clock; -w 512 -v
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 81 || 0.45  || 180 || 835 || 384 || Gainward GTX560TI Phantom, default clock, rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 85.1 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41, Intensity: 14
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 100 || 0.5 || 200 || 1000 || 384 || GFX - MSI 560Ti HAWK; rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=8 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; GPU temp - 68°C; OS - Windows 8 x64 .
|-
| GTX 560M || 39.3 || 0.38 || 75 W || 775|| 192 || [http://www.examiner.com/computers-in-denver/toshiba-qosmio-x775-q7380-review-review source1] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-560M.48313.0.html source2] Note: Uses the 295.51 Beta Drivers
|-
| GTX560 OC || 86.7 || &lt;0.51 || &gt;170 || 1800 || 384 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72816#msg72816 source]
|-
| GTX570 || 105.83 || 0.483 || 219 || 1464 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX570 || 140 || 0.639 || 219 || 750 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=10 -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=960; display driver stops working with aggression=11 under win7 x64 driver 270.61
|-
| GTX570 || 157 || 0.717 || 219 || 850 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=11 -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960
|-
| GTX570 || 165 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960; vcore 1.1v; Win7 x64 304.79 Beta; -aggression=11 adds strong lag with minimal increase in hashrate.
|-
| GTX570 || 160 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=104 -gputhreads=832; No desktop lag, very minimal loss in hashrate compared to much laggier settings
|-
| GTX580 || 156.6 || 0.642 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || cgminer 2.11.3 on Win 8-64 with I=6, driver nVidia 314.22
|-
| GTX580x2 || 2x 146 || 0.598 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=1024 
(aggression levels above the default of 6 not recommended; only a gain of ~3MH/s per card, and '''heavy''' lag, GUIMiner v2011-08-24, win7 64bit nVidia 290.36 beta driver)
|-
| GTX590 || 193.1 || --- || --- || 1215 || 2x 512 || poclbm -v -w 256, Win
|-
| GTX590 || 2x 121.48 || --- || --- || 750 || 2x 512 || 
|-
| GTX670 || 112.00 || 1.1 || 100 || 1275 || 1344 || EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB / GPU Clock offset +75Mhz with EVGA Precision X / GUIMiner -f 60 /  Windows 7 64-Bit. (09-13-2012)
|-
| GTX680 || 127.3 || || || 1280 || 1536 || Asus GTX 680 2GB DirectCU II: Windows 7 64 bit: Nvidia 310.90 driver: Offset of 186: Runs at a constant 52C
|-
| GTX680 || 110.00 || || || 1110 || 1536 || RPCMiner with OpenCL or others.  Might crash once mining stops.  No Flags and Stock Settings (GPU Boost @ 1110mhz Core) with EVGA GTX 680, latest version of GUIMiner (2012-2-19) and Windows 7 x64.
|-
| GTX680 || 120.00 || 1.2 || 100 || 1272 || 1536 || Ufasoft Galaxy 4GB (GPU Clock offset +70Mhz with EVGA Precision X) (2012-7-28) and Windows 7 64-Bit.
|-
| Quadro FX 580 || 5.7 || 0.14 || 40 || 1125 || 4 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win, -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=512
|-
| Quadro FX 770M || 5.75 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6, Win
|-
|Quadro FX 770M || 6.39 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6 w 64, Win 7x64
|-
|Quadro FX 880M || 9.6 ||  ||  || || || poclbm/guiminer
|-
| Quadro FX 1600M || 6 || 0.12 || 50 || 625 || 32 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win
|-
| Quadro FX 1800 || 13.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 256.44 Intensity: 4
|-
| Quadro FX 2000M || 23 || 0.397 || 58 || || || phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm, VECTORS, AGGRESION=6, Lenovo W520 platform
|-
| Quadro FX 2800M || 22 || 0.293 || 75 || 600 || 96 ||DiabloMiner, win
|-
| Quadro FX 3000M || 28.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41 Intensity: 3
|-
| Quadro FX 3600M || 36 || 0.514 || 70 || 500 || 96 ||
|-
| Quadro FX 3800 || 33.3 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm/guiminer -f0 -w128
|-
| Quadro NVS 135M || 1.05 || 0.1 || 10 || 800 || 1 || 
|-
| Quadro NVS 295 || 1.7 || 0.07 || 23 || 567 || 8 || phoenix
|-
| Quadro NVS 3100M || 3.6 || 0.257 || 14 || 600 || 16 || rpcminer-cuda, Win, CUDA 3.1.1
|-
| Quadro NVS 4200M || 10.0 ||     ||     ||  810  ||   ||  guiminer, Win7-64
|-
| Quadro 5000 || 67.7 || 0.445 || 152 || 513 || 352 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=7 gpugrid=352 gputhreads=704;
|-
| Tesla C1060 || 52.5 ||  ||  || 1296 || 240 ||  poclbm, Win7x64
|-
| Tesla K20 || 134.8   ||  ||  || 706  || 2496  ||  poclbm, Linux
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 79.8 ||  ||  || 1550 || 448 || DiabloMiner
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 94.5 ||  ||  || 1550 || || poclbm
|-
| Tesla S1070 || 155.2 || || 800 &lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 1440 (GT200b)&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 960&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 3.2, 4 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=3)
|-
| Tesla S2070 || 749.23 || || || 1150&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || 1792&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 4.0, 8 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=7) 
|-
| GTX280x2 || 102.7 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||
|-
|}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'&gt;The S1070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Tesla units (GT200). Technical data taken from [http://www.nvidia.de/object/tesla_s1070_de.html NVIDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'&gt;The S2070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Fermi units (C2070). Technical data taken from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Wikipedia] (Documentation from NVIDIA webpage is confusing)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==CPUs/APUs==

A lot of nice data can be pulled from [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.0 this thread] to seed this section. 

Might you wish to throttle CPU load a bit, so it doesn't reach 100°C, it can be done with Battle Encoder Shirase to a margin, like, -15% of available CPU cycles.

Often, the best combination to be is to throttle CPU miner to -5% '''AND''' set it to least of priority levels, so as not to choke GPU miner up.

===AMD===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! nprocs !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! TDP [W] !! CPU Clock !! Mhash/s CPU !! Mhash/s GPU !! GPU !! GPU Clock !! SP !! Software !! Notes
|-
| 4x Opteron 6174 || 48 || 115 || 0.36 || 320W || 2.2 GHz || 2.4
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer v0.8.1 || --alg 4way --threads 48
|-
| 2x Opteron 6172 || 24 || 55 || 0.24 || 230W || 2.1 GHz || 2.3
|colspan=4|
| cgminer v2.7.6 || --algo 4way -t 24
|-
| 2x Opteron 6128 || 16 || 32.4 || 0.141 || 230W || 2 GHz || 32.4
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19 || -4way
|-
| Athlon XP 2000+ || 2 || 0.62 || 0.009 || 70W || 1.67 GHz || 0.62
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.18/Ubuntu || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source] [http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=914&amp;page=4 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 3500+ || 1 || 1.18 || 0.013 || 89W || 2.54 GHz || 1.18
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.4 || overclocked (originally 2.2 GHz)
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+ || 2 || 1.73 || 0.03 || 65 W || 2.00 GHz || 1.73
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -algo=4way
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4000+ || 2 || 1.9 || 0.02 || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| rpc-miner ||
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4400+ ||   || 2.09 || 0.032 || 65W || 2.3GHz || 2.09
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19/Win x64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6000+ || 2 || 2.81 || 0.02 || 125W || 3 GHz || 2.81
|colspan=4|
| || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg22881#msg22881 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition || 2 || 2.9 || 0.023 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 2.9
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.20.2 BETA/Win 7 x64 || -4way
|-
| Athlon II X2 240e || 2 || 2.71 || 0.06 || 45W || 2.81 GHz || 2.71
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Athlon II X2 250 || 2 || 5.6 || 0.09 || 65W || 3.01GHz || 5.6
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.11 ||
|-
| Athlon II X4 630 || 4 || 10.7 || 0.11 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 10.7
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.4 || 
|-
| Opteron 8220 x16 || 16 || 25 || || || 2.8Ghz || 1.5 
|colspan=4| 
| ufasoft / OpenSuse 64bit || running default, but had to copy 32bit binaries over to get curl and ufasoft running. might be better when using native 32bit system w/o other users on the machine ||
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 3.8 || 0.04 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 3.8
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.1x/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom X4 9950 BE || 4 || 9.3 || 0.07 || 126W || 2.6 GHz || 2.32
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 7.2 || 0.08 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 7.2
|colspan=4|
| cpu-miner 0.2.1/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 5.0 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 9.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 10.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.10 ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 11.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| cgminer  1.5.3 || "cgminer 1.5.3 --algo 4way" on Ubuntu 11.10 alpha 2 (64 bit), built by GCC 4.6.1 with "-O3 -Wall -march=native" 
|-
| Phenom II X4 955 || 4 || 11 || 0.09 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 965 || 4 || 12 || 0.09 || 140W || 3.4 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 15.84 || 0.13 || 125W || 2.82 GHz || 15.84 
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 23.6 || || 95W || 3.50 GHz || 23.6 
|colspan=4|
| [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.2 || --algo=sha256d
|-
| Phenom II X6 1075T || 6 || 21.3 || || 125W||  ||
|colspan=4|
| minerd || Ubuntu 11.04 amd64 runlevel=1 -algo=4way -threads=6
|-
| Phenom II X6 1090T || 6 || 18|| || 141W|| 3.50 GHz || 3
|colspan=4|
| minerd || 
|-
| Phenom II X6 1100T || 6 || 22 || 0.176 || 125W || 3.82 GHz || 22
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner || Aciid#bitcoin-dev
|-
| Sempron 3000+ || 2 || 0.8 ||  || 62W || 1.6 GHz || 0.8
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Turion X2 RM-70 || 2 || 1.9 ||  || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 11 || 0.615 || 18W || 1.6 Ghz || 1.231 || 9.831 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 + Ufasoft 0.7 || stock speeds
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 12
|colspan=2|
| 1.648 Ghz || 1.252 || 10.87 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 || "autotune" speed with ASUS EFI BIOS
|-
| Ontario C-50 || 2 || 6.2 || 0.68 || 9W || 1.0 Ghz || 1.200 || 6.2 || HD6250M || 277 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 -f5 -r5 || 
|-
| A4-3400 || 2 || 23.2 || || || 75W || 2.4 Ghz || || 23.2 || 6350 || stock || || GUIminer || ||
|-
| A8-3850 || 4 || 60 ||   ||  100W || Stock ||   || 60 ||  HD6550D || Stock || 400 || poclbm.exe, Win7-32, 4GB RAM || All running at stock speeds, and set to auto in BIOS.
|
|-
| A8-3870K || 4 || 95 ||   || 100W (@stock)  || 3.3 Ghz ||   || 95 ||  HD6550D || 900MHz || 400 || phoenix.exe -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=4 WORKSIZE=128, Win7-64, 8GB RAM 1667MHz || M/B ASUS F1 A75-M Pro, CPU/GPU BIOS overclocked
|-
| A10-5800K || 4 || 105 ||  || 100W || 3.8 Ghz ||   || 105 || HD7660D || 800MHz || 384 || cgminer Intensity=7 || Linux 64bit (Ubuntu 12.10), AMD-APP-SDK-v2.7-RC-lnx64, stock speeds *not* overclocked
|}

===ARM===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ /€  !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| ARM926EJ-S || 1 || 0.187 || ? || ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer || Seagate Dockstar [http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv5/seagate-dockstar ArchLinux]
|-
| Marvel Feroceon (88FR131) || 1 || 0.195 || 0.224 ||&lt;0.01|| 0.87 W || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer  git (2011-06-15) || Marvell SheevaPlug, Debian, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1136EJ-S || 1 || 0.11 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.528 GHz || cpuminer git || T-Mobile Pulse, inside Debian chroot, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.119 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.412 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || iPhone 3G, 'sha256d' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.2 || ? || ? || 3.75W || 800 Mhz || cgminer 2.5.0 || RaspberryPi Model B, SoC BCM2835, Debian Squezee 19-04-2012, Overclocked Cpu 800mhz
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.36 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'cryptopp'
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.2 || 0.57 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.365 || ? || ? || ? || 0.6 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] || BeagleBoard: 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.435 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.44 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 (-mfpu=neon) || EfikaMX (iMX.51), CRUX ARMHF, cpuminer -a sha256d
|-
| AllWinner A10(A8) || 1 || 0.568 || ? ||  ? || &lt;2.5W || 1.0 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || -a sha256d #Native Lubuntu armhf build 
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 0.57||  1.14 ||&lt;0.01 || 0.5 W || 1.0 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-24) || Toshiba AC100, ubuntu, 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 1.3 || ? ||  ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon"
|}

===Intel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash / $&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt;/€&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'/&gt; !! ACP [W] !! Clock [GHz] !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Pentium III (Coppermine) || 2 || 0.39 || 0.008 |||| TDP 2× 26.1 W || 1 || Ufasoft 0.32 (compiled from source), Debian Squeeze || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessors#.22Coppermine.22_.28180_nm.29 source]
|-
| Pentium III mobile ? || 1 || 0.3 || 0.014 |||| 21 || 1.07 || 0.3.1x/Win2K || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source] [http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=27380 source]
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.4 || || ||  || 1.6 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.62 || || ||  || 1.6 || Ufasoft 0.20 || Windows XP Professional
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.71 || || ||  || 1.6 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux
|-
| Pentium M 1.73ghz || 1 || 0.5 || || ||  || 1.73 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Old Xeon 512k (Dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.0 || || ||  || 3.0 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || HT disabled, algo=4way (twice as fast as the 2nd best algo)
|-
| Pentium 4 2.0A || 1 || 0.85 || || || || 2.0 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft-0.4]/WinXP || -g no -t 2
|-
| Pentium 4 630 || 1/2 || 1.29 || || || || 3.0 || ufasoft 0.23 || Windows XP
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 1.75 || || || || 2.0 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.1 || || || || 2.0 || cpuminer || sse2_64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.5 || || || || 2.0 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E5400 || 2/2 || 2.27 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.7 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Celeron E330 || 2/2 || 2.2  || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.5 || 0.3.19/Ubuntu10.04 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
|-
| Celeron E3400 || 2/2 || 5.9 || - || - || - || 2.6 || Ufasoft v0.13 / GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || WinXP 32 bit, SSE2, Flags "-g no" 
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 4/4 || 11.0 || || 0.02/0.06 || 105 || 2.40 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q8200 || 4/4 || 10.9 ||    || 0.06/0.10 ||  || 2.33 || Ufasoft 0.14 || -g no -l yes -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9400 || 4/4 || 11 || 0.046 || 0.06/0.07 || 95 || 2.66 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9650 || 4/4 || 18.67 || || 0.05/0.06 || 95 || 4.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 530 || 2/4 || 8.31 || 0.10 || 0.06/0.10  || 80 || 3.66 || Ufasoft 0.7 || -v -a5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 M350 || 2/4 || 1.48 || 0.04 || || 35 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core i3-2100 || 2/4 || 8.28 || || || || 3.1 || ufasoft v0.20 ||   
|-
| Core i5 M450 || 2/4 || 1.8  || 0.05 || || 35 || 1.2  || 0.3.17/Win7-54 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source]
|- 
| Core i5-650  || 2/4 || 5.1 || 0.04 ? || 0.02/0.03 ||  || 3.2 || cpuminer-0.7 || -4way
|-
| Core i5-750  || 4/4 || 14 || || 0.06/0.10  ||  || 3.2 || bitcoin-miner 0.11 || -a 5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i5 ?  || 4/? || 6.5 || || ||  ||  || client from svn || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37621#msg37621 source]
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 4.5 || 0.05 || 0.02/0.03 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-01-22) || cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 14 || 0.15 || 0.07/0.09 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || sse2_64
|-
| Core i5-2400S || 4/4 || 16.6 || || || 65 || 2.5 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Linux Mint 13
|-
| Core i5 2500K || 4/4 || 20.6 || ||0.10/0.12 || || 4.2 || bitcoin-miner || -g no
|-
| Core i5 2600K || 4/8 || 17.3 || || || 75 || 3.4 || bitcoin-miner || -g no. 75W for the whole System without monitor (MSI Board). CPU underclocked to 3,4Ghz and undervolted to 1,012Vcore. Passive Cooling! 3.6ghz results in 18,4 Mhash/s
|-
| Core i7 2600K || 4/8 || 18.6 || || || 95 W max. || 3.4 || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner 0.20 || -g no -t 8  CPU @ 3.511Ghz 1.176V
|-
| Core i7 2600 || 4/8 || 23.9 || || ||  || 3.4 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Ubuntu Linux 11.10
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 1.888 || || || || 2.66 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 4GB
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.5 || || || || 3.33 || This is achieved by running RPC 4 way miner in VMware Fusion 4 (running win 7 in the VM) while in Mac OSX / Mac OS X 10.6.8 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 8GB.The CPU appears to turbo boost to 3.33GHz in this way from 2.67GHz when running it in this way.The MBP gets very hot and uses a lot of energy though so watch those temps.It'll throttle after a while unless you keep the air vents clear underneath (ie don't put int in your lap,etc).
|-
| Core i7 720QM   || 4/8 || 7.9 || ?|| || 45 || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] ||  stream processors overclocked from 1.6 GHz; Dell Precision M6500, Win7-64, 8GB DDR3
|-
| Core i7 820   || 4/8 || 13.8 || || || || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -t 8
|-
| Core i7 920   || 4/8 || 19.2 || 0.10 || || 195 || 4.0 (x21) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -a 5
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 5.88 || 0.039 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || bitcoin-0.3.20.2 Win7-64 ||
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 18.9 || 0.126 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 ||
|-
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 19.2 || 0.15 || || 130 || 4.4 (x33) || cpuminer/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 8.7 || ||  ||  || 3.9 (x27) || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 990x   || 6/12 || 33.3 || ||  ||  || 4.5 (x32) || ufasoft/Win2008 R2-64 || Ram - 12Gb, Rampage III BlackEdition, Water cooling
|- 
| Core i7 2635QM   || 4/8 || 2.93 || || || || 2.00 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 RAM: 4GB
|- 
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.3 || 0.18 || || 35 || 2.66 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 || 
|-
| Core i7 2600k   || 4/4 || 6.7 || || ||  || 4.00 || phoenix 0.48 ||
|-
| Core i7 3770k   || 4/8 || 5.2 || || || || 4.4 || Guiminer v2012-12-03 || Windows 7 x64 : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 5.0 to 5.2
|-
| Core i7 3930k   || 6/12 || 66.6 || || ||  || 4.625 (125 x 37) || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner v0.28 || Windows 7 x64, uses ~190watts : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 36.0 to 66.6
|-
| Core 2 Duo U7600 || 1 || 1.1 || || ||  || 1.2 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Core 2 Duo E5200 || 2/2 || 6.2 || 0.086 || || 72 || 2.76 || Ufasoft/Win7-64 || TDP is 65W + 7W overclock
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6550 || 1/2 || 2.45 || || ||  || 2.33 || cpuminer 0.7.1 (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6850 || 2/2 || 6.75 || 0.10 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft-0.3 ||
|- 
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 7.76 || 0.11 || || 70 || 3.33 || ufasoft-0.3 || uncertain of overclock; miner optimized for Intel Core
|-
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 2.52 || 0.04 || || 65 || 2.66 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8200 || 2/2 || 2.3 || 0.035 || || 65 || 2.66 || rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8400 || 2/2 || 6.9 || 0.106 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 7/64bit (-t 2)
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 1/2 || 3.6 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo P8700 || 2/2 || 5.9 || || || || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.21 || windows 7/64bit 
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5450 || 2/2 || 2.5 || 0.07 || || 35  || 1.63 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5500 || 2/2 || 4.3 ||  ||  ||  || 1.66 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux (amd64)
|-
| Core 2 Duo T6400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || 0.12 || || 35  || 2.00 || cpuminer git (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7250 || 2/2 || 4.5 || 0.13 || || 35  || 2.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7450 || 2/2 || 3.7 || 0.10 || || 35  || 2.13 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T9400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || || ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.13 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 2.37 || || || || 2.8 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 6.2 || || || || 2.8 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.2 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64 Overclocked from 2.8 GHz to 3.2 GHz
|-
| Xeon 2.8 || 2/2 || 0.8 || || || || 2.8 || cpuminer || cryptopp_asm32 
|-
| Xeon 3060 || 1/2 || 2.03 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2. || cpuminer 0.8.1 (Linux) || --algo=cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Xeon Prestonia 2.4 (dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.16 || 0.017 || || 130 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.4 || 
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 10.13 || 0.16 || || 120 || 2.6 || bitcoind || Roughly the same speed as the "c" algo in cpuminer
|-
| Xeon E3-1230 V2 (quad) || 4/8 || 19.7 || ? || ? || ? || 3.70 || cgminer 2.8.3 || -O2 -march=core-avx-i algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 22.76 || 0.09 || || 120 || 2.6 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -O2 -march=core2, algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5365 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 26.00 || ? || || ? || 3.0 || cpuminer git (2011-06-15) || algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5650 || 2x6/24 || 28.6 || ? || ? || ? || 2.67 || cpuminer 1.0.2 || --algo 4way
|-
| Xeon x5680 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 48 || ? || ? || ? || 3.33GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon x5690 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 52 || ? || ? || ? || 3.46GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon E5-2690 (dual) || 2x8/32 || 66 || ? || ? || 2x135W || 2.9GHz || Ufasoft 64-bit 0.31 || Windows Server 2008R2 x64
|-
| Xeon E5335 || 4/4 || 9.35 || 0.12 || || 80 || 2.00 || ufasoft v0.11 || Vista-32
|-
| Xeon E5410 || 4/4 || 9.8 || ? || || 80 || 2.33|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5440 || 4/8 || 7.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.66|| Kiv's poclbm-gui || FIXME: Either wrong model # or wrong threads/speed info
|-
| Xeon E5506 || 4/4 || 9.6 || ? || || 80 || 2.13|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5520 || 4/8 || 6.5 || 0.08 || || 80 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5530 || 4/8 || 7.14 || 0.09 || || 80 || 2.4 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5620 || 4/8 || 11.2 || ? || || 80 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.10 -t 4 || CentOS 5.5 x64 Hyper-Threading is off
|-
| Xeon E5630 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 8 || 0.1 || || 80 || 2.53 || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
| Xeon E6520 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 24.7 || ||  ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon E7220 || 2/2 || 6.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.93|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E7320 (dual) || 2x2 || 1.5 || || ||  || 2.8 || cgminer v1.2.8 || 2x2.8ghz dual core running Ubuntu 11.04 x86 (individual cores get 0.4 MH/s)
|-
| Xeon E7450 (quad) || 4x6/24 || 60 || ||  ||  || 2.40 || ufasoft v0.13 || -t 24
|-
| Xeon E7520 (dual) || 2x4/16 || 18 || ||  || 95 || 1.87 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon W3680 || 6/12 || 18 ||  || || 130 || 3.33 || cpuminer v1.0.2 --algo=4way || Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| Atom Z520 || 1/2 || 1.20 || || || 2 || 1.7 || ufasoft 1.18 || Asus Eee 1101HA with overclocking capabilities
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.375 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-cpu || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.245 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-4way || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.97 || || || 4 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N270 || 1/2 || 1.19 || 0.24 || || 5 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N450 || 1/2 || 1.60 || 0.31 || || 6.5 || 2.06 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N550 || 2/4 || 1.97 || || || || 1.5 || ufasoft v0.21 || Windows 7/64 bit
|-
| Atom 330 || 2/4 || 1.80 ||  || || 8 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.13  || -t 4
|-
| Atom D510 || 2/4 || 1.00 || || || || 1.6 || cpuminer w cryptopp_asm32 || debian linux 6.0, headless system, 2 GB RAM, running from usb-flash
|-
| Atom D510 || 4/4 || 2.3 || 0.07 || || 30  || 1.6 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04 Server
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'&gt;€ Prices from http://geizhals.at/eu on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.35 || 0.07 || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Total power usage of PS3 fat is 120W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| Cell || 7 || 26.6 || ? || ? || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Running with 7th spu enabled and both ppe cores.
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.7 || 0.07 || 35W || 3.2 GHz || cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (SLIM): Total power usage of PS3 slim is 70W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| MIPS || 1 || 0.026 || ? || ? || ? || 200 MHz || cpuminer || ASUS WL-500G Deluxe Router Running [http://openwrt.org/ OpenWrt]
|-
| VIA Eden || 1 || 1.3 || 0.17 || || 8W || 1600 MHz || cpuminer || VIA Eden w/ padlock
|-
| PowerPC 7447A || 1 || 0.53 || || || || 1420 MHz || cpuminer ||
|-
| PowerPC 7450 (G4e) || 1 || 1.29 || || || || 1670 MHz || cgminer 2.0.7 || PowerBook5,6; Mac OS X 10.5.8; Altivec
|-
| PowerPC 750 (G3) || 1 || 0.140 || || || || 600 MHz || cpuminer || iBook G3 600 w/ Cryptopp
|-
| IBM POWER4+ 2/way || 2/1 || 0.58 || || || || 1450 MHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 || CRUX PPC (64bit), cpuminer -a sha256d -t 1
|-
| IBM Power7 (PowerPC) || || 7.6 ||   ||   || || 3.5 Ghz || cgminer || IBM Power7 770, SuSE Linux 11.1, 4 cores, OpenCL, YASM, Altivec
|-
| Google App Engine || 1 || 0.144 || || || 0W || || pyminer || Modified version of [https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer pyminer] for GAE.
|-
| Open Shift || 1 || 0.059 || || || 0W || || pyminer || 
|}

&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

==See Also==
* [[TP's Bitcoin Calculator]]
* [[Mining rig]]
* [[ZTEX FPGA Boards for Bitcoin Mining]]
* [[Generation Calculator]]
* [[Power Calc]]
* [[OpenCL miner]]
* [http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=745 ATI Stream vs. NVIDIA CUDA - GPGPU computing battle royale] 
* [http://bitminer.info/ Bitminer.info] 
* [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison Bitcoin Mining Performance Compared]
** [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Mining-Update-Power-Usage-Costs-Across-United-States Bitcoin Mining Power Costs Compared]

[[Category:Mining]]</text>
      <sha1>s2rve5ia94tby1fnoylyaz2vwfv1dc5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>81</id>
      <parentid>57</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-26T19:38:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>81</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145870" sha1="dnbxvzo4ds6fne9odzh9d5weqzilab2" xml:space="preserve">Below are some statistics about the mining performance of various hardware used in a [[mining rig]].
Mai jos gasiti o statistica detaliata asupra performantei de minat a diferitor hardware-uri folosite intr-un [[rig de minat]](mining rig).

'''Notes:'''
* Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; may not be very energy efficient with some models)
* Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule (energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)
* W = watt (maximum power consumption, i.e. energy per unit of time: 1 W = 1 J/s)

== ASIC ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-	
! Product !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! Watts !! Price !! Shipping !! Comm ports
|-
| Avalon ASIC #1
| 66,300&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 107 || 52.34 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,299&lt;ref name="avalon"&gt;[http://shop.avalon-asic.com/catalog/product/view/id/1 "Avalon ASIC"]. Avalon. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #2
| 60,000&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || 97 || 40.02 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,499&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #3&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt;
|  ||  || || || || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitForce SC 5Gh/s
| 5,000&lt;ref name="jap"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-jalapeno "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Jalapeno' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved April 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 18.24 || 30W || 274&lt;ref name="jap" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Little Single
| 30,000&lt;ref name="ls" /&gt; || || 46.22 || || 649&lt;ref name="ls"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/pre-order-form-bitforce-little-single-sc/ "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Little' Single SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Single 'SC'
| 60,000&lt;ref name="sc"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-single "Pre Order Form – BitForce Single 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ??? || 46.18 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 1,299&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Mini Rig 'SC'
| 1,500,000&lt;ref name="rig" /&gt; || ??? || 50.16 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 29,899&lt;ref name="rig"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-mini-rig "Pre Order Form – BitForce Mini Rig 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || Wifi
|-
| BitForce SC 25 Gh/s
| 25,000 || ??? || 24.01 || ??? || 1,249 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 50 Gh/s
| 50,000 || ??? || 20.00 || ???&lt;ref name="watts"&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1b8hvt/bfl_josh_updates_on_asic_status_full_transcript/&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,499&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Blade
| 10,752 || 129 || 1.87&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 83W || 5,749&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Emerald
| 336 || ??? || n/a || ??? || Promo || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Sapphire
| 300 || ??? || 1.31&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || ??? || 229&lt;ref name="bcprice"&gt;Actual price is in bitcoins. USD value estimated.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| KnCMiner Jupiter
| 350,000 || ??? || 50.04 || ??? || 6,995 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnCMiner Saturn
| 175,000 || ??? || 46.11 || ??? || 3,695 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || ???
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

== FPGA ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-	
! Product !! Hash rate&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/J] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s/$] !! Power&lt;br /&gt;[W] !! Price&lt;br /&gt;[$]
|-
! Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T Development Kit
| 100&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 19, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0 "Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.10 ||  || 995&lt;ref&gt;[http://avnetexpress.avnet.com/store/em/EMController?action=products&amp;catalogId=500201&amp;storeId=500201&amp;N=0&amp;langId=-1&amp;slnk=b&amp;term=AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G&amp;hrf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.avnet.com%2Fen-us%2Fdesign%2Fdrc%2FPages%2FXilinx-Spartan-6-FPGA-LX150T-Development-Kit.aspx&amp;intcmp=EMA-BUY-AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G "AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G Parts"]. Avnet Express. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Bitcoin Dominator X5000
| 100&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 14.7 || 0.22 || 6.8&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 440&lt;ref name="bd"&gt;NewMeat1 (August 18, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0 "Custom FPGA Board for Sale!"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! BitForce SHA256 Single
| 832&lt;ref name="single"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/ "BitForce SHA256 Single – Technical Specifications"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 10.4 || 1.38 || 80&lt;ref name="single" /&gt; || 599&lt;ref name="single" /&gt;
|-
! Butterflylabs Mini Rig
| 25,200&lt;ref name="mini"&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20120514032732/http://www.butterflylabs.com/products "Products"]. Butterfly Labs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20.16 || 1.64 || 1,250&lt;ref name="mini" /&gt; || 15,295&lt;ref name="mini2"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sha256-mini-rig/ "Order Form – BitForce SHA256 – Mini Rig"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Digilent Nexys 2 500K
| 5&lt;ref&gt;The Seven (June 3, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg164438#msg164438 "Re: Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner (Smaller Devices Now Supported!)"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.03 ||  || 149&lt;ref name="dig"&gt;[http://www.digilentinc.com/Products/Detail.cfm?Prod=NEXYS2 "Nexys™2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board"]. Digilent. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Icarus
| 380&lt;ref name="ica"&gt;Nzghang (November 9, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51371.0 "FPGA development board 'Icarus' – DisContinued/ important announcement"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 19.79 || 0.66 || 19.2&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt; || 569&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt;
|-
! KnCMiner Mars
| 6,000 || ??? || 2.15 || ??? || 2,795
|-
! Lancelot
|  ||  ||  ||  || 500&lt;ref name="lan"&gt;Nzghang (May 6, 2012). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79835.0 "FPGA development board "Lancelot" - accept bitsteam developer's orders."]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ModMiner Quad 
| 800&lt;ref name="mmq"&gt;[http://www.btcfpga.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=50 "ModMiner Quad"]. BTCFPGA. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20 || 0.75 || 40&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt; || 1,069&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt;
|-
! Terasic DE2-115
| 80&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 4, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5379.msg105544#msg105544 "Re: FPGA mining"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.13 ||  || 595&lt;ref name="de2"&gt;[http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?No=502 "Altera DE2-115 Development and Education Board"]. Terasic. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! X6500 FPGA Miner 
| 400&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 23.25 || 0.72 || 17.2&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 550&lt;ref name="x65"&gt;[http://store.fpgamining.com/ "FPGA Mining Store"]. FPGA Mining. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15b
| 90&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.27 ||  || 325&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=62&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15x
| 215&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.52 ||  || 406&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=66&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15y
| 860&lt;ref name="miner"&gt;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&lt;/ref&gt; || || 0.65 || || 1,304&lt;ref name="1.15y"&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=74&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

==Graphics cards==
=== Popular Mining Cards ===
This information has been included to make choosing a card easier. The cards selected are generally readily available online. Once you have purchased a card or cards, use the tables below to compare different configurations and setups.
=== genBTC's Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
The purpose of this chart is 1) Update used prices 2) To consolidate multiple sources of information into an at-a-glance format. 3) Provide 3 hashrate columns to make it easier to figure out performance before 4) You use this table to make informed decisions about purchasing a card for mining.&lt;br&gt;
Only edit Common MH/s. MH/s #1 and MH/s #2 were outsourced.&lt;br&gt;
I will continue to work on this chart, and it is a work in progress. &lt;br&gt;
Created February 25th 2013, Updated February 27th 2013 &lt;br&gt;
All the cards below are AMD (ATI) Radeon HD 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model	!! MH/s #1 !! MH/s #2 !! Common MH/s !! TDP(W) !! Shaders !! Stock Clock !! Ebay $ !! MSRP $ !! Cheapest $
|----
|5770||212.83||||200||108||800||850 MHz||$178?||$159||$ 50
|----
|5830||302||220||275||175||1120||800 MHz||$105||$239||$ 65
|----
|5850||346.16||270||330||151||1440||725 MHz||$101||$259||$ 90
|----
|5870||393||420||380||188||1600||850 MHz||$165||$379||$125
|----
|5970||704||700||750||294||3200||725 MHz||$248||$599||$269
|----
|6750||167.59||||170||86||720||725 MHz||$ 67||$109||
|----
|6770||196.67||||200||108||800||900 MHz||$ 84||$135||
|----
|6850||213.7||||250||127||960||775 MHz||$104||$179||
|----
|6870||278.31||||300||150||1120||900 MHz||$124||$239||
|----
|6950||369||350||350||200||1408||800 MHz||$171||$299||
|----
|6970||397||400||385||250||1536||880 MHz||$172||$369||
|----
|6990||772||700||750||375||3072||830 MHz||$372||$699||
|----
|7750||123||200||125||55||512||800 MHz||$ 93||$109||Newegg $89
|----
|7770||||250||200||80||640||1000 MHz||$ 98||$159||Newegg $119
|----
|7850||||375||300||130||1024||860 MHz||$177||$249||Newegg $169
|----
|7870||||||400||175||1280||1000 MHz||$227||$349||Newegg $229
|----
|7950||||450||500||200||1792||850 MHz||$307||$449||Newegg $299
|----
|7970||685||600||650||250||2048||925 MHz||$391||$549||Newegg $399
|----
|7990||||||1200||555||4096||925 MHz||$777||$999||Newegg $899
|----
|}
MH/s #1 taken from Joseph Woodrell's chart directly below this one.&lt;br&gt;
MH/s #2 taken from https://bitclockers.com/calc	&lt;br&gt;
TDP, Shaders, Stock Clock comes from http://www.hwcompare.com/ &amp; www.AMD.com to Verify&lt;br&gt;
Ebay Price taken from http://cgi5.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?SellHub3	and questionable prices marked with a ? &lt;br&gt;
Cheapest $ = Used price. Sourced from All over the internet as if I had to buy	 the card today.&lt;br&gt;
Newegg Price means NEW &amp; price was taken from the LOWEST priced card on 2/25/2013 @ 8 PM EST, any rebate disregarded&lt;br&gt;

=== Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
This spreadsheet performs several calculations and displays a visualization graph of a theoretical mining rig over time. It can be used to visualize any "what if" scenarios to better wrap your head around which card is the best choice under different conditions.  Bright Yellow Boxes are editable, and affect the calculations.  Dark Yellow Boxes are editable for notation, but don't affect the calculations.  The Green highlighted card is the best under those conditions, the Blue highlight is second best, the Orange highlight is third best.  Higher MHash/s performance can be obtained for each card through overclocking, but that drives up the wattage draw of the cards, and I did not have that complete dataset so I used the "average" MHash/s values listed here. &lt;br /&gt;
V1.5 - 1 Jan, 2012 - by. Joseph Woodrell 
[http://www.woodrell.com/joe/bitcoin/mining_sheet.zip Card Selection Spreadsheet]
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Single Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon&gt;Price from http://ebay.com/ on 2012-02-10 using an average of completed items, minus the top and bottom 20% to avoid spikes and give a truer average.&lt;/ref&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5770
|$136
|Moderate
|212.83
|1.45
|1.56 
|----
|5830
|$92
|Moderate
|302
|1.68
|3.28
|----
|5850
|$114.96
|Limited
|346.16
|1.92
|3.0
|----
|5870
|$190.16
|Limited
|393
|1.97
|2.066 
|----
|5970
|$421
|Limited
|704
|2.2
|1.67 
|----
|6750
|$116
|Easy
|167.59
|
|1.44 
|----
|6770
|$115
|Easy
|196.67
|
|1.71 
|----
|6850
|$160
|Easy
|213.7
|1.35
|1.34 
|----
|6870
|$190
|Easy
|278.31
|1.73
|1.46 
|----
|6930
|$180
|Limited
|350
|
|1.94
|----
|6950
|$230
|Easy
|369
|1.94
|1.6 
|----
|6970
|$271.89
|Easy
|397
|1.89
|1.46 
|----
|6990
|$622.99
|Limited
|772
|1.93
|1.23 
|----
|7750
|$110
|Easy
|123
|2.46
|1.12 
|----
|7970
|$420
|Easy
|685
|
|1.22 
|----
|}

==== Multi-Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon/&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5830x2
|$360
|Moderate
|525
|
|1.46 
|----
|5850x4
|$644
|Limited
|1360
|1.94
|2.11 
|----
|5850x6
|$996
|Limited
|2130
|
| 
|----
|5870x2
|$700
|Limited
|787.5
|0.84
|1.13 
|----
|6770x2
|$274
|Easy
|464
|
|1.69 
|----
|6950x4
|$1,000
|Easy
|1316
|1.51
|1.32 
|----
|6970x2
|$700
|Easy
|769
|1.6
|1.10 
|----
|6990x2
|$1,540
|Limited
|1568
|1.7
|1.02 
|----
|6990x3
|$2,310
|Limited
|2094
|1.8
|0.91 
|----
|7970x3
|$1680
|Easy
|2050
|2.41
|1.16 
|----
|7970x2
|$868
|Easy
|1060
|
| 
|----
|}

===AMD (ATI)===
Stream SDK 2.5 seems to have resolved many of the problems with earlier versions.  Everyone's setups will be unique so this should only be a guide or starting point, not an absolute. 



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt; !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! SDK !! Slot !! Miner !! Notes 
|-
| 3410 || 0.89 || 0.074 || ? || 12(?) || 222 || 40 || 1.4 beta || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || A custom Brook+ miner || Using 16,384 length streams
|-
| 3XXX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported
|-
| 42XX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported (integrated/mobile GPU)
|-
| 4350 || 6.93 || 0.346 ||0.16 || 20 || 575 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4350 || 7.2 || || || || 600 || || 1.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer/Linux || default settings
|-
| 4350 || 8.14 || -|| 0.19 || - || 730 || 80 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 32. Model: Asus EAH4350 Silent. Memory at 400MHz. Runs at 60°C with ambient at 25°C.
|-
| 4350 || 10.7 || -|| - || - || 730 || - || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || CGMiner/Windows7 || -v -w 64 Voltage set at 0.900 core set at 800MHZ and memory set to 200MHZ
|-
| 4550 || 7.23 || 0.289 ||0.13 || 25 || 600 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4550 || 7.8 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer /phoenix || worksize=64 VECTORS 
|-
| 4570M || 8.02 || 0.297 || ? || 27 || 680 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW
|-
| 4570M || 9.6 || 0.300|| ? || 32 || 825(OC) || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW. OC core 680-&gt;825. U/C memory 800-&gt;500.
|-
| 4650 || 31.33 || 0.653||  0.44 || 48 || 650 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 36.14 || 0.613|| 0.34 || 59 || 750 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 40.11 || 0.679|| 0.38 || 59 || 800 || 320 || - || AGP x8 || poclbm/Ubuntu 10.10 w/ H == 0 mod || -w 32 -f 0, don't use vectors [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.msg85236#msg85236 source]
|-
| 4670 || 50 || - || 0.47 || 60 || 800 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || 2 miners set up i7 920 (130W), CPU: Ufasoft, GPU: OpenCL; the CPU is getting about 40 Mhash/s while the GPU goes from 10-20 Mhash/s
|-
| 4730 || 72.29 || 0.657|| ? || 110 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4770 || 72.29 || 0.904|| 0.72 || 80 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 55.42 || 0.583|| || 95 || 575 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 61.7 || - || || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 64.9 || - || - || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 66.12 || 0.503|| || 105 || 700 || 1005 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - ||
|-
| 4850 || 75.30 || 0.685 || || 110 || 625 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4850 || 84.3 || 0.766 ||  || 110 || 725 || 300 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || -w64 fan at 70% temp 73C, stock voltage -gui miner
|-
| 4850 || 87.4 || 0.79 || - || 110 || 785 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || Phoenix; -k poclbm
|-
| 4850 || 90.1 || 0.819 || || 110 || 800 || 500 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 30; Tried phoenix and phatk, got same max
|-
| 4850 || 101 || 0.918 || || 110 || 817 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 0, core 817mhz(default 625)@1.123v , mem downclock to 500mhz (default 993) [http://www.smpake.com/?p=6 source]
|-
| 4850x2 || 150.60 || 0.602 || || 250 || 625 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4860 || 67.47 || 0.519||  || 130 || 700 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 78 || 0.520||  || 150 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Vista 64bit || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source]
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 88 || ||  || 140 || std || 800 || 12.3.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / 64bit OS X pyopencl / poclbm || Standard Mac Pro 3,1 with Apple HD4870 upgrade. Flags: FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5 (don't use vectors, and hash rate drops to 60-70 if browser windows are visible, speeds up to 88 if you hide them!
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 90.36 || 0.602||  || 150 || 750 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 92.84 || 0.6189333(?)||  || 150(?) || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm AGGRESSION=5 (Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU OC 750-&gt;830MHz, VRAM UC 900-&gt;450MHz, BIOS modded)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 96 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / phoenix 1.50 / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -k phatk bfi_int=false FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 104 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / DiabloMiner / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.2 || ?||  || ? || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 200 MHz By MSI AfterBurner. Card: Gainward Golden Sample. @70%Fan we have 55 GPU temp.
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.6 || 0.872||  || 120 || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 256 -f 1, Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 190 MHz (saves 30 watts at outlet)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 112 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BAMT 0.5c / cgminer || Powercolor @ GPU 875 MHz/ MEM 300 Mhz/ 1,25VDC @ 100% FAN @ 65 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.6||   0.632|| || 286 || 800 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.72||    0.632|| || 286 || 750 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4870x2 || 203 || || ||  || 850(OC) || 1600 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod ver. 20 april 2011|| Gainward / Win7 x64 / -w 256 -f 1 / 850MHz GPU - 300MHz Mem - 1,262V - 100% fun : 72C
|-
| 4890 || 97.1 || 0.511|| || 190 || 870(OC) || 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-01-21 Solo settings || Sapphire fab. No flags options helped. Close all browsers and do full restart of GUIMiner and then Bitcoin via GUIMiner server starter or the browsers GPU accl. will limit to 56~ ish Mhash/s - I can now start browser without slowdowns
|-
| 4890 || 102.41 || 0.539|| || 190 || 850 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 108.3 || 0.57|| || 190 || 975 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 121.5 || -||  || 190 || 1025 (OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || no flags, Vcore 1.4 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 11.99||   0.631|| || 19 || 650 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 13.74|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linuxcoin v0.2 || -v -w128 tried several options, seems to work best.
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 14.12|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/Linuxcoin v0.2 || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64" Kernel: "phatk"
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 15.36|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_ING WORKSIZE=128" Kernel: "phatk" - MagicSata
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 18.10|| || - || - || 774 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 1 774.66MHz/300.37MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5470 || 17.10|| || - || - || - || - || - || - || poclbm || -v -w 128 MobileGPU
|-
| 5550 || 40.59 || 1.041||  || 39 || 550 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5550 || 62.10 || - || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || 700MHz core 800MHz ram, phatk mod, Flags: "-k phatk worksize=128 vectors aggression=4 bfi_int"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 59.96 || 1.538|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 62 || 1.59|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 64 || 1.641|| || 39 || 650 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 73 || 1.872|| || 39 || 700 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 86.3 || 2.397|| || 36 || 775 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 (no Aero) ||-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v  WORKSIZE=256 Fan 100% 86C Undervolted @ 0.96v using Sapphire Trixx
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 94 || stock || || || 880 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUI Miner 02-12/Windows 7 x86 || -v -w128 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 102 || 1.46(+)|| || 75(-) || 950 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Windows 7 x86 (no Aero) || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 (Reference Sapphire card, 2 additional 120mm coolers, temperature is 79-82C)
|-
| 5650 || 48 || 1.37|| || 35(?) || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/ATI-Mobility-Radeon-HD-5650.23697.0.html source] -- not TDP but load
|-
| 5650 || 61.2 || || || 35 || || || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=9
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 71.49 || 1.117|| || 64 || 775 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 72 || 1.64|| || 44 || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod (Win7-64) || Sapphire 100287VGAL card is low power
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 85|| || - || - || 900 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 91|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 poclbm catalyst 11.2 win7 x86 || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 100|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 1.5.6 || GPU/Mem 890/800 temp 72C
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 103 || -|| || - || 900/275 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 11.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / small fan, under 50 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 127.8|| || - || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Windows 7 (64bit) Phoenix 2.0 || Aggression=11 Worksize=128 Fastloop=False Opencl
|-
| 5750 || 105 || - || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || poclbm || Apple iMac 27inch (Mid 2010), Mac OSX 10.7 Lion 
|-
| 5750 || 116.24 || 1.352|| || 86 || 700 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5750 || 137 || ||- || - || 710 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 using stock memory and GPU clocks
|-
| 5750 || 146.4 || || - || - || 775 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || -v -w128, AMD Catalyst overclock (775MHz GPU / 1225 MHz Memory)
|-
| 5750 || 154.56 || 1.45|| || 106 || 830 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || -v -w128 -f20 underclocked memory clocks from 1150MHz to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 170 || - || || - || 870 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 patched BIOS to underclock memory to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 173 || - || ||- || 875 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || phoenix || 875/300 w/MSI Afterburner, BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE -k phatk
|-
| 5750 || 177 || - || ||- || 910/575 || 720 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.5.6 || PowerColor GoGreen+fan, MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE WORKSIZE=64
|-
| 5750 || 190 || - || ||- || 930/290 || - || atistream sdk || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || 930gpu / 290mem (O.S. Ubuntu 10.10 x64, overclock gpu &amp; underclock mem) with poclbm options -v -f 0 -w 256
|-
| 5750 Vapor-X || 195 || - || - || 125 || 975/300 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || (O.S. Ubuntu 12.01 AMD64 dedicated) cgminer options -Q 0 -I 9 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 65 --gpu-vddc 1.075 (Fan speed 60~65%)
|-
| 5750x2 CF || 356 || - || ||- || 870 || 720x2 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=28402.0 cgminer v1.5.1] (Win7 64bit) || 870MHz GPU / -I 8 / 2x [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3402#sp GIGABYTE GV-R575SL-1GI] cards + [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3258#sp GIGABYTE GA-790FXTA-UD5] MB + 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=9&amp;lng=en 80mm], 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=16&amp;lng=en 90mm] Noctua coolers
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 156.83 || 1.452|| || 108 || 850 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 171.12 || - || - || - || - || stock || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.3/debian gnu/linux 6 squeeze || -k phatk2 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 180 || 1.406(*)|| || 128(*) || 950(OC) || 800 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here])
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 Hawk || 182 || ||- || - || 875 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || -v -w 128 (875MHz is stock for 5770 Hawk)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 185 || - || ||- || 850 || 1200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 205.58 || - || ||- || 935 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.5 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || mem underclocked 300 mhz, 1.1vcore, 950mhz core, @69°C/57%FAN VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.7 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / win7x86 || mem underclocked 309 mhz, -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 216.5 || -|| || - || 955 || || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 /phatk || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 218.35 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1401 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 128 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1Ghz core with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 223 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 227 || -|| || - || 1030 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 256 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1030 core/300 mem with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 233 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 236 || -|| || - || 1033/275 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / big fans, under 75 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 240.61 || 2.3632(-)|| || 100(+) || 1080 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC'd and OV'd 1080/300 1.25v)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 241 || - || - || 100(+) || 1045 || 250 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC 1020/300) XFX@1.1 volts. +Kernel function improve 5%
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 244 || -|| || - || 1050 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 /phatk2 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=9, Temp 75C, FAN 100% (manual)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770x2 || 425 || - || - || 225(+) || 960 || 800x2 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w128 (OC 960/1200)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830M || 120 || -|| || - || 570|| 120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Win7 x64|| -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 244 || 1.36|| || 179 || 800 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 245 || 1.28|| || 192 || 880 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 248 || 1.29|| || 192 || 880 || 500 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.46 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 256 || -|| || - || 900 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 267 || -|| || - || 875 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 272 || 1.52|| || 179 || 875 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / LinuxCoin || 275Mhz Memory clock, 1.125 V (from 1.163), VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 275 || 1.5714|| || 175 || 900 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w64 -f10, XFX stock w/ v2.4 SDK = 230Mh/s, v2.1 SDK = +10Mh/s, overclocking core clock by 100 = +30Mh/s, underclocking memory to 500 (ran cooler), and changing workload to -w64 = +5Mh/s.
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 285 || - ||1.58 || - || 960 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 930 || - || 2.2 || PCI-E x16/x4/x1 || GUIMiner / phoenix  1.5 / POCLBM / Win 7 64 || POCLBM VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false / Memory 300Mhz, VCore standard
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 295 || -|| || - || 980 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win XP 32 || Extra flags -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 297 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 44% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 960|| 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win 7 64 || Extra flags -v -w 256 (Sapphire Extreme 71 degrees @ 52% fan)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / pheonix 1.48 / Win7 64 || (sapphire xtreme) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 305 || -|| || - || 984 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / phatk / Win7 32 || 400Mhz Memory clock, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || -|| || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || 2.25 || 2.55 || 125 || 965 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.0.5 / Win7 64 || Mem @ 300/Stock voltage/Entire system 200W
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / poclbm / Xubuntu 11.04 x64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 black || 310 || ||- || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || LinuxCoin 0.2b, phoenix/phatk || (XFX Brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 311 || -|| || - || 1000 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 315 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.1 / phatk2 / CrunchBang Linux || memory @ 300mhz VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 316 || ||- || - || 1015 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 319 || -|| 1.77 || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Xp 64 || 1.2v 355Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 321 || -||  || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Linux || 1000Mhz GPU, 350Mhz RAM, 1.15V, 90% fan, ~60c Temp, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; phatk kernel found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 323 || || ||  || 900 (OC) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.5 Win7x64 || (500Mhz RAM), ~61c Temp, 57% fan, BFI_INT  FASTLOOP=false VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 (127$) || 325 || 1.98 || 2.57Mh/$ || 165W || 1040MHz || 200MHz || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Guiminer/phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] w7 64bit  || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS2 WORKSIZE=128 stock volt, watercooled 53C
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 328 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix / phatk || 1.195 V, RAM @ 325 Mhz, fan @90%, no case, extra 10K RPM fan (62 deg.C in full-load); options: -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; brand: Sapphire Xtreme; bord is stable up to 1060 Mhz ~ 335 MHash, but produces some visual artefacts;
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 331 || - || 4.14 || - || 1010 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || WinXP 32 / Phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 || Stock Voltage, RAM 300, 64C, Fan 67%, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false (+6Mh w/ Phoenix 1.7.5 over 1.6.2)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 333 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix-1.50 / phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] || + ~5 Mhash increase using the modified phatk from the user above. I am the same guy with 330 @ 1040 MHz Sapphire Xtreme, all other settings the same, board stable, no increase in rejected
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1040 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 208Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk 2.0 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT  -- (upped from 330 achieved with diapolo mod [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]), now using phatk 2.0 found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7964.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 342 || - || - || - || 1045 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk 2.2 / WinSvr 2008 R2 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS VECTORS4 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 BFI_INT -k phatk-2.2
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 CF || 480 || -|| || - || 800 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit |Guiminer || -v -f70 -w128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 570 || -|| || - || 950 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit poclbm || poclbm -v -w256 -f10 MEMORYCLOCK 300MHZ GPUCLOCK 950MHZ FAN 52% 72°C 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 608 || -|| || - || 990 || - || - || 2x PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 2.0/ phatk2 / Win7 32bit || Stock voltage, 300Mhz Memory, VECTORS GOFFSET AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FAN 51% 69°C (Open ATX case) 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x6 || 1967 || 1.62 || 1.97 || - || 1020/340 || 1120x6 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.7.5/phatk2/BAMT Linux || 100% fan @65C / 1.162V / CCC 11.6 / BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 240.77 || 1.595|| 1.49 || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 250.26 || 1.657|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || opencl client || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 252 || 1.575|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 255.3 || 1.593|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 264 || 1.748|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || guiminer-20110501 || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || 1.75|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || with BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || - || ||- || 725 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 / Fedora 14 || -v -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=true
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 282.75 ||style="background:#EFEFFF;"| 3.06|| - || 92.25|| 666 (UC) || 1440|| 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/WinXP || undervolted to 0.95V; phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; driver 10.12; [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9982.0 clocktweak] for setting values; [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40056 thread]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 292 || 1.825|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 298 || 1.8620|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 -w 64 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 300 || 1.5460|| || 194 || 925(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 304 || - || || - || 725 (stock) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer.exe -v 2 -I 8 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 275 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 314 || 1.8362|| || 171 || 820(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 328 || - || || - || 875 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || 70C @42% fan, mem @ 500mhz; -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 330 || - || ||- || 850 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || EAH5850, miner arguments: -k poclbm DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 331 || - || ||- || 725 (Stock) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits||  Sapphire 5850 Xtreme, Arguments: -v 2 -w 192 (by Swapper 2011-07-05)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 335 || 1.8611|| || 180 || 890(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128, Memory downclocked to 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 344 || 1.8594|| || 185 || 890(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 347 || -|| || - || 876 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 50% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 354 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || diablo -v 2 -w 128 || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=9239.0 Headless], catalyst 11.5, memory downclocked to 300mhz, stock voltage. flashed with atiflash [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9AxNmOy6_0 video]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit, Memory downclocked to 200MHz, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 60% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 356 || -|| || - || 870 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 359 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 365 || -|| || - || 920 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 367.5 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || diablo with bitless's hack, -v 2 -w 128 || RHEL 5U5 x86_64, catalyst 11.5, Sapphire HD 5850 Xtreme, Memory downclocked to 300MHz, core voltage 1.145V, BIOS modded with RBE
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 369.4 || -|| || - || 930 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix / phatk / Win7 32 || Catalyst 11.5, XFX HD5850, Memory downclocked to 322MHz, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 372 || 1.68 || - || 220 @ Wall || 900 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || cgminer 2.3.1 from source / Ubuntu 11.11 x86_64 || -I 8 -v 2 -w 256 --- hex-core opteron cpu w/ 12GB RAM and cgminer CPU bug in linux makes power usage a little high ~210w in windows 7 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 375 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 10.04 || 300Mhz memory clock  VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 381 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || phoenix / phatk / Win7 x64 / Catalyst 11.6 || MSI Afterburner 500MHz memory clock,-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 382 || 1.8454|| || 207 || 995(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix || OC 1.177v on core
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || - || - || 180 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.2 || ASUS DirectCU @ GPU 960 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.2 @ 70% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2,1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenix 1.5 / phatk / Win7 64 || Mem @ 280, fan @ 100%, Temp @ 71, 1.163 V core, -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, The name is Mautobu
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 392 || -||2.43 || - || 990 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-svn (AUR) / phatk / Arch Linux || Memory: 180MHz, -v -q 1 -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 397 || -|| || - || 950 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64, catalyst 11.6 || Mem speed 350Mhz, Fan 85%, 70C, 1.083 Vcore, -k phatk  VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 400 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 x64 || Memory 600MHz, Vcore 1.225, 73C, -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 404 || -|| || - || 965 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenixsvn / phatk2 / Ubuntu 11.04 / catalyst 11.8 || 5870 bios flash, Mem @322, fan@55%, Temp@83oC, 1.163Vcore, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 408 || -|| - || - || 999/275 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || Fan 70%, temp &lt; 60 deg C, Sapphire 5 heatpipe card, same flags as above/below (edit1- oops, no voltage tweaks... edit2- wow, phatk-mod makes a difference... catfish)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 412 || -|| || - || 1010 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.5 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 414.8 || -|| || - || 1018 || 450 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || GUIMiner / Win7 64 11.7 || I use Sapphire HD5850 Toxic 2GB and for OC TRIXX Sapphire Tweak Utility v4.0.2. 72 deg C, fan 100%, core 1018mhz, mem 450Mhz, stock voltage (1.163). proof: http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/2367/414upload.png GUIMiner parameters: -v -w256 -f1  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 420 || -|| || - || 1055 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.6 || Fan 80%, 66C, 1.250 Vcore, -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 And proof: http://i.imgur.com/s9hqs.png
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 431 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 4x&gt;16x || phoenix-svn / phatk kernel / Debian Wheezy AMD64 + fglrx 11.6 || fan 100%, vcore 1.1750 V, 72C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=15 FASTLOOP=false -k phatk, proof: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/199/431u.png/
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 432.15 || -|| || - || 1040 || 500 || 2.5.793.1 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 kernel / Win7 x64 SP1 || fan 100%, vcore 1.212 V, 69C, VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=64 -k phatk2, proof: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18704286/mining%205850.png/ ... Card is REF HIS 5850 ... i mining at this speed for stable but... max unstable (if i play video/flashvideo it will crash) is 436.48Mhash/sec with core 1051 mem 500 vcore 1.237 (same other settings) it's too hot in VRM that not sound good to me... i don't want to kill it for my fun mining ... - Nito Niwatori 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 620 || - || || - || 800 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer ( cl miner )  v2012-02-19 Win7 x64 || MSI OC-Edition, -v -w 128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 702 || - || - || - || 905 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 (x2) || phoenix 2.0.0 / Win 7 x32 || ASUS DirectCU: 304Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, Voltage Tweak, AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/9u6f2jz3sz1poxb/5850.jpg)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 720 || -|| || - || 875 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x3 || 1,010 || -|| || - || 850 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 (x3) || GUIMiner || -v -w128 | MSI Afterburner settings: 850MHz core clock and 500MHz memory clock 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x4 || 1360 || 1.94|| || 700@wall || 900 ||  ||  ||  || poclbm|| 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x6 || 2,135 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 (6 total, 4 full length, 2 @ PCIE1x with risers || GUIMiner 24/8/2011 - poclbm || -v -f1 -w128 | Win 7 64Bit, Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 motherboard, 4gb ram, AM3 cpu, Kingston SSD, Catalyst 11.8 drivers, guiminer switches: -v -f1 -w128, MSI Afterburner settings: 900MHz core clock and 1000MHz memory clock, cable risers required to fit all 6 cards, fans 100% Proof: http://i.imgur.com/6s7zv.jpg 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 152.5 || -|| || - || 750(OC) || 1000 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || gui-miner (win-7) ||
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 189.2 || -|| || - || 850(OC) || 1000 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Wins 7 64/gui-miner (win-7) ||  -v -w128 -f0 Graphics Overdrive setting 700-&gt;850 core clock &amp; 900-&gt;1030memory clock . +35mhs over stock settings
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313 || 1.665|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313.65 || 1.668||1.65 || 188 || 850 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 340 || 1.809|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 343 || 1.824|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 355 || 1.888|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 360 || 1.6822|| || 214 || 970 || 700 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL w7-64 || -f 0 -v -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=6144.msg91959#msg91959 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 379 || 2.015|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 397 || -|| || - || 930 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 400 || 1.9047|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Phoenix 1.3 || -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 FASTLOOP BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 408 || 1.8888|| || 216 || 980 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Win7x64 || -f 20 -v -w 128, BIT_ALIGN, BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 414 || 1.9255|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/w7x64 || -k poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 VECTORS BITALIGN BFI_INT -- Memory Clock 300
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 420 || 2.0000|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421 || 1.9581|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.47 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421.5 || 2.007|| || 201 || 950 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2 (GPU OC to 900, memory downclocked to 900)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 430 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 432 || || || || 985 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.73/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 Memory Clock=900Mhz Asus 76C Fan=60% 65F ambient
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 435 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || LinuxCoin v0.2b phoenix/phatk || (Powercolor brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 437 || || 1.90|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk || Card is clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 438 || 1.9819|| || 221 || 1000(OC) || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Linux || -v -w 64 -f 1
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 440 || 2.0000|| || 220 || 995 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 445 || 2.28||2.34 || 195 || 1005 || 335 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Ubuntu 11.04 phoenix/phatk || (Asus brand, volts = 1'072) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false -a 7 (-a 10)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 453 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 catalyst 11.6 phatk 2.2 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOPS=false -- Memory Clock 350Mhz Vcore 1.163v
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 458 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Windows 7 64 || -v -w 256 -f 1 Crossfired, Water cooled, 916 Mhash/s total. Best dual gpu setup me thinks? The name is Mautobu.
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1020 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 -k phatk -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 461 || || || || 1000 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, Memory Clock=213, stock voltage
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 481 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1x || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=20 [MSI HD 5870 Ref Design vs Zalman VF3000A 1200mv Mem 600MHz]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (CF) || 864 || -|| || - || 900 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=7 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 (Same flags per GPU)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 620 || -|| || - || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 0.751|| || 1100 || 950 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 1.18|| || 700 || 935 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 w/ Phatk || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false, memory @ 319 MHz, Windows 7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 878 || 0.585|| || 1500 || 1000 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x4 || 1784 || || 1.29|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk + [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0 Version 2.2 Improvement] || Cards are clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x6 || 2568 || -|| || 1200 || 970 || -|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit  || -v -w128, voltage default, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 80-90% (+ 4x12cm fun 1900rpm), Temp 6x 70-75C. Whole computer comsumpts 1280Watt. Using PCI-E risers 16x-16x to use 6 GPU cards
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 530 || 1.803||0.53 ? || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.4.595.10 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/201103.beta3/Windows || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 535.06 || 1.820|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 560 || 1.905|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 565 || 1.922|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine2 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 604 || 2.054|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 645 || 1.875|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || -f1, Debian 6, fglrx-driver 10.9.3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 739 || || || || 795 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || -I 9 -k phatk -w 256 -v 2, memory clock @ 265MHz, Debian Squeeze, fglrx-driver 12.1.1, performance scales linearly with engine clock as long as memory clock is 1/3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 740 || 2.1511|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix/1.3 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 755 || 2.2076|| || 342 || 848 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 28-04-11 || -f 1 -w 256 -v, Ubuntu 10.10, fglrx 11.4, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 802 || 2.31|| || 347 || 850 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix poclbm Ubuntu 11.04 || -q 6 -k AGGRESSION=19 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, fglrx 11.4, mem clock @ 1000MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 820 || ??? || || ??? || 910 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS -k phatk, 11.5, Mem @ 300MHz, 1.110v, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 822.2 || -|| || - || 950 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix win7 || -k phatk -q 6 AGGRESSION=20 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, but with this increasing difficulty mining becomes pretty pointless
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 833 || -|| || - || 930 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5, win7 x64, catalyst 11.7 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS fastloops=false. memory@300mhz, 1.125v, fan 100%, 73C core temp, 95c voltage controllers. it will clock higher but not stable without a voltage increase and i fear for the VRMs
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 863.4 || -|| || - || 955 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo - Debian || -v 2 -w 256 (XFX Radeon HD 5970 Black Edition)
|-
| 6310M || 9.821 || 0.545|| || 18 || 500 || 80 || 2.4 || Integrated/APU || poclbm-gui -v -w128 || HP DM1z 18W TDP is shared with the CPU
|-
| 6450 || 27.0 || 1.5 || - || 18 || 625 || 160 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire HD6450 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| 6450 || 32.6 || 1.918 || - || 17 || 725 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/Phoenix1.75 Windows 7 x64 (no Aero)|| -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Dell OEM HD6450 1gb ddr3 passive cooling/no fan 81C
|-
| 6450 || 37.8 || ? || - || 17 || 850 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Sapphire HD6450 1GB DDR3 passive cooling/no fan 150MHz memory/1000mV VCore
|-
| 6470M || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || guiminer || 
|-
| 6470M || 31.0 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.48 || 
|-
| 6480G || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.75 || 
|-
| 6490M || 15.21 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 VRAM: 256MB
|-
| 6490M || 16.289 || 0.708|| || 23 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm-mod (Mac OS X 10.6.7) || MacBook Pro early 2011
|-
| 6490M || 17.18 || - || ||- || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoneix 1.50 with poclbm, Mac OS X 10.6.7 || MacBook Pro 2,8 VRAM: 256MB. phoenix -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP
|-
| 6490M || 32.1 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || guiminer 2011-07-01 with poclbm (Win7-x64) ||MacBookPro8,2 (WinX64) -v -w128 -f0
|-
| style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6520G || 33.8 || - || || - || 400 || 320 || - || Integrated/APU || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 on Toshiba L775D-S7222
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6530D || 40.5 || - || || - || 444 || 320 || 2.4 || FM-1 || cgminer 2.4.1  || Integrated/APU A6-3500; Linux; Catalyst 11.11; APP-SDK-v2.4 (595.10)
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D(A8 Onboard) || 66.2 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D || 67.6 || -|| || - || 600 || 400 || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f2
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 68.0 || 1.133|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || no extra option for miner . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 82.1 || 1.368|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || -v -w128 . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 86.0 || 1.95 || - || 44 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire Ultimate HD6570 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 112.0 || - || || - || 860 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f1 . Sapphire 6570 Low Profile gddr3 1024mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 114.0 || - || || - || 866 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -f 0 -w128 -a 3 . XFX 6570 Full Profile gddr3 1024mb 64 bit
|-
|  6630M || 48.80 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-06-18 / Mac OS X 10.7 || Mac Mini 2011 MC816D/A
|-
|  6630M || 63.00 || -|| || - || 600 || 480 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner Windows || Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E320 (card overclocked using Sapphire TRIXX)
|-
|  6670 || 102.20 || -|| || - || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Debian sid || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|  6670 || 104.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 820 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -a4 -f15 -d0 -w64
|-
|  6670 || 110.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -f 0 -w 128 -q 6
|-
|  6670 || 111.77 || 1.69 || - || 66 || 910 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.5 || -k phatk2 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=5 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6670 || 120.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || kernel: diablo i:10 core: 900 mem: 750
|-
|  6670 || 124.0 || - || - || 66 || 940 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=128 Sapphire HD6670 Ultimate 1GB DDR5 passive cooling/no fan 300MHz memory/1100mV VCore
|-
|  6750 || 142 || -|| || 150 || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, Gigabyte SL (passive cooler), watts is TDP, card runs very hot (&gt;90°C)
|-
|  6750 || 167.59 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6750 || 172.00 || -|| || - || 860 || 600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) MSI Afterburner 2.2.3 || -v -w128 f-20 Sapphire 6570 GDDR3 1024Mb CCC ver. 11.12 OCL 2.5
|-
|  6750M || 41.48 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || diablominer ||
|-
|  6750M || 60 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || diablominer OSX 10.7 WorkSize=128||
|-
|  6770 || 180 || -|| || - || 850 || 1200 || - || - || guiminer || -v -w128 , this was an XFX (OEM) model, GPU @ 850 MHz, mem @ 1200 MHz; I pushed it up to 190 Mhash/s briefly by overclocking, but it crashed the system above that
|-
|  6770 || 202 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x1,x4,x8,x16 || phoenix 1.48 || Sapphire 6770 (standard) -q2 -k poclbm DEVICE=0 AGGRESSION=10 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP (The PCI-E speed does not affect the mining speed)
|-
|  6770 || 217 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E x16 || Guiminer with phoenix || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 with https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 modification
|-
|  6770 || 221 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || MSI 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770 || 235 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770x2 || 470 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6790 || 220 || 1.467|| || 150 || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS OC'd to 1ghz, underclocked mem to 300, voltage at 1175
|-
|  6790 || 219 || 1.467|| || 150 || 960 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f0 -w128 / GPU OC to 960MHz under Windows7 64bit
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 171.59 || 1.351||1.07 || 127 || 775 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 196 || -|| || - || 850 || 960 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 0
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 220 || 1.236(*)|| || 178(*) || 1000(OC) || 960 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] )
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 234.8 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 236.0 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, Core @ 900MHz, Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 244.2 || ||- || - || 960 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm june-2011 || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 245.1 || ||- || 200 || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer (Phoenix) || Sapphire 6850 (Memory @1000MHz); Win7 64bit; flags: -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 250 || 1.612(*) ||- || 155(*) || 940 (OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || AOCLBF 1.74 (Phoenix 1.5**) @Win7/x64 || XFX 6850 (Memory @840MHz; Vdcc @1.148V; Fan @74%; Temp @70C; System  @39C); flags: -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] / **: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 Tainted Kernel])
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 256.2 || || - || 170 || 980 || 960 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5 / Win7 32bit || -k phatk -VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9, Sapphire VaporX 1GB, mem@250MHz, stock VDDC 1.150V 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 262.5 || || - || - || 965 || 525 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 (HIS 6850 flashed to HIS 6870 BIOS)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 267.2 || ||1.67 || - || 1010(OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.50 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 301.4 || ||1.67 || - ||  ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 2 -w 128 clock @ 985 mem @ 890
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 232.47 || 1.540||1.22 || 151 || 900 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 245|| -|| || - || 900|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.45 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=10
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 264.5 || - || - || - || 980 || 1050 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Stays around 66*C if I keep the side panel off and the room well ventilated. Card is PowerColor branded. Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 with Classic theme. Fan is at 100%. -v -w128 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 271 || 1.807|| || 150 || 940 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || Debian 6.0.1 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 277.47 || -|| || - || 940 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 279 || 1.847(?)|| || 151(?) || 900 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha cat 11.4 sdk 2.4 || -G2 -D stock clocks, debian linux 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 281.7 || 1.172 (stock)|| || - || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer-v2011-06-09 || xfx6870, flags: -v 19 -w 128, win7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 293.13 ||  || ||- || 945 || 1050|| 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Phatk || xfx6870, Catalyst 11.6, 1.5 Phoenix flags: -k phatk FASTLOOP=false DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25860.0 Kernel Patch; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6458.0 Cmd; http://developer.amd.com/tools/gDEBugger/Pages/default.aspx No Crossfire Required; runs faster without crossfire 1% + additional 3% from update
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk || xfx6870, 340MHz memory clock, Catalyst 11.6, flags: BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 985 || 1100|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Diablo || Powercolor branded card, Win 8 x64, -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 295 || 2.02||1.64 || 146 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill latest as of 7/6/11 (ubuntu 11.4) || hashkill-gpu -p bitcoin user:pass:server -D, mem clock 850, voltage @ 1.175, Fan @ 70%, Temp @ 71C.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 297|| -|| || - || 1000|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.62 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || Vectors HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.6.2 phatk2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1038 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat 11.4 || -v -w128 -f1 mem clock 360, fan 100% temp 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300.06 || 1.830|| || 164 || 1020 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 cat 11.4 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 fastloop mem clock 344
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 302 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, -w 256 -I 9, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 307 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1001/\1001 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat11.8 || -v -w128 -f5,85°C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 ||  || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS AMD64) || intensity=13, vectors=2, worksize=128, kernel=diablo, gpu-engine=1000, gpu-memclock=900
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1035 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || -|| || - || 975 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk linuxcoin || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 340MHz, core clock @ 970MHz, flashed bios, 72 degrees w/ fan @ 68%, GIGABYTE SOC
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 312 || -|| || - || 975 || 300|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Windows 7 x64 SP1 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300, Fan @ 45%, Temp @ 62C,  MSI 6870 HAWK.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 314 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 316 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.25, Fan @ 40%, Temp @ 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 320 || - || - || 160 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.1 || Saphire @ GPU 1030 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.25 @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 321|| -|| || - || 1050|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 ||aoclbf 1.7 phoenix 1.50 11.6|| Vectors HD5xxx+ phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256,  Memory=325MHz, Volts=1.3V, Fan~55%, Temps~70C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 322 || 1.882|| || 170 || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 400MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 329 || -|| || - || 1075 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 332 || -||1.74 || - || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-14 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.3, Fan @ 60%, Temp @ 74C, flash and browser hardware acceleration disabled, aero enabled.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 339.25 || - || - || - || 1090 || 1120 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.3 cat 12.1 || Mem @ 350Mhz Clock @ 1090 Voltage 1.337 fan @ 100 Temp @ 75 diapolo's modified phatk kernel -k phatk_dia platform=0 device=0 VECTORS2 AGGRESSION=11 worksize=64 FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 375 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate 32-bit / Guiminer v2011-07-01 / phoenix 1.5 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 1000 MHz / MEM @ 200 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.187 V / FAN @ 40% / Temp @ 72 C / Flags: -k phatk2 platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=6 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false / Using 2 miners with equal settings on 1 GPU
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x2 || 600 || - || - || - || 945 || 330 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit / Phoenix 2 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 945 MHz / MEM @ 330 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.175  / Config: phatk2 VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false GOFFSET=True
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1150|| -|| 1.2 || - || 900|| 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7 (Win7-64bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0-3 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1180 || -|| - || 145 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU default 950 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer).
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1200 || -|| - || 150 || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU overclocked from 950 to 970 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer). Unstable with GPU@975 MHz.
|-
|  6930 || 320|| -|| - || - || 960 || 1200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/phatk || stock voltage, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64. 70C, FAN 80% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 370|| -|| - || - || 980 || 855 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer-2.4.1 || stock voltage (1,160), -I9. 71C, FAN 85% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 372 || -||1.89(?) || - || 1000 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/poclbm || max stable @ 1200 mV, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64
|-
| style="background:#00FFFF;"|6930x2|| 700 ||- || - ||400~|| 940 || 2560 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer || max stable @ 1100mV mem 300, Fan 80-90%, temp 70-75, -v -w64 -f10
|-
|  6950 || 272 || -||0.90 || - || 900 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1150 mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 291 || -|| || - || 920 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1200mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || -|| || - || 930 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1275mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || 1.844(?)|| || 160(?) || 810 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 300 || -|| || - || 940 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1300mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 314 || -|| || - || 800 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-01-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250 Stock Sapphire 6950 1gb
|-
|  6950 || 325 || 1.635(?)|| || 200(?) || 885 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 332 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 333 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.650.9 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 338 || 1.84~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/poclbm kernel || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128; power and MH/J calculated using Power = C*f*v^2 w/ assumption of 175 W at stock settings w/ 100% GPU util. (not measured)
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 895 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -w 128, mem @ 500, 1200 mV, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 800 || 1536 ||(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250,Sapphire 6950 1gb, unlocked shaders
|-
|  6950 || 343 || 2.14 || - || 160 || 840 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 06-27-11 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false, HIS H695FN2G2M 2GB, mem @ 720, Kill-a-Watt measured
|-
|  6950 || 344 || 2.02~ || 1.27~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/20110709 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 344.4 || -|| || - || 800 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 349 || 1.745(?)|| || 200(?) || 800 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128, xfx 6950 xxx 1gb, locked shaders, core 900, mem 650, 79° C
|-
|  6950 || 351 || 1.91~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIminer/poclbm v2011-07-01 || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: -v -w 128 -f 0; (same system as the 338 MH/s result above using Phoenix)
|-
|  6950 || 352.8 || -|| || - || 820 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 360 || 1.8(?)|| || 200(?) || 970 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 360 || -|| || - || 870 || 1375 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || flashed with 6970 BIOS, -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6950 || 365 || -|| || - || 925 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 366.4 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 381 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer/phatk || XFX 6950 2Gb reference @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1100mV 850/1250, +10% powertune, I=5, Fan @ 54% ~3100RPM, temp 73C w128. Windows7x64, Catalyst 13.1 .
|-
|  6950 || 383 || -|| || - || 975 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, voltage 1.274 @72c MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 388.4 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|- 
|  6950 || 389.9 || -|| || - || 950 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.2/Diablo || stock bios, -I 9, VRAM @ 820Mhz, fan @ 100%, voltage 1.250v, temp @ 68c, HIS ICE-Q X 2GB, OCed using MSI Afterburner, Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP 1
|-
|  6950 || 400~ || -|| || - || 895 || 320 || 1536|| PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner 24th Aug 2011  || Sapphire HD6950 Shader unlock mod 1408&gt;1536 / +20% Power control, Fan @ 55%, Flags:-v -f2 -w64 -r5.Note this keeps temps under 80oC which is needed for this to be stable.Moderate fan noise.Power use is ~200W.
|-
|  6950 || 403 || -|| || - || 939 || 685 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk || ASUS EAH6950 ([http://www.techpowerup.com/vgabios/90661/Asus.HD6970.2048.101124.html (Ref. 6950 Flashed -&gt; 6970)]) / +10% overdrive volt., Fan @ 90%, VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13. Overclocked from 880 -&gt; 939 with MSI Aferburner
|-
|  6950 || 408.8 || -|| || - || 925 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.12 || GIGABYTE GV-R695D5-2GD-B @ shadermod on original Bios 6950, mem@625, V=1100mv Fan @ 60%. Windows 7x64, Catalyst 11.9
|-
|  6950 || 410.4 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 417 || 2.085(?)|| || 200(?) || 975 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 77%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1145mV
|-
|  6950 || 418.8 || -|| || - || 940|| 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Gigabyte OC 1GB, shadermod, voltage locked 1.175, mem 450, -w128 -v -f0, ATI Tray Tool
|-
|  6950 || 425.3 || -|| || - || 950/850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk2 (Ubuntu natty) || Asus 1GB DirectCU, shadermod on OEM BIOS, OEM 1.1v, AMDOverdriveCtrl for 950 core 850 mem, 20% overdrive, flags VECTORS2 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6950 || 428 || 2.14(?)|| || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 80%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1160mV
|-
|  6950 || 432 || 2.16(?)||1.44 || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 520, fan @ 80%, temp 76C, -v -w128 -f 2, gpu core @ 1275mV
|-
|  6950 || 432.4 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 440 || || || || 990 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phatk || unlocked shaders, mem @ 1375, VGPU 1.21v, Watercooled (MCW60), temp 54C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 -k phatk
|-
|  6950 || 454.4 || -|| || - || 1050 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 720 || - || - || 400 ~|| 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 69-71C(bottom vga) fan@94% / 77-81C(top vga) fan@99% - 31C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 731 || - || - || 400~ || 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 68C(bottom vga) fan@90% / 73C(top vga) fan@99% - 28C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6950x3 || 1081 || -|| || - || 860 || 1408 || 2.4(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || guiminer/poclbm 07-01 || Sapphire 2GB stock bios, stock voltage, locked shaders: +20% overdrive, mem@650, fan@95%, temp 94C, -v -f0 -w128, 93c
|-
|  6950x4 || 1316 || 1.513|| || 870 || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || locked shaders, default mem 1250, dual fan 75C typical
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 323 || 1.468||0.92 || 220 || 880 || 1536 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 64, SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx.
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 365 || 2.28|| || 160 || 880 || 1536 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phoenix || VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, fan @ 45%, 61C, 1.0 Vcore, 150 MHz mem, TX650w (84%), reference card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 370 || -|| || - || 880 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 372 || 1.691(?)|| || 220(?) || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix (svn trunk 05.14.2011) || clock 900/1375, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128, fan 45% (auto) / temp 90C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 380 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128&lt;br&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 # to reduce poclbm CPU from 100% to 2%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 385 || 1.964|| || 196 || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, memory downclocked to 684Mhz, fan @ 70%/temp 81C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 388 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock voltage of 1.175v
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 403 || -|| || - || MAX || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || clock Max/50%+stock, -v -w128, fan= 100%/temp 72C (Note: Overclocked using CCC utility under Windows 7, Clock set to Max value w/ 50% increase to memory and 5% increase to voltage)
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 406 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/phatk || GPU Overclocked to Max (950MHz) using aticonfig, Memory Underclocked using AMDOverdriveCtrl (850MHz). Temp ~ 82C. VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 407 || -|| || - || 955 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fan 75%/temp 75C, voltage +10%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 414 || -|| || - || 960 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 53%/temp 73C, stock voltage of 1.175v, high air flow case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 420 || -|| || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128 -f0, clocks 975MHz/685MHz MSI Lightning
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 423 || -||1.20 || - || 995 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || ATI Tray Tools, Clocks=995/331.25, WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 VECTORS ,68C @ 65% Fan, HAF932 Case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 431 || -|| - || - || 976 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7/phatk2 || MSI AFTERBURNER, Clocks[976/1000], -k parameters[VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11], Temperatures{CARD}[86C@100% Fan]{ROOM}[27C/81F], 
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 433 || -|| - || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.2/phatk || MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS, GPU 65C@100% Fan, Room 21C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 710 || -|| || - || 900/880 || 1536 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 256
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 828|| -|| || - || 940 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fans 74%/82%, temp 74C/82C, powertune +20% (via CCC), memory underclock 825MHz (via MSI Afterburner), with 'Maj' fix
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x3 || 1243|| -|| || 1000+ || 910 || 1536 || 2.5 || 2x16, 1x8 || phoenix 1.7.0 || fans 100%, temp 88C/84C/69C, GPU 920/ memory 795/ powertune 20%, ATI 11.11, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990 || 670 || 1.94||0.89 || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || Catalyst 11.4 [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=2949.msg106238#msg106238 source].
|-
|  6990 || 704 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.4, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-07)
|-
|  6990 || 708 || 2.05|| || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "default" position 2, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 744 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.6b, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-14)
|-
|  6990 || 746 || 1.82|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 758 || -|| || - || 880 || - || 2.4 || - || Phoenix with Poclbm || Catalyst 11.4, OC switch ON, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990 || 771 || 1.8804|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx. Memory clock @ 1280Mhz.
|-
|  6990 || 772 || 1.8380|| || 420 || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix &amp; Poclbm || OC switch ON + overclocked to 900 mhz, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990 || 790 || -|| || - || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=900,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 900 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 795 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 ||  || Diablo's miner || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; On Windows Vista, Clocks set at  955,1250. Power control at 20.
Diablo's args:  -w 128 -g 5  -v 2  -f 0
|-
|  6990 || 802 || -|| || - || 915 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=915,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 915 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 835 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --adapter=1 --odsc=990,890 and aticonfig --adapter=0 --odsc=960,860" (GPU 0 runs hot). Currently, aticonfig can only underclock RAM to 100mhz below core speed. Command line: phoenix.py -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|  6990 || 852 || -|| || - || 955|| 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || Memory: 830 Mhz, -v 2 -w 128 -I 9, Watercooled, stock voltage. (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|  6990 || 865 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with core 0 at 990/890 engine/mem, core 1 at 960/860 (runs hot).  Watercooled at 65-68C.
|-
|  6990x2 || 1436 || 1.848|| || 777 || 880 || 6144 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x2 || guiminer 2011.05.11 || AUSUM switch set to 1 on both cards; Core left at 880MHz, memory left at 1250MHz; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990x2 || 1640 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || phoenix 1.7.0 || GPU 910MHz, Memory 785MHz, Powertune 20%; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990x2 || 1700 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || guiminer 2011.06.14 || GPU 1010MHz, Memory 900MHz; -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990x2 || 1740 || 2.11 || || 825 || 940 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || cgminer 2.0.8 || GPU0+3 930MHz core/805MHz memory, GPU1+2 940MHz core/815MHz memory; BIOS switch factory setting; Cooled with 7C air from outside; -g4 -I9 -k phatk
|-
|  6990x3 || 2094 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || poclbm || GPU 900MHz, Memory 1250MHz; poclbm.py -f 0 -w 256
|-
|  7750 || 104.15 ||  ||  ||  || 800 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 117.15 ||  ||  ||  || 900 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 125.5 || - || - || - || 830 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 830MHz, Memory: 1125MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 134 || 2.66 || 1.21 || 50 || 880 || 512 || 2.6 (?) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Gentoo Linux AMD64) || factory-overclocked to 880 MHz; power draw measured with a Kill-a-Watt, intensity=13, vectors=1, worksize=128, kernel=diablo
|-
|  7750 || 136.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 900MHz (CCC locked @ 900), Memory: 800MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7770 || 182 || - || - || 83 || 1020 || 640 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Ubuntu 10.04 LTS amd64, GPU: 1020MHz
|-
|  7770 || 213 || - || - || - || 1150 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Win7 32bit, Core2Duo, poclbm guiminer
|-
|  7850 || 287 || 1,91 || 1,1 || 150 || 950 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || GPU:950 MEM:800, Linux 64bit, Intensive 14, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%
|-
|  7850 || 329 || - || - || 150 || 1100 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.4 || Linux 64bit GTK+3, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%, -v 1 -k poclbm -I 6 --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 950
|-
|  7850 || 363 || - || - || - || 1241 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || GPU:1241 MEM:4840 
|-
|  7870 || 405 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || Sapphire 7870 OC , GPU: 1100MHz, Mem: 950 Mhz, GPU temp: 65°C, Fan 36% (1377 RPM).
|-
|  7870 || 406 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Gigabyte GV-R787OC-2GD, GPU: 1200MHz, [cgminer -I 7]
|-
|  7870 || 422 || - || - || - || 1165 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Sapphire 7870 1ghz edition, GPU: 1165MHz, [cgminer.exe -d 0 -l 1 -T -I 8]
|-
|  7870 || 460 || - || - || - || 1250 || 1280 || 2.7? || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || MSI R7870 TFIII/oc, Catalyst 12.11 beta4, 455-460 mhash/s @1250 core, 750 mem, 0% Power limit, 1.218v, Zalman VF3000N = 42C, VRMS = 57C, ambient approx. 17-19C, -v -w128 -f10
|-
| 7870 XT || 485 || 3.09 || 1.8726 || 157 || 1200 || 1280 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 2.0 || cgminer ||7870XT clock/mem - 1200/1600
|-
| 7870xt || 520 || - || - || - || 1200 || 1536 || 2.7? lol || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Guiminer || Sapphire HD7870xt, Catalyst 12.11 beta 4, 515-520 mhash/s @1200/core 750/mem, 0%PL, 1.17v/stock, Zalman vf3000a @60-62C even though its sandwiched between a 7870 and 5850. xD
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 510 || - || - || - || 985 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Windows 8 x64, Asus P8Z77 WS, i7 3rd Gen, Card is XFX brand, Clock 985Mhz, Mem 1100Mhz, -v 1 -w 256
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 512 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x8 || poclbm || GPU: 1000MHz, Memory: 850MHz
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 550 || - || - || - || 1060 || 1792 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Core 1060, Mem 800, -v 1 -w 256 Intesity 7
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 605 || - || - || - || 1150 || 1792 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256

|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 555 || - || - || - || 925 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 925MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 640 || -|| || - || 1070 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1070 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || Diablo|| GPU 1100MHz, Memory 600MHz;
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || cgminer 2.4.1 || Win7 х86, Catalyst 12.3, GPU 1100 MHz, Memory 950 MHz, GPU temp = 68°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 58%, -k poclbm -v 1 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 674 || -|| || - || 1130 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1130 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1150 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1150 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 58%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1177 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1177, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 690 || - || - || - || 1150 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 695 || - || - || - || 1160(core)/1050(mem) || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner (options: -v 1 -w 256) || Asus HD7970-DC2T-3GD5 @ 1.17V; Linux Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit; AMD SDK 2.6; Catalyst 12.3 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 710 || -|| || - || 1200 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner|| GPU 1200MHz, Memory 600MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 714~ || -|| || - || 1210 || 2048 || 2.7 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || MSI HD7970 R7970-2PMD3GD5/OC, core clock - 1210Mhz, memory clock - 685, core voltage (1.149V - MSI Afterburner, ~1.043V - GPU-Z), memory voltage 1.5V, temperature - 75C at mid-day and 65C w/ AC on at 20C, Catalyst 12.8, Windows 8 Release Preview 32-bit, kernel - poclbm, vector - 1, worksize - 64, intensity - 14, fan - 100% 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"|  7970 || 825 || -|| || 214 || 1290 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Bitminter|| Bitminter beta 1.1.1; GPU 1290MHz, Memory 
1375MHz (Trixx = 600); work size 256, "BFI_INT," Device-accessible CPU memory; full watercooled block; power stats from GPU-Z; Driver 11.12
|-
|  7970x3 || 1950 || 2.6 || 1.72 || 750 || 1100 || 2048x3 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || Win8, Catalyst 12.8, driver: 8.982.0.0, E: 1100, M:750, kernel: poclbm, worksize: 256, intensity: 9, gpu-threads: 4, refitted Diamond 7970 HSF with new VRM pads to lower VRM temps ~15C.  Undervolted each card until crash under load, then raised about 0.015v for stability.  Settings using afterburner 2.2.1 with OC unlocked.  Visiontek 7970: $370, Sapphire 7970: $360, Diamond 7970: $400
|-
|  7970x3 || 2050 || 2.41 || 1.22 || 850 || 1150 || 6144 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1150, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256, 850W power consumption measured at the wall
|-
| FirePro V3800 || 69.0 || -|| || - ||  ||  ||  || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BitMinter Client || 
|-
| FirePro V4800 || 79.7 || -|| || - || 775 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || 
|-
| FirePro V8700 || 84.8 || -|| || - || 750 || 800 || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || 

|-
| FirePro M5800 || 61.4 || -|| || - || 650 || - || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || Ubuntu
|-
| FirePro M5800 || 69.3 || -|| || - || 650 || 400 || 2.1 || - || GUIMiner v2011-04-26  || -v -w128, Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro M5950 || 96.7 || -|| || - || 725 || 900 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128 (Windows 7 64 bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 119 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 144 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 161 || -|| || - || 780 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V7750 || 35.7 || -|| || - || - || 320 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || Windows 7 64bit
|-
| FirePro V7800 || 254.85 || -|| || - || - || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 with poclbm || Debian Squeeze
|-
| FirePro M7740  (M97 GL) [DELL] || 63.0 ||  -|| || - || 650 || - || 2.1 || PCIe v2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || Windows 7 64bit / only SDK2.1 works
|-
| FirePro M7820 || 150.0 || -|| || - || 700 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-09 / poclbm || Memory downclocked to 500 from 1000MHz, 169MH/s@800MHz, 181MH/s@860Mhz (max.), only SDK2.1 works, Windows 7 x86
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Nvidia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! Comment
|-
| ION || 1.8 || 0.067 || 27 ||  || 16 || poclbm;  power consumption incl. CPU
|-
| 8200 mGPU || 1.2 || || || 1200 || 16 || 128 MB shared memory, "poclbm -w 128 -f 0"
|-
| 8400 GS || 2.3 || || ||  ||  || "poclbm -w 128"
|-
| 8400 GS || 1.6 || 0.013 || 128 || 1238 ||  || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| 8400M GS || 2.0 || || ||  ||  ||
|-
| 8500GT || 2.4 || || || 918 || 16 || poclbm under GUIMiner
|-
| 8600M GT || 4.93 ||  ||  ||  || 32 ||
|-
| 8600M GT || 3.8 ||  ||  ||  || || Macbook Pro running Diablo
|-
| 8600GT || 5.66 ||  ||  || 1188 ||  32 ||
|-
| 8600GT OC || 7.3 ||  ||  || 1602 || 32 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72833#msg72833 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 25   || 0.24 || 105 || 1300 ||  ||
|-
| 8800GT || 24.5 || 0.23 || 105 || 1300 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 31.1   || 0.296 || 105 || 1855 ||  || Overclocked 715 GPU / 1030 Memory / 1855 Shader; GuiMiner v2011-05-21
|-
| 8800GT || 31.8   || 0.303 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || 713 gpu, 1026 memory. win7x86, phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5
|-
| 8800GT || 34.0   ||       || 105 || 1998 ||     || gpu 756M, mem 1123M, shader 1998M, temp 65C. winXP, phoenix 1.50, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=6 -- same settings get 32.7 MH/s with aggression 2
|-
| 8800GTS || 16.8 || 0.109 || 154 ||  ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source] [http://www.techspot.com/review/79-geforce-8800-gts-512/page11.html source]
|-
| 8800 GTS || 18.7 || 0.124 || 150 || 1200 ||  || poclbm -w 64 no vectors
|-
| 8800 GTS || 33.5 || || 150 || OC ||  || CUDA mining via GUIminer. Win7 64bit. poclbm -v -w128 -f0. OC'd Core@799MHz, Mem@1080MHz, Shader@1905MHz.  Fan 70%, GPU temp @ 66C in comfortable room temp.
|-
| 8800 GTX || 27.5 || || || 1404 || || phoenix 1.48, poclbm, no vectors, 83C with 50C ambient  
|-
| 8800m GTX || 16.3 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda Win7-64
|-
| 9300GE || 1.57 ||  ||  || 1300 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300GS || 1.69 ||  ||  || 1400 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300/nForce 730i || 2.15 ||  ||  || 1200 ||  16 ||
|-
| 9400GT || 3.37 || 0.067 || 50 || 1400 || 16 ||
|-
| 9400M (MacBook) || 1.90 || 0.32 || 6 || 700 ||  || poclbm -f 8 no vectors
|-
| 9500M GS || 3.2 ||  ||  || 950 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9500GT || 6.75 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32 ||
|-
| 9500GT || 7.30 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32|| rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 730 GPU/ 500 Memory / fan 100% 70C solid
|-
| 9500GT || 7.10 || 0.135 || 50 || 1767 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 707 GPU / 500 Memory / fan 100% 73C steady
|-
| 9600GSO || 19.88 || 0.237 || 84 || 1375 || 96 ||
|-
| 9600GSO512 || 11.75 || 0.131 || 90 || 1625 || 48 ||
|-
| 9600GT || 15.66 || 0.165 || 95 || 1625 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT Zotac || 15 ||  ||  || 1650 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT OC || 18.8 || &lt;0.198 || &gt;95 || 1981 || 64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 -f 10 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg74610#msg74610 source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73353#msg73353 source]
|-
| 9600M GS || 4.0 ||  ||  || 1075 || 32 ||  rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT || 30.36 || 0.289 || 105 || 1800 || 112 ||
|-
| 9800GT EE || 19.7 || 0.263 || 75 || 1375 || 112 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT OC || 29.5 || 0.283 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || poclbm.py, no options. Memory underclocked to 850Mhz, GPU overclocked to 733Mhz
|-
| 9800GTX || 32.54 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 32.6 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 || win7x64 275.33 Overclocked to 756/1890/1102 using a CUDA-specific miner (instead of phoenix, yay for ZERO stales!)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 35.39 || 0.251 || 141 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 36 ||  ||  ||  ||  || factory OC ubuntu polclbm.py -w 128 -f 10 -a 10 (DO NOT USE -v)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 37.23 || 0.266 || 140 || 1890 || 128 || win7x64 275.27 phoenix(1.48) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=3 WORKSIZE=64 (may cause 75%+ stale count, in which case use a CUDA-specific miner instead)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 40.20 || 0.287 || 140 || 835 || 128 || lowered memory clock higher core, unstable if going higher
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 57.83 || 0.294 || 197 ||  || 2x128 ||
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 28 || 0.142 || 197 ||  || 2x128 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
| G210 || 3.38 || 0.111 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 ||
|-
| G210 || 3.79 || 0.124 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 || poclbm -f 1
|-
| GT220 || 10.8 || 0.084 || 128 || 1360 || || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1000 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| GT230 || 15.5 || 0.161 || 96 || 650 || 64 || (9600GT rebranded one from in a medion pc)
|-
| GT240 || 19.37 || 0.281 || 69 || 1340 || 96 ||
|-
| GT240 || 21.24 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4291.0 poclbm-mod] -f 0 -v [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73383#msg73383 source]
|-
| GT240 || 28.1 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || poclbm -f0 -v (Gainward GT240 1024DDR5 OC core@670/stockmem@1700/shader@1700 - stable; max.temp=73)
|-
| GT240M || 9.8 || 0.426 || 23 || 550 || 48 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256 
|-
| GT240 OC || 25.6 || 0.365 || 70 || 1765 || 96 || poclbm
|-
| GTS250 || 35.39 || 0.244 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 || 35.2 || 0.243 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 OC || 37 || 0.255 || 145 || 2047 || 128 || 37.2 with the following OC: Core: 775MHz, Shader: 1900MHz, Memory: 1200MHz
|-
| GTX260M || 22.5 ||  || || 500 || 112 || poclbm 4/28/2011 Asus G71GX runs ~90c without cooling pad 
|-
| GTX260 || 35.91 || 0.178 || 202 || 1242 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX260 || 44 || 0.242 || 182 || 1242 || 216 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| GTX260c216 || 40.40 || 0.236 || 171 || 1242 || 216 ||
|-
| GTX260c216 || 47.4 || 0.260 || 182 || 1348 || 216 || poclbm -w 256
|-
| GTX260c216 || 50.00 ||      ||    || 1050 || 216 || m0mchil GPU client, Windows 7 64-bit, x6 @ 3.5ghz
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 52.0 || || || 1461 || 216 || "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 58.9 || || || 756/400 || 216 || Core overclocked, Memory underclocked, Ubuntu 11.04 Classic Session(No Effects) "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 60.1 || || || 1706 || 216 || Core: 364 MHz, Shaders: 1706 MHz, Memory: 594 MHz, VDDC: 1.1800V. "poclbm-mod -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX275 || 50.75 || 0.232 || 219 || 1404 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX275 || 58 || || || 729/1458 || 240 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GTX280 || 46.84 || 0.198 || 236 || 1296 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX280 || 64.34 || 0.289 || 245 || 1296 || 240 || phoenix.exe -k poclbm AGGRESSION=6 WORKSIZE=128 (61*C with Accelero XTREME GTX280)
|-
| GTX285 || 64.8 || || || 1607 || 240 || GuiMiner - Not sure about wattage yet. Still testing. Card runs around 74 C
|-
|-
| GTX285 || 53.35 || 0.262 || 204 || 1476 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 89.78 || 0.311 || 289 || 1242 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 120.70 || 0.418 || 289 || 1242 || 480 || GUIMiner no oc.
|-
| GTX295 || 117.30 || 0.406 || 289 || 1476 || 490 ||
|-
| GT 320M (MacBook Air) || 6.12 ||  ||  || 1212 || 48 ||
|-
| 320M (Mac mini 2010) || 7.0 || 0.35 || 20 || 450 || 32 || poclbm no extra options, windows 7 x64
|-
| GT 325M || 7.5 ||  ||  || 990 || 48 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT 325M || 10.5 ||  ||  || 325/650(mem)/1300(shaders) || || rpcminer-cuda, 71 degrees
|-
| GT 325M || 7.99 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT330 || 21.65 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT 330M || 7.97 ||  ||  || ||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7
|-
| GT 330M || 10.8 ||  ||  ||650MHZ core||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: GUIMiner running in Bootcamp v2011-08-24 / Mac OS X 10.6.8.The GPU was OC'd to 650MHZ core clock,mem clock was the lowest it would go in MSI Afterburner.The Bootcamp OS was Windows 7 x64.MBP Mid 2010.
|-
| GT 330M (Sony Vaio Z) || 7.8 || 0.71 ( 0.3 total) || 11 (26w total) || 1045 || 48 ||
|-
| GT 330M (Samsung R480) || 9.1 || || || 575(GPU)/1265(shader) || ||VRAM 1024MB. pocblm -vectors --verbose. Windows 7 Ultimate x86
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV) || 17.0 || 1.214 || 14 || 1080 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV5) || 20.8 ||  ||  || 1350 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe, OC'd 550/850/1350 73C stable
|-
| GTS 360M || 25.0 || || || || || [toshiba qosmio laptop, ~150-165*F stock fans]
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 20.0 || || || || || everythins is stock, it cannot sustain. it reaches 90 degrees and freezes.
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 27.2 || || || Shader @ 1720, Memory @ 900 || || stock hardware (clean exhaust fan), Afterburner, 72 deg C Stable 
|-
| GT430 || 20.24 || 0.413 || 49 || 1400 || 96 ||
|- 
| GT440 || 20.4 || || || 1645 || 96 || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8; winxp x64 driver 275.33
|-
| GT530 || 17.9 || 0.358 || 50 || 1400 || || BitMinter v1.1.2
|-
| GT520M || 8.9 || || || || ||  rpcminer-cuda, got up 2 10.2MH/s OC'ed
|-
| GT525M || 14.6 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT540M || 16.0 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT550M || 17.08 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8
|-
| GT610M (ASUS K45V) || 9.371 || || || 738 MHz || || 2GB RAM.
|-
| GT650M (rMBP) || 17.8 || || || 900 || 16 || cgminer 2.5.0 on OSX 10.7.4
|-
| GT650M OC || 27.4 || || || || || GUIMiner  
|-
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTS450 (Sparkle One) || 40.0 || || || || || poclbcm git Oct 2012
|-  
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX460SE || 56.39 || 0.376 || 150 || 1300 || 288 ||
|-
| GTX460 || 66.32 ||  ||  || 814 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda 20110605, Graphics Clock @ 814MHz, Memory @ 1555MHz
|-
| GTX460 || 68.31 || 0.427 || 160 || 1350 || 336 ||
|-
| GTX460 768MB || 57.8 ||  || ? || 1350 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 768MB (MSI Cyclone 768D5/OC) || 75.1 ||  || ? || 930 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda on Win7 x64 with ForceWare 275.33. [http://event.msi.com/vga/afterburner/download.htm MSI Afterburner] set to core: 930MHz, shader: 1850MHz, core voltage: 1.087V, memory: 1600MHz. Runs at 58°C with fan at 75% (ambient 25°C).  
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 72.3 || ? || ? || 1672 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 89.5 || ? || ? || 1000 || 336 || guiminer GPU:1000mhz MEM:900
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga FPB ) || 71.4 || -- || -- || 870/1744/1800 || 336 || guiminer-cuda v2012-02-19 FW290.53 Win7x64
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga ) || 83.1 || 0.519 || 160 || 925/1850/900@0.960v || 336 || guiminer (phoenix1.75) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_INT -v WORKSIZE=256 ForceWare 301.42 Win7x64 Runs at 70°C with fan at 100%
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) || 102 || 0.319? || 320? || 1350 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) OC || 127 || 0.374 || 340 || 1620 || 2x 336 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=128 ver.20110227
|-
| GTX460 1GB OC (2x MsiHawksSLI) || 158 || 0.658 || 240w(used kill a watt) || core/shader/ram@vcore 930/1860/1150@1.087v (only vcore raised) || 2x 336 || rpcminer-cuda ver.20110227 -gpugrid=320 -gputhreads=320 -aggression=7 Watercooled stable @ 110°F/43° !!!USE ASUS GPU Tweak with GPU-Z (afterburner v2.2.3 wont OC with NVIDIA driver 306.97) I would need gpu bios mod to get more oc/volt. Setting faster ram did increase Mhash/s versus setting ram=core clock.
|-
| GTX465 || 64.41 || 0.322 || 200 || 1215 || 352 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 81.98 || 0.381 || 215 || 1215 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 94.7 || || || 1414 || ||
|-
| GTX470 || 103.7 || || || 1520 || || memory @ 418MHz, stable @ 72 deg fan @ 90%, puddinpop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhread=128 AGGRESSION=14 GIGABYTE brand card BIOS 70.00.21.00.03 
|-
| GTX470 || 111.9 || 0.520 || 215 || 1650 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 115 || || || 1616 || || phoenix 1.46 poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6
|-
| GTX470x2 || 121 ea. (130 burst ea.) || || || 1700 ||448|| PuddinPop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhreads=128 AGGRESSION=14 (memory 856 Max Temp. 71 deg. F on Water 1.085v+, Stable on Beast 2.0&gt;3 days, no i7 CPU OC, driver 280.26, bios 70.00.21.00.03)
|-
| GTX480 || 101.28 || 0.405 || 250 || 1401 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX480 || 140.43 ||  ||  || 1700 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=512 -gputhreads=480
|-
| GTX480 AMP!Zotac|| 140.1 ||  ||  || 1700|| 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=480 (vCore-1050,Core Clock-851, Shader Clock-1702, Memory Clock-2033, t-79°c, Water 43°c, stable temperature and work)
|-
| GTX550 Ti || 45.0 || ? || ? || ? || ? || EVGA 1GB, WinXP rpcminer, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 67.7 || 0.39  || 170 || 1700 || 384 || standard EVGA 560, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74 || 0.41  || 170 || 822 || 384 || MSI 560Ti HAWK; core 822 Mhz clock (no overclock); rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=4 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; temp - 71°C; Win 7 x64
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74.8 || 0.41  || 180 || 1700 || 384 || gigabyte 900Mhz clock; -w 512 -v
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 81 || 0.45  || 180 || 835 || 384 || Gainward GTX560TI Phantom, default clock, rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 85.1 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41, Intensity: 14
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 100 || 0.5 || 200 || 1000 || 384 || GFX - MSI 560Ti HAWK; rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=8 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; GPU temp - 68°C; OS - Windows 8 x64 .
|-
| GTX 560M || 39.3 || 0.38 || 75 W || 775|| 192 || [http://www.examiner.com/computers-in-denver/toshiba-qosmio-x775-q7380-review-review source1] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-560M.48313.0.html source2] Note: Uses the 295.51 Beta Drivers
|-
| GTX560 OC || 86.7 || &lt;0.51 || &gt;170 || 1800 || 384 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72816#msg72816 source]
|-
| GTX570 || 105.83 || 0.483 || 219 || 1464 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX570 || 140 || 0.639 || 219 || 750 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=10 -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=960; display driver stops working with aggression=11 under win7 x64 driver 270.61
|-
| GTX570 || 157 || 0.717 || 219 || 850 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=11 -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960
|-
| GTX570 || 165 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960; vcore 1.1v; Win7 x64 304.79 Beta; -aggression=11 adds strong lag with minimal increase in hashrate.
|-
| GTX570 || 160 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=104 -gputhreads=832; No desktop lag, very minimal loss in hashrate compared to much laggier settings
|-
| GTX580 || 156.6 || 0.642 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || cgminer 2.11.3 on Win 8-64 with I=6, driver nVidia 314.22
|-
| GTX580x2 || 2x 146 || 0.598 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=1024 
(aggression levels above the default of 6 not recommended; only a gain of ~3MH/s per card, and '''heavy''' lag, GUIMiner v2011-08-24, win7 64bit nVidia 290.36 beta driver)
|-
| GTX590 || 193.1 || --- || --- || 1215 || 2x 512 || poclbm -v -w 256, Win
|-
| GTX590 || 2x 121.48 || --- || --- || 750 || 2x 512 || 
|-
| GTX670 || 112.00 || 1.1 || 100 || 1275 || 1344 || EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB / GPU Clock offset +75Mhz with EVGA Precision X / GUIMiner -f 60 /  Windows 7 64-Bit. (09-13-2012)
|-
| GTX680 || 127.3 || || || 1280 || 1536 || Asus GTX 680 2GB DirectCU II: Windows 7 64 bit: Nvidia 310.90 driver: Offset of 186: Runs at a constant 52C
|-
| GTX680 || 110.00 || || || 1110 || 1536 || RPCMiner with OpenCL or others.  Might crash once mining stops.  No Flags and Stock Settings (GPU Boost @ 1110mhz Core) with EVGA GTX 680, latest version of GUIMiner (2012-2-19) and Windows 7 x64.
|-
| GTX680 || 120.00 || 1.2 || 100 || 1272 || 1536 || Ufasoft Galaxy 4GB (GPU Clock offset +70Mhz with EVGA Precision X) (2012-7-28) and Windows 7 64-Bit.
|-
| Quadro FX 580 || 5.7 || 0.14 || 40 || 1125 || 4 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win, -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=512
|-
| Quadro FX 770M || 5.75 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6, Win
|-
|Quadro FX 770M || 6.39 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6 w 64, Win 7x64
|-
|Quadro FX 880M || 9.6 ||  ||  || || || poclbm/guiminer
|-
| Quadro FX 1600M || 6 || 0.12 || 50 || 625 || 32 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win
|-
| Quadro FX 1800 || 13.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 256.44 Intensity: 4
|-
| Quadro FX 2000M || 23 || 0.397 || 58 || || || phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm, VECTORS, AGGRESION=6, Lenovo W520 platform
|-
| Quadro FX 2800M || 22 || 0.293 || 75 || 600 || 96 ||DiabloMiner, win
|-
| Quadro FX 3000M || 28.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41 Intensity: 3
|-
| Quadro FX 3600M || 36 || 0.514 || 70 || 500 || 96 ||
|-
| Quadro FX 3800 || 33.3 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm/guiminer -f0 -w128
|-
| Quadro NVS 135M || 1.05 || 0.1 || 10 || 800 || 1 || 
|-
| Quadro NVS 295 || 1.7 || 0.07 || 23 || 567 || 8 || phoenix
|-
| Quadro NVS 3100M || 3.6 || 0.257 || 14 || 600 || 16 || rpcminer-cuda, Win, CUDA 3.1.1
|-
| Quadro NVS 4200M || 10.0 ||     ||     ||  810  ||   ||  guiminer, Win7-64
|-
| Quadro 5000 || 67.7 || 0.445 || 152 || 513 || 352 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=7 gpugrid=352 gputhreads=704;
|-
| Tesla C1060 || 52.5 ||  ||  || 1296 || 240 ||  poclbm, Win7x64
|-
| Tesla K20 || 134.8   ||  ||  || 706  || 2496  ||  poclbm, Linux
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 79.8 ||  ||  || 1550 || 448 || DiabloMiner
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 94.5 ||  ||  || 1550 || || poclbm
|-
| Tesla S1070 || 155.2 || || 800 &lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 1440 (GT200b)&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 960&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 3.2, 4 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=3)
|-
| Tesla S2070 || 749.23 || || || 1150&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || 1792&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 4.0, 8 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=7) 
|-
| GTX280x2 || 102.7 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||
|-
|}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'&gt;The S1070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Tesla units (GT200). Technical data taken from [http://www.nvidia.de/object/tesla_s1070_de.html NVIDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'&gt;The S2070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Fermi units (C2070). Technical data taken from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Wikipedia] (Documentation from NVIDIA webpage is confusing)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==CPUs/APUs==

A lot of nice data can be pulled from [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.0 this thread] to seed this section. 

Might you wish to throttle CPU load a bit, so it doesn't reach 100°C, it can be done with Battle Encoder Shirase to a margin, like, -15% of available CPU cycles.

Often, the best combination to be is to throttle CPU miner to -5% '''AND''' set it to least of priority levels, so as not to choke GPU miner up.

===AMD===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! nprocs !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! TDP [W] !! CPU Clock !! Mhash/s CPU !! Mhash/s GPU !! GPU !! GPU Clock !! SP !! Software !! Notes
|-
| 4x Opteron 6174 || 48 || 115 || 0.36 || 320W || 2.2 GHz || 2.4
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer v0.8.1 || --alg 4way --threads 48
|-
| 2x Opteron 6172 || 24 || 55 || 0.24 || 230W || 2.1 GHz || 2.3
|colspan=4|
| cgminer v2.7.6 || --algo 4way -t 24
|-
| 2x Opteron 6128 || 16 || 32.4 || 0.141 || 230W || 2 GHz || 32.4
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19 || -4way
|-
| Athlon XP 2000+ || 2 || 0.62 || 0.009 || 70W || 1.67 GHz || 0.62
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.18/Ubuntu || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source] [http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=914&amp;page=4 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 3500+ || 1 || 1.18 || 0.013 || 89W || 2.54 GHz || 1.18
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.4 || overclocked (originally 2.2 GHz)
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+ || 2 || 1.73 || 0.03 || 65 W || 2.00 GHz || 1.73
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -algo=4way
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4000+ || 2 || 1.9 || 0.02 || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| rpc-miner ||
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4400+ ||   || 2.09 || 0.032 || 65W || 2.3GHz || 2.09
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19/Win x64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6000+ || 2 || 2.81 || 0.02 || 125W || 3 GHz || 2.81
|colspan=4|
| || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg22881#msg22881 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition || 2 || 2.9 || 0.023 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 2.9
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.20.2 BETA/Win 7 x64 || -4way
|-
| Athlon II X2 240e || 2 || 2.71 || 0.06 || 45W || 2.81 GHz || 2.71
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Athlon II X2 250 || 2 || 5.6 || 0.09 || 65W || 3.01GHz || 5.6
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.11 ||
|-
| Athlon II X4 630 || 4 || 10.7 || 0.11 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 10.7
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.4 || 
|-
| Opteron 8220 x16 || 16 || 25 || || || 2.8Ghz || 1.5 
|colspan=4| 
| ufasoft / OpenSuse 64bit || running default, but had to copy 32bit binaries over to get curl and ufasoft running. might be better when using native 32bit system w/o other users on the machine ||
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 3.8 || 0.04 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 3.8
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.1x/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom X4 9950 BE || 4 || 9.3 || 0.07 || 126W || 2.6 GHz || 2.32
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 7.2 || 0.08 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 7.2
|colspan=4|
| cpu-miner 0.2.1/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 5.0 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 9.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 10.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.10 ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 11.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| cgminer  1.5.3 || "cgminer 1.5.3 --algo 4way" on Ubuntu 11.10 alpha 2 (64 bit), built by GCC 4.6.1 with "-O3 -Wall -march=native" 
|-
| Phenom II X4 955 || 4 || 11 || 0.09 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 965 || 4 || 12 || 0.09 || 140W || 3.4 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 15.84 || 0.13 || 125W || 2.82 GHz || 15.84 
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 23.6 || || 95W || 3.50 GHz || 23.6 
|colspan=4|
| [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.2 || --algo=sha256d
|-
| Phenom II X6 1075T || 6 || 21.3 || || 125W||  ||
|colspan=4|
| minerd || Ubuntu 11.04 amd64 runlevel=1 -algo=4way -threads=6
|-
| Phenom II X6 1090T || 6 || 18|| || 141W|| 3.50 GHz || 3
|colspan=4|
| minerd || 
|-
| Phenom II X6 1100T || 6 || 22 || 0.176 || 125W || 3.82 GHz || 22
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner || Aciid#bitcoin-dev
|-
| Sempron 3000+ || 2 || 0.8 ||  || 62W || 1.6 GHz || 0.8
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Turion X2 RM-70 || 2 || 1.9 ||  || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 11 || 0.615 || 18W || 1.6 Ghz || 1.231 || 9.831 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 + Ufasoft 0.7 || stock speeds
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 12
|colspan=2|
| 1.648 Ghz || 1.252 || 10.87 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 || "autotune" speed with ASUS EFI BIOS
|-
| Ontario C-50 || 2 || 6.2 || 0.68 || 9W || 1.0 Ghz || 1.200 || 6.2 || HD6250M || 277 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 -f5 -r5 || 
|-
| A4-3400 || 2 || 23.2 || || || 75W || 2.4 Ghz || || 23.2 || 6350 || stock || || GUIminer || ||
|-
| A8-3850 || 4 || 60 ||   ||  100W || Stock ||   || 60 ||  HD6550D || Stock || 400 || poclbm.exe, Win7-32, 4GB RAM || All running at stock speeds, and set to auto in BIOS.
|
|-
| A8-3870K || 4 || 95 ||   || 100W (@stock)  || 3.3 Ghz ||   || 95 ||  HD6550D || 900MHz || 400 || phoenix.exe -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=4 WORKSIZE=128, Win7-64, 8GB RAM 1667MHz || M/B ASUS F1 A75-M Pro, CPU/GPU BIOS overclocked
|-
| A10-5800K || 4 || 105 ||  || 100W || 3.8 Ghz ||   || 105 || HD7660D || 800MHz || 384 || cgminer Intensity=7 || Linux 64bit (Ubuntu 12.10), AMD-APP-SDK-v2.7-RC-lnx64, stock speeds *not* overclocked
|}

===ARM===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ /€  !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| ARM926EJ-S || 1 || 0.187 || ? || ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer || Seagate Dockstar [http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv5/seagate-dockstar ArchLinux]
|-
| Marvel Feroceon (88FR131) || 1 || 0.195 || 0.224 ||&lt;0.01|| 0.87 W || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer  git (2011-06-15) || Marvell SheevaPlug, Debian, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1136EJ-S || 1 || 0.11 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.528 GHz || cpuminer git || T-Mobile Pulse, inside Debian chroot, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.119 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.412 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || iPhone 3G, 'sha256d' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.2 || ? || ? || 3.75W || 800 Mhz || cgminer 2.5.0 || RaspberryPi Model B, SoC BCM2835, Debian Squezee 19-04-2012, Overclocked Cpu 800mhz
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.36 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'cryptopp'
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.2 || 0.57 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.365 || ? || ? || ? || 0.6 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] || BeagleBoard: 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.435 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.44 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 (-mfpu=neon) || EfikaMX (iMX.51), CRUX ARMHF, cpuminer -a sha256d
|-
| AllWinner A10(A8) || 1 || 0.568 || ? ||  ? || &lt;2.5W || 1.0 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || -a sha256d #Native Lubuntu armhf build 
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 0.57||  1.14 ||&lt;0.01 || 0.5 W || 1.0 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-24) || Toshiba AC100, ubuntu, 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 1.3 || ? ||  ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon"
|}

===Intel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash / $&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt;/€&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'/&gt; !! ACP [W] !! Clock [GHz] !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Pentium III (Coppermine) || 2 || 0.39 || 0.008 |||| TDP 2× 26.1 W || 1 || Ufasoft 0.32 (compiled from source), Debian Squeeze || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessors#.22Coppermine.22_.28180_nm.29 source]
|-
| Pentium III mobile ? || 1 || 0.3 || 0.014 |||| 21 || 1.07 || 0.3.1x/Win2K || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source] [http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=27380 source]
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.4 || || ||  || 1.6 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.62 || || ||  || 1.6 || Ufasoft 0.20 || Windows XP Professional
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.71 || || ||  || 1.6 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux
|-
| Pentium M 1.73ghz || 1 || 0.5 || || ||  || 1.73 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Old Xeon 512k (Dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.0 || || ||  || 3.0 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || HT disabled, algo=4way (twice as fast as the 2nd best algo)
|-
| Pentium 4 2.0A || 1 || 0.85 || || || || 2.0 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft-0.4]/WinXP || -g no -t 2
|-
| Pentium 4 630 || 1/2 || 1.29 || || || || 3.0 || ufasoft 0.23 || Windows XP
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 1.75 || || || || 2.0 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.1 || || || || 2.0 || cpuminer || sse2_64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.5 || || || || 2.0 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E5400 || 2/2 || 2.27 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.7 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Celeron E330 || 2/2 || 2.2  || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.5 || 0.3.19/Ubuntu10.04 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
|-
| Celeron E3400 || 2/2 || 5.9 || - || - || - || 2.6 || Ufasoft v0.13 / GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || WinXP 32 bit, SSE2, Flags "-g no" 
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 4/4 || 11.0 || || 0.02/0.06 || 105 || 2.40 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q8200 || 4/4 || 10.9 ||    || 0.06/0.10 ||  || 2.33 || Ufasoft 0.14 || -g no -l yes -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9400 || 4/4 || 11 || 0.046 || 0.06/0.07 || 95 || 2.66 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9650 || 4/4 || 18.67 || || 0.05/0.06 || 95 || 4.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 530 || 2/4 || 8.31 || 0.10 || 0.06/0.10  || 80 || 3.66 || Ufasoft 0.7 || -v -a5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 M350 || 2/4 || 1.48 || 0.04 || || 35 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core i3-2100 || 2/4 || 8.28 || || || || 3.1 || ufasoft v0.20 ||   
|-
| Core i5 M450 || 2/4 || 1.8  || 0.05 || || 35 || 1.2  || 0.3.17/Win7-54 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source]
|- 
| Core i5-650  || 2/4 || 5.1 || 0.04 ? || 0.02/0.03 ||  || 3.2 || cpuminer-0.7 || -4way
|-
| Core i5-750  || 4/4 || 14 || || 0.06/0.10  ||  || 3.2 || bitcoin-miner 0.11 || -a 5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i5 ?  || 4/? || 6.5 || || ||  ||  || client from svn || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37621#msg37621 source]
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 4.5 || 0.05 || 0.02/0.03 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-01-22) || cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 14 || 0.15 || 0.07/0.09 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || sse2_64
|-
| Core i5-2400S || 4/4 || 16.6 || || || 65 || 2.5 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Linux Mint 13
|-
| Core i5 2500K || 4/4 || 20.6 || ||0.10/0.12 || || 4.2 || bitcoin-miner || -g no
|-
| Core i5 2600K || 4/8 || 17.3 || || || 75 || 3.4 || bitcoin-miner || -g no. 75W for the whole System without monitor (MSI Board). CPU underclocked to 3,4Ghz and undervolted to 1,012Vcore. Passive Cooling! 3.6ghz results in 18,4 Mhash/s
|-
| Core i7 2600K || 4/8 || 18.6 || || || 95 W max. || 3.4 || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner 0.20 || -g no -t 8  CPU @ 3.511Ghz 1.176V
|-
| Core i7 2600 || 4/8 || 23.9 || || ||  || 3.4 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Ubuntu Linux 11.10
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 1.888 || || || || 2.66 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 4GB
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.5 || || || || 3.33 || This is achieved by running RPC 4 way miner in VMware Fusion 4 (running win 7 in the VM) while in Mac OSX / Mac OS X 10.6.8 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 8GB.The CPU appears to turbo boost to 3.33GHz in this way from 2.67GHz when running it in this way.The MBP gets very hot and uses a lot of energy though so watch those temps.It'll throttle after a while unless you keep the air vents clear underneath (ie don't put int in your lap,etc).
|-
| Core i7 720QM   || 4/8 || 7.9 || ?|| || 45 || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] ||  stream processors overclocked from 1.6 GHz; Dell Precision M6500, Win7-64, 8GB DDR3
|-
| Core i7 820   || 4/8 || 13.8 || || || || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -t 8
|-
| Core i7 920   || 4/8 || 19.2 || 0.10 || || 195 || 4.0 (x21) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -a 5
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 5.88 || 0.039 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || bitcoin-0.3.20.2 Win7-64 ||
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 18.9 || 0.126 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 ||
|-
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 19.2 || 0.15 || || 130 || 4.4 (x33) || cpuminer/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 8.7 || ||  ||  || 3.9 (x27) || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 990x   || 6/12 || 33.3 || ||  ||  || 4.5 (x32) || ufasoft/Win2008 R2-64 || Ram - 12Gb, Rampage III BlackEdition, Water cooling
|- 
| Core i7 2635QM   || 4/8 || 2.93 || || || || 2.00 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 RAM: 4GB
|- 
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.3 || 0.18 || || 35 || 2.66 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 || 
|-
| Core i7 2600k   || 4/4 || 6.7 || || ||  || 4.00 || phoenix 0.48 ||
|-
| Core i7 3770k   || 4/8 || 5.2 || || || || 4.4 || Guiminer v2012-12-03 || Windows 7 x64 : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 5.0 to 5.2
|-
| Core i7 3930k   || 6/12 || 66.6 || || ||  || 4.625 (125 x 37) || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner v0.28 || Windows 7 x64, uses ~190watts : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 36.0 to 66.6
|-
| Core 2 Duo U7600 || 1 || 1.1 || || ||  || 1.2 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Core 2 Duo E5200 || 2/2 || 6.2 || 0.086 || || 72 || 2.76 || Ufasoft/Win7-64 || TDP is 65W + 7W overclock
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6550 || 1/2 || 2.45 || || ||  || 2.33 || cpuminer 0.7.1 (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6850 || 2/2 || 6.75 || 0.10 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft-0.3 ||
|- 
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 7.76 || 0.11 || || 70 || 3.33 || ufasoft-0.3 || uncertain of overclock; miner optimized for Intel Core
|-
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 2.52 || 0.04 || || 65 || 2.66 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8200 || 2/2 || 2.3 || 0.035 || || 65 || 2.66 || rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8400 || 2/2 || 6.9 || 0.106 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 7/64bit (-t 2)
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 1/2 || 3.6 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo P8700 || 2/2 || 5.9 || || || || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.21 || windows 7/64bit 
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5450 || 2/2 || 2.5 || 0.07 || || 35  || 1.63 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5500 || 2/2 || 4.3 ||  ||  ||  || 1.66 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux (amd64)
|-
| Core 2 Duo T6400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || 0.12 || || 35  || 2.00 || cpuminer git (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7250 || 2/2 || 4.5 || 0.13 || || 35  || 2.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7450 || 2/2 || 3.7 || 0.10 || || 35  || 2.13 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T9400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || || ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.13 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 2.37 || || || || 2.8 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 6.2 || || || || 2.8 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.2 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64 Overclocked from 2.8 GHz to 3.2 GHz
|-
| Xeon 2.8 || 2/2 || 0.8 || || || || 2.8 || cpuminer || cryptopp_asm32 
|-
| Xeon 3060 || 1/2 || 2.03 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2. || cpuminer 0.8.1 (Linux) || --algo=cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Xeon Prestonia 2.4 (dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.16 || 0.017 || || 130 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.4 || 
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 10.13 || 0.16 || || 120 || 2.6 || bitcoind || Roughly the same speed as the "c" algo in cpuminer
|-
| Xeon E3-1230 V2 (quad) || 4/8 || 19.7 || ? || ? || ? || 3.70 || cgminer 2.8.3 || -O2 -march=core-avx-i algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 22.76 || 0.09 || || 120 || 2.6 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -O2 -march=core2, algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5365 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 26.00 || ? || || ? || 3.0 || cpuminer git (2011-06-15) || algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5650 || 2x6/24 || 28.6 || ? || ? || ? || 2.67 || cpuminer 1.0.2 || --algo 4way
|-
| Xeon x5680 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 48 || ? || ? || ? || 3.33GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon x5690 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 52 || ? || ? || ? || 3.46GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon E5-2690 (dual) || 2x8/32 || 66 || ? || ? || 2x135W || 2.9GHz || Ufasoft 64-bit 0.31 || Windows Server 2008R2 x64
|-
| Xeon E5335 || 4/4 || 9.35 || 0.12 || || 80 || 2.00 || ufasoft v0.11 || Vista-32
|-
| Xeon E5410 || 4/4 || 9.8 || ? || || 80 || 2.33|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5440 || 4/8 || 7.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.66|| Kiv's poclbm-gui || FIXME: Either wrong model # or wrong threads/speed info
|-
| Xeon E5506 || 4/4 || 9.6 || ? || || 80 || 2.13|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5520 || 4/8 || 6.5 || 0.08 || || 80 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5530 || 4/8 || 7.14 || 0.09 || || 80 || 2.4 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5620 || 4/8 || 11.2 || ? || || 80 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.10 -t 4 || CentOS 5.5 x64 Hyper-Threading is off
|-
| Xeon E5630 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 8 || 0.1 || || 80 || 2.53 || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
| Xeon E6520 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 24.7 || ||  ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon E7220 || 2/2 || 6.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.93|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E7320 (dual) || 2x2 || 1.5 || || ||  || 2.8 || cgminer v1.2.8 || 2x2.8ghz dual core running Ubuntu 11.04 x86 (individual cores get 0.4 MH/s)
|-
| Xeon E7450 (quad) || 4x6/24 || 60 || ||  ||  || 2.40 || ufasoft v0.13 || -t 24
|-
| Xeon E7520 (dual) || 2x4/16 || 18 || ||  || 95 || 1.87 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon W3680 || 6/12 || 18 ||  || || 130 || 3.33 || cpuminer v1.0.2 --algo=4way || Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| Atom Z520 || 1/2 || 1.20 || || || 2 || 1.7 || ufasoft 1.18 || Asus Eee 1101HA with overclocking capabilities
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.375 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-cpu || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.245 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-4way || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.97 || || || 4 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N270 || 1/2 || 1.19 || 0.24 || || 5 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N450 || 1/2 || 1.60 || 0.31 || || 6.5 || 2.06 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N550 || 2/4 || 1.97 || || || || 1.5 || ufasoft v0.21 || Windows 7/64 bit
|-
| Atom 330 || 2/4 || 1.80 ||  || || 8 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.13  || -t 4
|-
| Atom D510 || 2/4 || 1.00 || || || || 1.6 || cpuminer w cryptopp_asm32 || debian linux 6.0, headless system, 2 GB RAM, running from usb-flash
|-
| Atom D510 || 4/4 || 2.3 || 0.07 || || 30  || 1.6 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04 Server
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'&gt;€ Prices from http://geizhals.at/eu on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.35 || 0.07 || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Total power usage of PS3 fat is 120W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| Cell || 7 || 26.6 || ? || ? || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Running with 7th spu enabled and both ppe cores.
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.7 || 0.07 || 35W || 3.2 GHz || cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (SLIM): Total power usage of PS3 slim is 70W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| MIPS || 1 || 0.026 || ? || ? || ? || 200 MHz || cpuminer || ASUS WL-500G Deluxe Router Running [http://openwrt.org/ OpenWrt]
|-
| VIA Eden || 1 || 1.3 || 0.17 || || 8W || 1600 MHz || cpuminer || VIA Eden w/ padlock
|-
| PowerPC 7447A || 1 || 0.53 || || || || 1420 MHz || cpuminer ||
|-
| PowerPC 7450 (G4e) || 1 || 1.29 || || || || 1670 MHz || cgminer 2.0.7 || PowerBook5,6; Mac OS X 10.5.8; Altivec
|-
| PowerPC 750 (G3) || 1 || 0.140 || || || || 600 MHz || cpuminer || iBook G3 600 w/ Cryptopp
|-
| IBM POWER4+ 2/way || 2/1 || 0.58 || || || || 1450 MHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 || CRUX PPC (64bit), cpuminer -a sha256d -t 1
|-
| IBM Power7 (PowerPC) || || 7.6 ||   ||   || || 3.5 Ghz || cgminer || IBM Power7 770, SuSE Linux 11.1, 4 cores, OpenCL, YASM, Altivec
|-
| Google App Engine || 1 || 0.144 || || || 0W || || pyminer || Modified version of [https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer pyminer] for GAE.
|-
| Open Shift || 1 || 0.059 || || || 0W || || pyminer || 
|}

&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

==See Also==
* [[TP's Bitcoin Calculator]]
* [[Mining rig]]
* [[ZTEX FPGA Boards for Bitcoin Mining]]
* [[Generation Calculator]]
* [[Power Calc]]
* [[OpenCL miner]]
* [http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=745 ATI Stream vs. NVIDIA CUDA - GPGPU computing battle royale] 
* [http://bitminer.info/ Bitminer.info] 
* [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison Bitcoin Mining Performance Compared]
** [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Mining-Update-Power-Usage-Costs-Across-United-States Bitcoin Mining Power Costs Compared]

[[Category:Mining]]</text>
      <sha1>dnbxvzo4ds6fne9odzh9d5weqzilab2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>82</id>
      <parentid>81</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-26T19:39:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>82</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145769" sha1="4mrees2zqbt02iogt4grnykvetdjyt7" xml:space="preserve">Mai jos gasiti o statistica detaliata asupra performantei de minat a diferitor hardware-uri folosite intr-un [[rig de minat]](mining rig).

'''Notes:'''
* Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; may not be very energy efficient with some models)
* Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule (energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)
* W = watt (maximum power consumption, i.e. energy per unit of time: 1 W = 1 J/s)

== ASIC ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-	
! Product !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! Watts !! Price !! Shipping !! Comm ports
|-
| Avalon ASIC #1
| 66,300&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 107 || 52.34 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,299&lt;ref name="avalon"&gt;[http://shop.avalon-asic.com/catalog/product/view/id/1 "Avalon ASIC"]. Avalon. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #2
| 60,000&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || 97 || 40.02 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,499&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #3&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt;
|  ||  || || || || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitForce SC 5Gh/s
| 5,000&lt;ref name="jap"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-jalapeno "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Jalapeno' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved April 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 18.24 || 30W || 274&lt;ref name="jap" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Little Single
| 30,000&lt;ref name="ls" /&gt; || || 46.22 || || 649&lt;ref name="ls"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/pre-order-form-bitforce-little-single-sc/ "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Little' Single SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Single 'SC'
| 60,000&lt;ref name="sc"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-single "Pre Order Form – BitForce Single 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ??? || 46.18 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 1,299&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Mini Rig 'SC'
| 1,500,000&lt;ref name="rig" /&gt; || ??? || 50.16 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 29,899&lt;ref name="rig"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-mini-rig "Pre Order Form – BitForce Mini Rig 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || Wifi
|-
| BitForce SC 25 Gh/s
| 25,000 || ??? || 24.01 || ??? || 1,249 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 50 Gh/s
| 50,000 || ??? || 20.00 || ???&lt;ref name="watts"&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1b8hvt/bfl_josh_updates_on_asic_status_full_transcript/&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,499&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Blade
| 10,752 || 129 || 1.87&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 83W || 5,749&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Emerald
| 336 || ??? || n/a || ??? || Promo || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Sapphire
| 300 || ??? || 1.31&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || ??? || 229&lt;ref name="bcprice"&gt;Actual price is in bitcoins. USD value estimated.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| KnCMiner Jupiter
| 350,000 || ??? || 50.04 || ??? || 6,995 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnCMiner Saturn
| 175,000 || ??? || 46.11 || ??? || 3,695 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || ???
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

== FPGA ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-	
! Product !! Hash rate&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/J] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s/$] !! Power&lt;br /&gt;[W] !! Price&lt;br /&gt;[$]
|-
! Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T Development Kit
| 100&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 19, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0 "Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.10 ||  || 995&lt;ref&gt;[http://avnetexpress.avnet.com/store/em/EMController?action=products&amp;catalogId=500201&amp;storeId=500201&amp;N=0&amp;langId=-1&amp;slnk=b&amp;term=AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G&amp;hrf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.avnet.com%2Fen-us%2Fdesign%2Fdrc%2FPages%2FXilinx-Spartan-6-FPGA-LX150T-Development-Kit.aspx&amp;intcmp=EMA-BUY-AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G "AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G Parts"]. Avnet Express. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Bitcoin Dominator X5000
| 100&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 14.7 || 0.22 || 6.8&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 440&lt;ref name="bd"&gt;NewMeat1 (August 18, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0 "Custom FPGA Board for Sale!"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! BitForce SHA256 Single
| 832&lt;ref name="single"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/ "BitForce SHA256 Single – Technical Specifications"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 10.4 || 1.38 || 80&lt;ref name="single" /&gt; || 599&lt;ref name="single" /&gt;
|-
! Butterflylabs Mini Rig
| 25,200&lt;ref name="mini"&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20120514032732/http://www.butterflylabs.com/products "Products"]. Butterfly Labs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20.16 || 1.64 || 1,250&lt;ref name="mini" /&gt; || 15,295&lt;ref name="mini2"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sha256-mini-rig/ "Order Form – BitForce SHA256 – Mini Rig"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Digilent Nexys 2 500K
| 5&lt;ref&gt;The Seven (June 3, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg164438#msg164438 "Re: Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner (Smaller Devices Now Supported!)"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.03 ||  || 149&lt;ref name="dig"&gt;[http://www.digilentinc.com/Products/Detail.cfm?Prod=NEXYS2 "Nexys™2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board"]. Digilent. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Icarus
| 380&lt;ref name="ica"&gt;Nzghang (November 9, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51371.0 "FPGA development board 'Icarus' – DisContinued/ important announcement"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 19.79 || 0.66 || 19.2&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt; || 569&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt;
|-
! KnCMiner Mars
| 6,000 || ??? || 2.15 || ??? || 2,795
|-
! Lancelot
|  ||  ||  ||  || 500&lt;ref name="lan"&gt;Nzghang (May 6, 2012). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79835.0 "FPGA development board "Lancelot" - accept bitsteam developer's orders."]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ModMiner Quad 
| 800&lt;ref name="mmq"&gt;[http://www.btcfpga.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=50 "ModMiner Quad"]. BTCFPGA. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20 || 0.75 || 40&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt; || 1,069&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt;
|-
! Terasic DE2-115
| 80&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 4, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5379.msg105544#msg105544 "Re: FPGA mining"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.13 ||  || 595&lt;ref name="de2"&gt;[http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?No=502 "Altera DE2-115 Development and Education Board"]. Terasic. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! X6500 FPGA Miner 
| 400&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 23.25 || 0.72 || 17.2&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 550&lt;ref name="x65"&gt;[http://store.fpgamining.com/ "FPGA Mining Store"]. FPGA Mining. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15b
| 90&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.27 ||  || 325&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=62&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15x
| 215&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.52 ||  || 406&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=66&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15y
| 860&lt;ref name="miner"&gt;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&lt;/ref&gt; || || 0.65 || || 1,304&lt;ref name="1.15y"&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=74&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

==Graphics cards==
=== Popular Mining Cards ===
This information has been included to make choosing a card easier. The cards selected are generally readily available online. Once you have purchased a card or cards, use the tables below to compare different configurations and setups.
=== genBTC's Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
The purpose of this chart is 1) Update used prices 2) To consolidate multiple sources of information into an at-a-glance format. 3) Provide 3 hashrate columns to make it easier to figure out performance before 4) You use this table to make informed decisions about purchasing a card for mining.&lt;br&gt;
Only edit Common MH/s. MH/s #1 and MH/s #2 were outsourced.&lt;br&gt;
I will continue to work on this chart, and it is a work in progress. &lt;br&gt;
Created February 25th 2013, Updated February 27th 2013 &lt;br&gt;
All the cards below are AMD (ATI) Radeon HD 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model	!! MH/s #1 !! MH/s #2 !! Common MH/s !! TDP(W) !! Shaders !! Stock Clock !! Ebay $ !! MSRP $ !! Cheapest $
|----
|5770||212.83||||200||108||800||850 MHz||$178?||$159||$ 50
|----
|5830||302||220||275||175||1120||800 MHz||$105||$239||$ 65
|----
|5850||346.16||270||330||151||1440||725 MHz||$101||$259||$ 90
|----
|5870||393||420||380||188||1600||850 MHz||$165||$379||$125
|----
|5970||704||700||750||294||3200||725 MHz||$248||$599||$269
|----
|6750||167.59||||170||86||720||725 MHz||$ 67||$109||
|----
|6770||196.67||||200||108||800||900 MHz||$ 84||$135||
|----
|6850||213.7||||250||127||960||775 MHz||$104||$179||
|----
|6870||278.31||||300||150||1120||900 MHz||$124||$239||
|----
|6950||369||350||350||200||1408||800 MHz||$171||$299||
|----
|6970||397||400||385||250||1536||880 MHz||$172||$369||
|----
|6990||772||700||750||375||3072||830 MHz||$372||$699||
|----
|7750||123||200||125||55||512||800 MHz||$ 93||$109||Newegg $89
|----
|7770||||250||200||80||640||1000 MHz||$ 98||$159||Newegg $119
|----
|7850||||375||300||130||1024||860 MHz||$177||$249||Newegg $169
|----
|7870||||||400||175||1280||1000 MHz||$227||$349||Newegg $229
|----
|7950||||450||500||200||1792||850 MHz||$307||$449||Newegg $299
|----
|7970||685||600||650||250||2048||925 MHz||$391||$549||Newegg $399
|----
|7990||||||1200||555||4096||925 MHz||$777||$999||Newegg $899
|----
|}
MH/s #1 taken from Joseph Woodrell's chart directly below this one.&lt;br&gt;
MH/s #2 taken from https://bitclockers.com/calc	&lt;br&gt;
TDP, Shaders, Stock Clock comes from http://www.hwcompare.com/ &amp; www.AMD.com to Verify&lt;br&gt;
Ebay Price taken from http://cgi5.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?SellHub3	and questionable prices marked with a ? &lt;br&gt;
Cheapest $ = Used price. Sourced from All over the internet as if I had to buy	 the card today.&lt;br&gt;
Newegg Price means NEW &amp; price was taken from the LOWEST priced card on 2/25/2013 @ 8 PM EST, any rebate disregarded&lt;br&gt;

=== Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
This spreadsheet performs several calculations and displays a visualization graph of a theoretical mining rig over time. It can be used to visualize any "what if" scenarios to better wrap your head around which card is the best choice under different conditions.  Bright Yellow Boxes are editable, and affect the calculations.  Dark Yellow Boxes are editable for notation, but don't affect the calculations.  The Green highlighted card is the best under those conditions, the Blue highlight is second best, the Orange highlight is third best.  Higher MHash/s performance can be obtained for each card through overclocking, but that drives up the wattage draw of the cards, and I did not have that complete dataset so I used the "average" MHash/s values listed here. &lt;br /&gt;
V1.5 - 1 Jan, 2012 - by. Joseph Woodrell 
[http://www.woodrell.com/joe/bitcoin/mining_sheet.zip Card Selection Spreadsheet]
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Single Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon&gt;Price from http://ebay.com/ on 2012-02-10 using an average of completed items, minus the top and bottom 20% to avoid spikes and give a truer average.&lt;/ref&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5770
|$136
|Moderate
|212.83
|1.45
|1.56 
|----
|5830
|$92
|Moderate
|302
|1.68
|3.28
|----
|5850
|$114.96
|Limited
|346.16
|1.92
|3.0
|----
|5870
|$190.16
|Limited
|393
|1.97
|2.066 
|----
|5970
|$421
|Limited
|704
|2.2
|1.67 
|----
|6750
|$116
|Easy
|167.59
|
|1.44 
|----
|6770
|$115
|Easy
|196.67
|
|1.71 
|----
|6850
|$160
|Easy
|213.7
|1.35
|1.34 
|----
|6870
|$190
|Easy
|278.31
|1.73
|1.46 
|----
|6930
|$180
|Limited
|350
|
|1.94
|----
|6950
|$230
|Easy
|369
|1.94
|1.6 
|----
|6970
|$271.89
|Easy
|397
|1.89
|1.46 
|----
|6990
|$622.99
|Limited
|772
|1.93
|1.23 
|----
|7750
|$110
|Easy
|123
|2.46
|1.12 
|----
|7970
|$420
|Easy
|685
|
|1.22 
|----
|}

==== Multi-Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon/&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5830x2
|$360
|Moderate
|525
|
|1.46 
|----
|5850x4
|$644
|Limited
|1360
|1.94
|2.11 
|----
|5850x6
|$996
|Limited
|2130
|
| 
|----
|5870x2
|$700
|Limited
|787.5
|0.84
|1.13 
|----
|6770x2
|$274
|Easy
|464
|
|1.69 
|----
|6950x4
|$1,000
|Easy
|1316
|1.51
|1.32 
|----
|6970x2
|$700
|Easy
|769
|1.6
|1.10 
|----
|6990x2
|$1,540
|Limited
|1568
|1.7
|1.02 
|----
|6990x3
|$2,310
|Limited
|2094
|1.8
|0.91 
|----
|7970x3
|$1680
|Easy
|2050
|2.41
|1.16 
|----
|7970x2
|$868
|Easy
|1060
|
| 
|----
|}

===AMD (ATI)===
Stream SDK 2.5 seems to have resolved many of the problems with earlier versions.  Everyone's setups will be unique so this should only be a guide or starting point, not an absolute. 



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt; !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! SDK !! Slot !! Miner !! Notes 
|-
| 3410 || 0.89 || 0.074 || ? || 12(?) || 222 || 40 || 1.4 beta || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || A custom Brook+ miner || Using 16,384 length streams
|-
| 3XXX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported
|-
| 42XX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported (integrated/mobile GPU)
|-
| 4350 || 6.93 || 0.346 ||0.16 || 20 || 575 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4350 || 7.2 || || || || 600 || || 1.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer/Linux || default settings
|-
| 4350 || 8.14 || -|| 0.19 || - || 730 || 80 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 32. Model: Asus EAH4350 Silent. Memory at 400MHz. Runs at 60°C with ambient at 25°C.
|-
| 4350 || 10.7 || -|| - || - || 730 || - || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || CGMiner/Windows7 || -v -w 64 Voltage set at 0.900 core set at 800MHZ and memory set to 200MHZ
|-
| 4550 || 7.23 || 0.289 ||0.13 || 25 || 600 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4550 || 7.8 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer /phoenix || worksize=64 VECTORS 
|-
| 4570M || 8.02 || 0.297 || ? || 27 || 680 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW
|-
| 4570M || 9.6 || 0.300|| ? || 32 || 825(OC) || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW. OC core 680-&gt;825. U/C memory 800-&gt;500.
|-
| 4650 || 31.33 || 0.653||  0.44 || 48 || 650 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 36.14 || 0.613|| 0.34 || 59 || 750 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 40.11 || 0.679|| 0.38 || 59 || 800 || 320 || - || AGP x8 || poclbm/Ubuntu 10.10 w/ H == 0 mod || -w 32 -f 0, don't use vectors [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.msg85236#msg85236 source]
|-
| 4670 || 50 || - || 0.47 || 60 || 800 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || 2 miners set up i7 920 (130W), CPU: Ufasoft, GPU: OpenCL; the CPU is getting about 40 Mhash/s while the GPU goes from 10-20 Mhash/s
|-
| 4730 || 72.29 || 0.657|| ? || 110 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4770 || 72.29 || 0.904|| 0.72 || 80 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 55.42 || 0.583|| || 95 || 575 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 61.7 || - || || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 64.9 || - || - || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 66.12 || 0.503|| || 105 || 700 || 1005 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - ||
|-
| 4850 || 75.30 || 0.685 || || 110 || 625 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4850 || 84.3 || 0.766 ||  || 110 || 725 || 300 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || -w64 fan at 70% temp 73C, stock voltage -gui miner
|-
| 4850 || 87.4 || 0.79 || - || 110 || 785 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || Phoenix; -k poclbm
|-
| 4850 || 90.1 || 0.819 || || 110 || 800 || 500 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 30; Tried phoenix and phatk, got same max
|-
| 4850 || 101 || 0.918 || || 110 || 817 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 0, core 817mhz(default 625)@1.123v , mem downclock to 500mhz (default 993) [http://www.smpake.com/?p=6 source]
|-
| 4850x2 || 150.60 || 0.602 || || 250 || 625 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4860 || 67.47 || 0.519||  || 130 || 700 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 78 || 0.520||  || 150 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Vista 64bit || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source]
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 88 || ||  || 140 || std || 800 || 12.3.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / 64bit OS X pyopencl / poclbm || Standard Mac Pro 3,1 with Apple HD4870 upgrade. Flags: FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5 (don't use vectors, and hash rate drops to 60-70 if browser windows are visible, speeds up to 88 if you hide them!
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 90.36 || 0.602||  || 150 || 750 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 92.84 || 0.6189333(?)||  || 150(?) || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm AGGRESSION=5 (Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU OC 750-&gt;830MHz, VRAM UC 900-&gt;450MHz, BIOS modded)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 96 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / phoenix 1.50 / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -k phatk bfi_int=false FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 104 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / DiabloMiner / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.2 || ?||  || ? || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 200 MHz By MSI AfterBurner. Card: Gainward Golden Sample. @70%Fan we have 55 GPU temp.
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.6 || 0.872||  || 120 || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 256 -f 1, Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 190 MHz (saves 30 watts at outlet)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 112 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BAMT 0.5c / cgminer || Powercolor @ GPU 875 MHz/ MEM 300 Mhz/ 1,25VDC @ 100% FAN @ 65 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.6||   0.632|| || 286 || 800 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.72||    0.632|| || 286 || 750 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4870x2 || 203 || || ||  || 850(OC) || 1600 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod ver. 20 april 2011|| Gainward / Win7 x64 / -w 256 -f 1 / 850MHz GPU - 300MHz Mem - 1,262V - 100% fun : 72C
|-
| 4890 || 97.1 || 0.511|| || 190 || 870(OC) || 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-01-21 Solo settings || Sapphire fab. No flags options helped. Close all browsers and do full restart of GUIMiner and then Bitcoin via GUIMiner server starter or the browsers GPU accl. will limit to 56~ ish Mhash/s - I can now start browser without slowdowns
|-
| 4890 || 102.41 || 0.539|| || 190 || 850 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 108.3 || 0.57|| || 190 || 975 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 121.5 || -||  || 190 || 1025 (OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || no flags, Vcore 1.4 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 11.99||   0.631|| || 19 || 650 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 13.74|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linuxcoin v0.2 || -v -w128 tried several options, seems to work best.
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 14.12|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/Linuxcoin v0.2 || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64" Kernel: "phatk"
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 15.36|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_ING WORKSIZE=128" Kernel: "phatk" - MagicSata
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 18.10|| || - || - || 774 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 1 774.66MHz/300.37MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5470 || 17.10|| || - || - || - || - || - || - || poclbm || -v -w 128 MobileGPU
|-
| 5550 || 40.59 || 1.041||  || 39 || 550 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5550 || 62.10 || - || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || 700MHz core 800MHz ram, phatk mod, Flags: "-k phatk worksize=128 vectors aggression=4 bfi_int"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 59.96 || 1.538|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 62 || 1.59|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 64 || 1.641|| || 39 || 650 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 73 || 1.872|| || 39 || 700 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 86.3 || 2.397|| || 36 || 775 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 (no Aero) ||-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v  WORKSIZE=256 Fan 100% 86C Undervolted @ 0.96v using Sapphire Trixx
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 94 || stock || || || 880 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUI Miner 02-12/Windows 7 x86 || -v -w128 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 102 || 1.46(+)|| || 75(-) || 950 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Windows 7 x86 (no Aero) || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 (Reference Sapphire card, 2 additional 120mm coolers, temperature is 79-82C)
|-
| 5650 || 48 || 1.37|| || 35(?) || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/ATI-Mobility-Radeon-HD-5650.23697.0.html source] -- not TDP but load
|-
| 5650 || 61.2 || || || 35 || || || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=9
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 71.49 || 1.117|| || 64 || 775 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 72 || 1.64|| || 44 || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod (Win7-64) || Sapphire 100287VGAL card is low power
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 85|| || - || - || 900 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 91|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 poclbm catalyst 11.2 win7 x86 || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 100|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 1.5.6 || GPU/Mem 890/800 temp 72C
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 103 || -|| || - || 900/275 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 11.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / small fan, under 50 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 127.8|| || - || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Windows 7 (64bit) Phoenix 2.0 || Aggression=11 Worksize=128 Fastloop=False Opencl
|-
| 5750 || 105 || - || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || poclbm || Apple iMac 27inch (Mid 2010), Mac OSX 10.7 Lion 
|-
| 5750 || 116.24 || 1.352|| || 86 || 700 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5750 || 137 || ||- || - || 710 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 using stock memory and GPU clocks
|-
| 5750 || 146.4 || || - || - || 775 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || -v -w128, AMD Catalyst overclock (775MHz GPU / 1225 MHz Memory)
|-
| 5750 || 154.56 || 1.45|| || 106 || 830 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || -v -w128 -f20 underclocked memory clocks from 1150MHz to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 170 || - || || - || 870 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 patched BIOS to underclock memory to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 173 || - || ||- || 875 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || phoenix || 875/300 w/MSI Afterburner, BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE -k phatk
|-
| 5750 || 177 || - || ||- || 910/575 || 720 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.5.6 || PowerColor GoGreen+fan, MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE WORKSIZE=64
|-
| 5750 || 190 || - || ||- || 930/290 || - || atistream sdk || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || 930gpu / 290mem (O.S. Ubuntu 10.10 x64, overclock gpu &amp; underclock mem) with poclbm options -v -f 0 -w 256
|-
| 5750 Vapor-X || 195 || - || - || 125 || 975/300 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || (O.S. Ubuntu 12.01 AMD64 dedicated) cgminer options -Q 0 -I 9 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 65 --gpu-vddc 1.075 (Fan speed 60~65%)
|-
| 5750x2 CF || 356 || - || ||- || 870 || 720x2 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=28402.0 cgminer v1.5.1] (Win7 64bit) || 870MHz GPU / -I 8 / 2x [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3402#sp GIGABYTE GV-R575SL-1GI] cards + [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3258#sp GIGABYTE GA-790FXTA-UD5] MB + 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=9&amp;lng=en 80mm], 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=16&amp;lng=en 90mm] Noctua coolers
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 156.83 || 1.452|| || 108 || 850 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 171.12 || - || - || - || - || stock || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.3/debian gnu/linux 6 squeeze || -k phatk2 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 180 || 1.406(*)|| || 128(*) || 950(OC) || 800 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here])
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 Hawk || 182 || ||- || - || 875 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || -v -w 128 (875MHz is stock for 5770 Hawk)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 185 || - || ||- || 850 || 1200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 205.58 || - || ||- || 935 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.5 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || mem underclocked 300 mhz, 1.1vcore, 950mhz core, @69°C/57%FAN VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.7 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / win7x86 || mem underclocked 309 mhz, -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 216.5 || -|| || - || 955 || || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 /phatk || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 218.35 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1401 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 128 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1Ghz core with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 223 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 227 || -|| || - || 1030 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 256 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1030 core/300 mem with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 233 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 236 || -|| || - || 1033/275 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / big fans, under 75 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 240.61 || 2.3632(-)|| || 100(+) || 1080 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC'd and OV'd 1080/300 1.25v)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 241 || - || - || 100(+) || 1045 || 250 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC 1020/300) XFX@1.1 volts. +Kernel function improve 5%
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 244 || -|| || - || 1050 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 /phatk2 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=9, Temp 75C, FAN 100% (manual)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770x2 || 425 || - || - || 225(+) || 960 || 800x2 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w128 (OC 960/1200)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830M || 120 || -|| || - || 570|| 120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Win7 x64|| -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 244 || 1.36|| || 179 || 800 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 245 || 1.28|| || 192 || 880 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 248 || 1.29|| || 192 || 880 || 500 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.46 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 256 || -|| || - || 900 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 267 || -|| || - || 875 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 272 || 1.52|| || 179 || 875 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / LinuxCoin || 275Mhz Memory clock, 1.125 V (from 1.163), VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 275 || 1.5714|| || 175 || 900 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w64 -f10, XFX stock w/ v2.4 SDK = 230Mh/s, v2.1 SDK = +10Mh/s, overclocking core clock by 100 = +30Mh/s, underclocking memory to 500 (ran cooler), and changing workload to -w64 = +5Mh/s.
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 285 || - ||1.58 || - || 960 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 930 || - || 2.2 || PCI-E x16/x4/x1 || GUIMiner / phoenix  1.5 / POCLBM / Win 7 64 || POCLBM VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false / Memory 300Mhz, VCore standard
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 295 || -|| || - || 980 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win XP 32 || Extra flags -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 297 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 44% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 960|| 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win 7 64 || Extra flags -v -w 256 (Sapphire Extreme 71 degrees @ 52% fan)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / pheonix 1.48 / Win7 64 || (sapphire xtreme) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 305 || -|| || - || 984 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / phatk / Win7 32 || 400Mhz Memory clock, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || -|| || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || 2.25 || 2.55 || 125 || 965 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.0.5 / Win7 64 || Mem @ 300/Stock voltage/Entire system 200W
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / poclbm / Xubuntu 11.04 x64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 black || 310 || ||- || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || LinuxCoin 0.2b, phoenix/phatk || (XFX Brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 311 || -|| || - || 1000 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 315 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.1 / phatk2 / CrunchBang Linux || memory @ 300mhz VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 316 || ||- || - || 1015 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 319 || -|| 1.77 || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Xp 64 || 1.2v 355Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 321 || -||  || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Linux || 1000Mhz GPU, 350Mhz RAM, 1.15V, 90% fan, ~60c Temp, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; phatk kernel found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 323 || || ||  || 900 (OC) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.5 Win7x64 || (500Mhz RAM), ~61c Temp, 57% fan, BFI_INT  FASTLOOP=false VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 (127$) || 325 || 1.98 || 2.57Mh/$ || 165W || 1040MHz || 200MHz || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Guiminer/phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] w7 64bit  || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS2 WORKSIZE=128 stock volt, watercooled 53C
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 328 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix / phatk || 1.195 V, RAM @ 325 Mhz, fan @90%, no case, extra 10K RPM fan (62 deg.C in full-load); options: -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; brand: Sapphire Xtreme; bord is stable up to 1060 Mhz ~ 335 MHash, but produces some visual artefacts;
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 331 || - || 4.14 || - || 1010 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || WinXP 32 / Phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 || Stock Voltage, RAM 300, 64C, Fan 67%, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false (+6Mh w/ Phoenix 1.7.5 over 1.6.2)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 333 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix-1.50 / phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] || + ~5 Mhash increase using the modified phatk from the user above. I am the same guy with 330 @ 1040 MHz Sapphire Xtreme, all other settings the same, board stable, no increase in rejected
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1040 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 208Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk 2.0 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT  -- (upped from 330 achieved with diapolo mod [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]), now using phatk 2.0 found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7964.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 342 || - || - || - || 1045 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk 2.2 / WinSvr 2008 R2 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS VECTORS4 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 BFI_INT -k phatk-2.2
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 CF || 480 || -|| || - || 800 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit |Guiminer || -v -f70 -w128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 570 || -|| || - || 950 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit poclbm || poclbm -v -w256 -f10 MEMORYCLOCK 300MHZ GPUCLOCK 950MHZ FAN 52% 72°C 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 608 || -|| || - || 990 || - || - || 2x PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 2.0/ phatk2 / Win7 32bit || Stock voltage, 300Mhz Memory, VECTORS GOFFSET AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FAN 51% 69°C (Open ATX case) 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x6 || 1967 || 1.62 || 1.97 || - || 1020/340 || 1120x6 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.7.5/phatk2/BAMT Linux || 100% fan @65C / 1.162V / CCC 11.6 / BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 240.77 || 1.595|| 1.49 || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 250.26 || 1.657|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || opencl client || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 252 || 1.575|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 255.3 || 1.593|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 264 || 1.748|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || guiminer-20110501 || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || 1.75|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || with BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || - || ||- || 725 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 / Fedora 14 || -v -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=true
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 282.75 ||style="background:#EFEFFF;"| 3.06|| - || 92.25|| 666 (UC) || 1440|| 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/WinXP || undervolted to 0.95V; phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; driver 10.12; [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9982.0 clocktweak] for setting values; [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40056 thread]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 292 || 1.825|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 298 || 1.8620|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 -w 64 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 300 || 1.5460|| || 194 || 925(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 304 || - || || - || 725 (stock) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer.exe -v 2 -I 8 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 275 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 314 || 1.8362|| || 171 || 820(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 328 || - || || - || 875 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || 70C @42% fan, mem @ 500mhz; -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 330 || - || ||- || 850 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || EAH5850, miner arguments: -k poclbm DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 331 || - || ||- || 725 (Stock) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits||  Sapphire 5850 Xtreme, Arguments: -v 2 -w 192 (by Swapper 2011-07-05)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 335 || 1.8611|| || 180 || 890(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128, Memory downclocked to 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 344 || 1.8594|| || 185 || 890(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 347 || -|| || - || 876 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 50% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 354 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || diablo -v 2 -w 128 || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=9239.0 Headless], catalyst 11.5, memory downclocked to 300mhz, stock voltage. flashed with atiflash [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9AxNmOy6_0 video]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit, Memory downclocked to 200MHz, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 60% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 356 || -|| || - || 870 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 359 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 365 || -|| || - || 920 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 367.5 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || diablo with bitless's hack, -v 2 -w 128 || RHEL 5U5 x86_64, catalyst 11.5, Sapphire HD 5850 Xtreme, Memory downclocked to 300MHz, core voltage 1.145V, BIOS modded with RBE
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 369.4 || -|| || - || 930 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix / phatk / Win7 32 || Catalyst 11.5, XFX HD5850, Memory downclocked to 322MHz, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 372 || 1.68 || - || 220 @ Wall || 900 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || cgminer 2.3.1 from source / Ubuntu 11.11 x86_64 || -I 8 -v 2 -w 256 --- hex-core opteron cpu w/ 12GB RAM and cgminer CPU bug in linux makes power usage a little high ~210w in windows 7 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 375 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 10.04 || 300Mhz memory clock  VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 381 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || phoenix / phatk / Win7 x64 / Catalyst 11.6 || MSI Afterburner 500MHz memory clock,-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 382 || 1.8454|| || 207 || 995(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix || OC 1.177v on core
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || - || - || 180 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.2 || ASUS DirectCU @ GPU 960 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.2 @ 70% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2,1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenix 1.5 / phatk / Win7 64 || Mem @ 280, fan @ 100%, Temp @ 71, 1.163 V core, -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, The name is Mautobu
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 392 || -||2.43 || - || 990 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-svn (AUR) / phatk / Arch Linux || Memory: 180MHz, -v -q 1 -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 397 || -|| || - || 950 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64, catalyst 11.6 || Mem speed 350Mhz, Fan 85%, 70C, 1.083 Vcore, -k phatk  VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 400 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 x64 || Memory 600MHz, Vcore 1.225, 73C, -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 404 || -|| || - || 965 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenixsvn / phatk2 / Ubuntu 11.04 / catalyst 11.8 || 5870 bios flash, Mem @322, fan@55%, Temp@83oC, 1.163Vcore, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 408 || -|| - || - || 999/275 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || Fan 70%, temp &lt; 60 deg C, Sapphire 5 heatpipe card, same flags as above/below (edit1- oops, no voltage tweaks... edit2- wow, phatk-mod makes a difference... catfish)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 412 || -|| || - || 1010 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.5 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 414.8 || -|| || - || 1018 || 450 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || GUIMiner / Win7 64 11.7 || I use Sapphire HD5850 Toxic 2GB and for OC TRIXX Sapphire Tweak Utility v4.0.2. 72 deg C, fan 100%, core 1018mhz, mem 450Mhz, stock voltage (1.163). proof: http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/2367/414upload.png GUIMiner parameters: -v -w256 -f1  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 420 || -|| || - || 1055 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.6 || Fan 80%, 66C, 1.250 Vcore, -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 And proof: http://i.imgur.com/s9hqs.png
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 431 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 4x&gt;16x || phoenix-svn / phatk kernel / Debian Wheezy AMD64 + fglrx 11.6 || fan 100%, vcore 1.1750 V, 72C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=15 FASTLOOP=false -k phatk, proof: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/199/431u.png/
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 432.15 || -|| || - || 1040 || 500 || 2.5.793.1 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 kernel / Win7 x64 SP1 || fan 100%, vcore 1.212 V, 69C, VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=64 -k phatk2, proof: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18704286/mining%205850.png/ ... Card is REF HIS 5850 ... i mining at this speed for stable but... max unstable (if i play video/flashvideo it will crash) is 436.48Mhash/sec with core 1051 mem 500 vcore 1.237 (same other settings) it's too hot in VRM that not sound good to me... i don't want to kill it for my fun mining ... - Nito Niwatori 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 620 || - || || - || 800 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer ( cl miner )  v2012-02-19 Win7 x64 || MSI OC-Edition, -v -w 128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 702 || - || - || - || 905 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 (x2) || phoenix 2.0.0 / Win 7 x32 || ASUS DirectCU: 304Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, Voltage Tweak, AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/9u6f2jz3sz1poxb/5850.jpg)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 720 || -|| || - || 875 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x3 || 1,010 || -|| || - || 850 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 (x3) || GUIMiner || -v -w128 | MSI Afterburner settings: 850MHz core clock and 500MHz memory clock 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x4 || 1360 || 1.94|| || 700@wall || 900 ||  ||  ||  || poclbm|| 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x6 || 2,135 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 (6 total, 4 full length, 2 @ PCIE1x with risers || GUIMiner 24/8/2011 - poclbm || -v -f1 -w128 | Win 7 64Bit, Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 motherboard, 4gb ram, AM3 cpu, Kingston SSD, Catalyst 11.8 drivers, guiminer switches: -v -f1 -w128, MSI Afterburner settings: 900MHz core clock and 1000MHz memory clock, cable risers required to fit all 6 cards, fans 100% Proof: http://i.imgur.com/6s7zv.jpg 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 152.5 || -|| || - || 750(OC) || 1000 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || gui-miner (win-7) ||
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 189.2 || -|| || - || 850(OC) || 1000 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Wins 7 64/gui-miner (win-7) ||  -v -w128 -f0 Graphics Overdrive setting 700-&gt;850 core clock &amp; 900-&gt;1030memory clock . +35mhs over stock settings
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313 || 1.665|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313.65 || 1.668||1.65 || 188 || 850 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 340 || 1.809|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 343 || 1.824|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 355 || 1.888|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 360 || 1.6822|| || 214 || 970 || 700 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL w7-64 || -f 0 -v -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=6144.msg91959#msg91959 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 379 || 2.015|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 397 || -|| || - || 930 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 400 || 1.9047|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Phoenix 1.3 || -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 FASTLOOP BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 408 || 1.8888|| || 216 || 980 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Win7x64 || -f 20 -v -w 128, BIT_ALIGN, BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 414 || 1.9255|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/w7x64 || -k poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 VECTORS BITALIGN BFI_INT -- Memory Clock 300
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 420 || 2.0000|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421 || 1.9581|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.47 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421.5 || 2.007|| || 201 || 950 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2 (GPU OC to 900, memory downclocked to 900)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 430 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 432 || || || || 985 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.73/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 Memory Clock=900Mhz Asus 76C Fan=60% 65F ambient
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 435 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || LinuxCoin v0.2b phoenix/phatk || (Powercolor brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 437 || || 1.90|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk || Card is clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 438 || 1.9819|| || 221 || 1000(OC) || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Linux || -v -w 64 -f 1
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 440 || 2.0000|| || 220 || 995 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 445 || 2.28||2.34 || 195 || 1005 || 335 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Ubuntu 11.04 phoenix/phatk || (Asus brand, volts = 1'072) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false -a 7 (-a 10)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 453 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 catalyst 11.6 phatk 2.2 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOPS=false -- Memory Clock 350Mhz Vcore 1.163v
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 458 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Windows 7 64 || -v -w 256 -f 1 Crossfired, Water cooled, 916 Mhash/s total. Best dual gpu setup me thinks? The name is Mautobu.
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1020 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 -k phatk -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 461 || || || || 1000 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, Memory Clock=213, stock voltage
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 481 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1x || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=20 [MSI HD 5870 Ref Design vs Zalman VF3000A 1200mv Mem 600MHz]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (CF) || 864 || -|| || - || 900 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=7 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 (Same flags per GPU)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 620 || -|| || - || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 0.751|| || 1100 || 950 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 1.18|| || 700 || 935 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 w/ Phatk || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false, memory @ 319 MHz, Windows 7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 878 || 0.585|| || 1500 || 1000 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x4 || 1784 || || 1.29|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk + [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0 Version 2.2 Improvement] || Cards are clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x6 || 2568 || -|| || 1200 || 970 || -|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit  || -v -w128, voltage default, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 80-90% (+ 4x12cm fun 1900rpm), Temp 6x 70-75C. Whole computer comsumpts 1280Watt. Using PCI-E risers 16x-16x to use 6 GPU cards
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 530 || 1.803||0.53 ? || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.4.595.10 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/201103.beta3/Windows || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 535.06 || 1.820|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 560 || 1.905|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 565 || 1.922|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine2 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 604 || 2.054|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 645 || 1.875|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || -f1, Debian 6, fglrx-driver 10.9.3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 739 || || || || 795 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || -I 9 -k phatk -w 256 -v 2, memory clock @ 265MHz, Debian Squeeze, fglrx-driver 12.1.1, performance scales linearly with engine clock as long as memory clock is 1/3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 740 || 2.1511|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix/1.3 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 755 || 2.2076|| || 342 || 848 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 28-04-11 || -f 1 -w 256 -v, Ubuntu 10.10, fglrx 11.4, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 802 || 2.31|| || 347 || 850 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix poclbm Ubuntu 11.04 || -q 6 -k AGGRESSION=19 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, fglrx 11.4, mem clock @ 1000MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 820 || ??? || || ??? || 910 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS -k phatk, 11.5, Mem @ 300MHz, 1.110v, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 822.2 || -|| || - || 950 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix win7 || -k phatk -q 6 AGGRESSION=20 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, but with this increasing difficulty mining becomes pretty pointless
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 833 || -|| || - || 930 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5, win7 x64, catalyst 11.7 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS fastloops=false. memory@300mhz, 1.125v, fan 100%, 73C core temp, 95c voltage controllers. it will clock higher but not stable without a voltage increase and i fear for the VRMs
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 863.4 || -|| || - || 955 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo - Debian || -v 2 -w 256 (XFX Radeon HD 5970 Black Edition)
|-
| 6310M || 9.821 || 0.545|| || 18 || 500 || 80 || 2.4 || Integrated/APU || poclbm-gui -v -w128 || HP DM1z 18W TDP is shared with the CPU
|-
| 6450 || 27.0 || 1.5 || - || 18 || 625 || 160 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire HD6450 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| 6450 || 32.6 || 1.918 || - || 17 || 725 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/Phoenix1.75 Windows 7 x64 (no Aero)|| -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Dell OEM HD6450 1gb ddr3 passive cooling/no fan 81C
|-
| 6450 || 37.8 || ? || - || 17 || 850 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Sapphire HD6450 1GB DDR3 passive cooling/no fan 150MHz memory/1000mV VCore
|-
| 6470M || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || guiminer || 
|-
| 6470M || 31.0 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.48 || 
|-
| 6480G || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.75 || 
|-
| 6490M || 15.21 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 VRAM: 256MB
|-
| 6490M || 16.289 || 0.708|| || 23 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm-mod (Mac OS X 10.6.7) || MacBook Pro early 2011
|-
| 6490M || 17.18 || - || ||- || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoneix 1.50 with poclbm, Mac OS X 10.6.7 || MacBook Pro 2,8 VRAM: 256MB. phoenix -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP
|-
| 6490M || 32.1 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || guiminer 2011-07-01 with poclbm (Win7-x64) ||MacBookPro8,2 (WinX64) -v -w128 -f0
|-
| style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6520G || 33.8 || - || || - || 400 || 320 || - || Integrated/APU || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 on Toshiba L775D-S7222
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6530D || 40.5 || - || || - || 444 || 320 || 2.4 || FM-1 || cgminer 2.4.1  || Integrated/APU A6-3500; Linux; Catalyst 11.11; APP-SDK-v2.4 (595.10)
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D(A8 Onboard) || 66.2 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D || 67.6 || -|| || - || 600 || 400 || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f2
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 68.0 || 1.133|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || no extra option for miner . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 82.1 || 1.368|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || -v -w128 . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 86.0 || 1.95 || - || 44 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire Ultimate HD6570 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 112.0 || - || || - || 860 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f1 . Sapphire 6570 Low Profile gddr3 1024mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 114.0 || - || || - || 866 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -f 0 -w128 -a 3 . XFX 6570 Full Profile gddr3 1024mb 64 bit
|-
|  6630M || 48.80 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-06-18 / Mac OS X 10.7 || Mac Mini 2011 MC816D/A
|-
|  6630M || 63.00 || -|| || - || 600 || 480 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner Windows || Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E320 (card overclocked using Sapphire TRIXX)
|-
|  6670 || 102.20 || -|| || - || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Debian sid || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|  6670 || 104.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 820 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -a4 -f15 -d0 -w64
|-
|  6670 || 110.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -f 0 -w 128 -q 6
|-
|  6670 || 111.77 || 1.69 || - || 66 || 910 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.5 || -k phatk2 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=5 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6670 || 120.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || kernel: diablo i:10 core: 900 mem: 750
|-
|  6670 || 124.0 || - || - || 66 || 940 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=128 Sapphire HD6670 Ultimate 1GB DDR5 passive cooling/no fan 300MHz memory/1100mV VCore
|-
|  6750 || 142 || -|| || 150 || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, Gigabyte SL (passive cooler), watts is TDP, card runs very hot (&gt;90°C)
|-
|  6750 || 167.59 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6750 || 172.00 || -|| || - || 860 || 600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) MSI Afterburner 2.2.3 || -v -w128 f-20 Sapphire 6570 GDDR3 1024Mb CCC ver. 11.12 OCL 2.5
|-
|  6750M || 41.48 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || diablominer ||
|-
|  6750M || 60 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || diablominer OSX 10.7 WorkSize=128||
|-
|  6770 || 180 || -|| || - || 850 || 1200 || - || - || guiminer || -v -w128 , this was an XFX (OEM) model, GPU @ 850 MHz, mem @ 1200 MHz; I pushed it up to 190 Mhash/s briefly by overclocking, but it crashed the system above that
|-
|  6770 || 202 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x1,x4,x8,x16 || phoenix 1.48 || Sapphire 6770 (standard) -q2 -k poclbm DEVICE=0 AGGRESSION=10 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP (The PCI-E speed does not affect the mining speed)
|-
|  6770 || 217 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E x16 || Guiminer with phoenix || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 with https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 modification
|-
|  6770 || 221 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || MSI 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770 || 235 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770x2 || 470 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6790 || 220 || 1.467|| || 150 || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS OC'd to 1ghz, underclocked mem to 300, voltage at 1175
|-
|  6790 || 219 || 1.467|| || 150 || 960 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f0 -w128 / GPU OC to 960MHz under Windows7 64bit
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 171.59 || 1.351||1.07 || 127 || 775 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 196 || -|| || - || 850 || 960 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 0
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 220 || 1.236(*)|| || 178(*) || 1000(OC) || 960 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] )
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 234.8 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 236.0 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, Core @ 900MHz, Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 244.2 || ||- || - || 960 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm june-2011 || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 245.1 || ||- || 200 || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer (Phoenix) || Sapphire 6850 (Memory @1000MHz); Win7 64bit; flags: -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 250 || 1.612(*) ||- || 155(*) || 940 (OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || AOCLBF 1.74 (Phoenix 1.5**) @Win7/x64 || XFX 6850 (Memory @840MHz; Vdcc @1.148V; Fan @74%; Temp @70C; System  @39C); flags: -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] / **: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 Tainted Kernel])
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 256.2 || || - || 170 || 980 || 960 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5 / Win7 32bit || -k phatk -VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9, Sapphire VaporX 1GB, mem@250MHz, stock VDDC 1.150V 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 262.5 || || - || - || 965 || 525 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 (HIS 6850 flashed to HIS 6870 BIOS)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 267.2 || ||1.67 || - || 1010(OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.50 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 301.4 || ||1.67 || - ||  ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 2 -w 128 clock @ 985 mem @ 890
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 232.47 || 1.540||1.22 || 151 || 900 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 245|| -|| || - || 900|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.45 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=10
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 264.5 || - || - || - || 980 || 1050 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Stays around 66*C if I keep the side panel off and the room well ventilated. Card is PowerColor branded. Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 with Classic theme. Fan is at 100%. -v -w128 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 271 || 1.807|| || 150 || 940 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || Debian 6.0.1 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 277.47 || -|| || - || 940 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 279 || 1.847(?)|| || 151(?) || 900 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha cat 11.4 sdk 2.4 || -G2 -D stock clocks, debian linux 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 281.7 || 1.172 (stock)|| || - || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer-v2011-06-09 || xfx6870, flags: -v 19 -w 128, win7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 293.13 ||  || ||- || 945 || 1050|| 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Phatk || xfx6870, Catalyst 11.6, 1.5 Phoenix flags: -k phatk FASTLOOP=false DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25860.0 Kernel Patch; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6458.0 Cmd; http://developer.amd.com/tools/gDEBugger/Pages/default.aspx No Crossfire Required; runs faster without crossfire 1% + additional 3% from update
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk || xfx6870, 340MHz memory clock, Catalyst 11.6, flags: BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 985 || 1100|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Diablo || Powercolor branded card, Win 8 x64, -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 295 || 2.02||1.64 || 146 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill latest as of 7/6/11 (ubuntu 11.4) || hashkill-gpu -p bitcoin user:pass:server -D, mem clock 850, voltage @ 1.175, Fan @ 70%, Temp @ 71C.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 297|| -|| || - || 1000|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.62 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || Vectors HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.6.2 phatk2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1038 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat 11.4 || -v -w128 -f1 mem clock 360, fan 100% temp 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300.06 || 1.830|| || 164 || 1020 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 cat 11.4 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 fastloop mem clock 344
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 302 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, -w 256 -I 9, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 307 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1001/\1001 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat11.8 || -v -w128 -f5,85°C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 ||  || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS AMD64) || intensity=13, vectors=2, worksize=128, kernel=diablo, gpu-engine=1000, gpu-memclock=900
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1035 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || -|| || - || 975 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk linuxcoin || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 340MHz, core clock @ 970MHz, flashed bios, 72 degrees w/ fan @ 68%, GIGABYTE SOC
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 312 || -|| || - || 975 || 300|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Windows 7 x64 SP1 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300, Fan @ 45%, Temp @ 62C,  MSI 6870 HAWK.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 314 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 316 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.25, Fan @ 40%, Temp @ 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 320 || - || - || 160 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.1 || Saphire @ GPU 1030 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.25 @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 321|| -|| || - || 1050|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 ||aoclbf 1.7 phoenix 1.50 11.6|| Vectors HD5xxx+ phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256,  Memory=325MHz, Volts=1.3V, Fan~55%, Temps~70C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 322 || 1.882|| || 170 || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 400MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 329 || -|| || - || 1075 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 332 || -||1.74 || - || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-14 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.3, Fan @ 60%, Temp @ 74C, flash and browser hardware acceleration disabled, aero enabled.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 339.25 || - || - || - || 1090 || 1120 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.3 cat 12.1 || Mem @ 350Mhz Clock @ 1090 Voltage 1.337 fan @ 100 Temp @ 75 diapolo's modified phatk kernel -k phatk_dia platform=0 device=0 VECTORS2 AGGRESSION=11 worksize=64 FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 375 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate 32-bit / Guiminer v2011-07-01 / phoenix 1.5 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 1000 MHz / MEM @ 200 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.187 V / FAN @ 40% / Temp @ 72 C / Flags: -k phatk2 platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=6 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false / Using 2 miners with equal settings on 1 GPU
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x2 || 600 || - || - || - || 945 || 330 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit / Phoenix 2 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 945 MHz / MEM @ 330 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.175  / Config: phatk2 VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false GOFFSET=True
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1150|| -|| 1.2 || - || 900|| 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7 (Win7-64bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0-3 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1180 || -|| - || 145 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU default 950 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer).
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1200 || -|| - || 150 || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU overclocked from 950 to 970 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer). Unstable with GPU@975 MHz.
|-
|  6930 || 320|| -|| - || - || 960 || 1200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/phatk || stock voltage, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64. 70C, FAN 80% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 370|| -|| - || - || 980 || 855 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer-2.4.1 || stock voltage (1,160), -I9. 71C, FAN 85% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 372 || -||1.89(?) || - || 1000 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/poclbm || max stable @ 1200 mV, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64
|-
| style="background:#00FFFF;"|6930x2|| 700 ||- || - ||400~|| 940 || 2560 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer || max stable @ 1100mV mem 300, Fan 80-90%, temp 70-75, -v -w64 -f10
|-
|  6950 || 272 || -||0.90 || - || 900 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1150 mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 291 || -|| || - || 920 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1200mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || -|| || - || 930 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1275mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || 1.844(?)|| || 160(?) || 810 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 300 || -|| || - || 940 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1300mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 314 || -|| || - || 800 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-01-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250 Stock Sapphire 6950 1gb
|-
|  6950 || 325 || 1.635(?)|| || 200(?) || 885 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 332 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 333 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.650.9 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 338 || 1.84~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/poclbm kernel || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128; power and MH/J calculated using Power = C*f*v^2 w/ assumption of 175 W at stock settings w/ 100% GPU util. (not measured)
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 895 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -w 128, mem @ 500, 1200 mV, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 800 || 1536 ||(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250,Sapphire 6950 1gb, unlocked shaders
|-
|  6950 || 343 || 2.14 || - || 160 || 840 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 06-27-11 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false, HIS H695FN2G2M 2GB, mem @ 720, Kill-a-Watt measured
|-
|  6950 || 344 || 2.02~ || 1.27~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/20110709 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 344.4 || -|| || - || 800 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 349 || 1.745(?)|| || 200(?) || 800 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128, xfx 6950 xxx 1gb, locked shaders, core 900, mem 650, 79° C
|-
|  6950 || 351 || 1.91~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIminer/poclbm v2011-07-01 || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: -v -w 128 -f 0; (same system as the 338 MH/s result above using Phoenix)
|-
|  6950 || 352.8 || -|| || - || 820 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 360 || 1.8(?)|| || 200(?) || 970 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 360 || -|| || - || 870 || 1375 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || flashed with 6970 BIOS, -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6950 || 365 || -|| || - || 925 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 366.4 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 381 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer/phatk || XFX 6950 2Gb reference @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1100mV 850/1250, +10% powertune, I=5, Fan @ 54% ~3100RPM, temp 73C w128. Windows7x64, Catalyst 13.1 .
|-
|  6950 || 383 || -|| || - || 975 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, voltage 1.274 @72c MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 388.4 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|- 
|  6950 || 389.9 || -|| || - || 950 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.2/Diablo || stock bios, -I 9, VRAM @ 820Mhz, fan @ 100%, voltage 1.250v, temp @ 68c, HIS ICE-Q X 2GB, OCed using MSI Afterburner, Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP 1
|-
|  6950 || 400~ || -|| || - || 895 || 320 || 1536|| PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner 24th Aug 2011  || Sapphire HD6950 Shader unlock mod 1408&gt;1536 / +20% Power control, Fan @ 55%, Flags:-v -f2 -w64 -r5.Note this keeps temps under 80oC which is needed for this to be stable.Moderate fan noise.Power use is ~200W.
|-
|  6950 || 403 || -|| || - || 939 || 685 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk || ASUS EAH6950 ([http://www.techpowerup.com/vgabios/90661/Asus.HD6970.2048.101124.html (Ref. 6950 Flashed -&gt; 6970)]) / +10% overdrive volt., Fan @ 90%, VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13. Overclocked from 880 -&gt; 939 with MSI Aferburner
|-
|  6950 || 408.8 || -|| || - || 925 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.12 || GIGABYTE GV-R695D5-2GD-B @ shadermod on original Bios 6950, mem@625, V=1100mv Fan @ 60%. Windows 7x64, Catalyst 11.9
|-
|  6950 || 410.4 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 417 || 2.085(?)|| || 200(?) || 975 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 77%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1145mV
|-
|  6950 || 418.8 || -|| || - || 940|| 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Gigabyte OC 1GB, shadermod, voltage locked 1.175, mem 450, -w128 -v -f0, ATI Tray Tool
|-
|  6950 || 425.3 || -|| || - || 950/850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk2 (Ubuntu natty) || Asus 1GB DirectCU, shadermod on OEM BIOS, OEM 1.1v, AMDOverdriveCtrl for 950 core 850 mem, 20% overdrive, flags VECTORS2 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6950 || 428 || 2.14(?)|| || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 80%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1160mV
|-
|  6950 || 432 || 2.16(?)||1.44 || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 520, fan @ 80%, temp 76C, -v -w128 -f 2, gpu core @ 1275mV
|-
|  6950 || 432.4 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 440 || || || || 990 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phatk || unlocked shaders, mem @ 1375, VGPU 1.21v, Watercooled (MCW60), temp 54C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 -k phatk
|-
|  6950 || 454.4 || -|| || - || 1050 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 720 || - || - || 400 ~|| 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 69-71C(bottom vga) fan@94% / 77-81C(top vga) fan@99% - 31C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 731 || - || - || 400~ || 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 68C(bottom vga) fan@90% / 73C(top vga) fan@99% - 28C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6950x3 || 1081 || -|| || - || 860 || 1408 || 2.4(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || guiminer/poclbm 07-01 || Sapphire 2GB stock bios, stock voltage, locked shaders: +20% overdrive, mem@650, fan@95%, temp 94C, -v -f0 -w128, 93c
|-
|  6950x4 || 1316 || 1.513|| || 870 || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || locked shaders, default mem 1250, dual fan 75C typical
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 323 || 1.468||0.92 || 220 || 880 || 1536 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 64, SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx.
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 365 || 2.28|| || 160 || 880 || 1536 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phoenix || VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, fan @ 45%, 61C, 1.0 Vcore, 150 MHz mem, TX650w (84%), reference card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 370 || -|| || - || 880 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 372 || 1.691(?)|| || 220(?) || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix (svn trunk 05.14.2011) || clock 900/1375, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128, fan 45% (auto) / temp 90C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 380 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128&lt;br&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 # to reduce poclbm CPU from 100% to 2%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 385 || 1.964|| || 196 || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, memory downclocked to 684Mhz, fan @ 70%/temp 81C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 388 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock voltage of 1.175v
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 403 || -|| || - || MAX || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || clock Max/50%+stock, -v -w128, fan= 100%/temp 72C (Note: Overclocked using CCC utility under Windows 7, Clock set to Max value w/ 50% increase to memory and 5% increase to voltage)
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 406 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/phatk || GPU Overclocked to Max (950MHz) using aticonfig, Memory Underclocked using AMDOverdriveCtrl (850MHz). Temp ~ 82C. VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 407 || -|| || - || 955 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fan 75%/temp 75C, voltage +10%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 414 || -|| || - || 960 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 53%/temp 73C, stock voltage of 1.175v, high air flow case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 420 || -|| || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128 -f0, clocks 975MHz/685MHz MSI Lightning
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 423 || -||1.20 || - || 995 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || ATI Tray Tools, Clocks=995/331.25, WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 VECTORS ,68C @ 65% Fan, HAF932 Case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 431 || -|| - || - || 976 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7/phatk2 || MSI AFTERBURNER, Clocks[976/1000], -k parameters[VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11], Temperatures{CARD}[86C@100% Fan]{ROOM}[27C/81F], 
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 433 || -|| - || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.2/phatk || MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS, GPU 65C@100% Fan, Room 21C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 710 || -|| || - || 900/880 || 1536 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 256
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 828|| -|| || - || 940 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fans 74%/82%, temp 74C/82C, powertune +20% (via CCC), memory underclock 825MHz (via MSI Afterburner), with 'Maj' fix
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x3 || 1243|| -|| || 1000+ || 910 || 1536 || 2.5 || 2x16, 1x8 || phoenix 1.7.0 || fans 100%, temp 88C/84C/69C, GPU 920/ memory 795/ powertune 20%, ATI 11.11, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990 || 670 || 1.94||0.89 || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || Catalyst 11.4 [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=2949.msg106238#msg106238 source].
|-
|  6990 || 704 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.4, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-07)
|-
|  6990 || 708 || 2.05|| || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "default" position 2, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 744 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.6b, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-14)
|-
|  6990 || 746 || 1.82|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 758 || -|| || - || 880 || - || 2.4 || - || Phoenix with Poclbm || Catalyst 11.4, OC switch ON, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990 || 771 || 1.8804|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx. Memory clock @ 1280Mhz.
|-
|  6990 || 772 || 1.8380|| || 420 || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix &amp; Poclbm || OC switch ON + overclocked to 900 mhz, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990 || 790 || -|| || - || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=900,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 900 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 795 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 ||  || Diablo's miner || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; On Windows Vista, Clocks set at  955,1250. Power control at 20.
Diablo's args:  -w 128 -g 5  -v 2  -f 0
|-
|  6990 || 802 || -|| || - || 915 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=915,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 915 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 835 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --adapter=1 --odsc=990,890 and aticonfig --adapter=0 --odsc=960,860" (GPU 0 runs hot). Currently, aticonfig can only underclock RAM to 100mhz below core speed. Command line: phoenix.py -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|  6990 || 852 || -|| || - || 955|| 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || Memory: 830 Mhz, -v 2 -w 128 -I 9, Watercooled, stock voltage. (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|  6990 || 865 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with core 0 at 990/890 engine/mem, core 1 at 960/860 (runs hot).  Watercooled at 65-68C.
|-
|  6990x2 || 1436 || 1.848|| || 777 || 880 || 6144 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x2 || guiminer 2011.05.11 || AUSUM switch set to 1 on both cards; Core left at 880MHz, memory left at 1250MHz; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990x2 || 1640 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || phoenix 1.7.0 || GPU 910MHz, Memory 785MHz, Powertune 20%; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990x2 || 1700 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || guiminer 2011.06.14 || GPU 1010MHz, Memory 900MHz; -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990x2 || 1740 || 2.11 || || 825 || 940 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || cgminer 2.0.8 || GPU0+3 930MHz core/805MHz memory, GPU1+2 940MHz core/815MHz memory; BIOS switch factory setting; Cooled with 7C air from outside; -g4 -I9 -k phatk
|-
|  6990x3 || 2094 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || poclbm || GPU 900MHz, Memory 1250MHz; poclbm.py -f 0 -w 256
|-
|  7750 || 104.15 ||  ||  ||  || 800 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 117.15 ||  ||  ||  || 900 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 125.5 || - || - || - || 830 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 830MHz, Memory: 1125MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 134 || 2.66 || 1.21 || 50 || 880 || 512 || 2.6 (?) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Gentoo Linux AMD64) || factory-overclocked to 880 MHz; power draw measured with a Kill-a-Watt, intensity=13, vectors=1, worksize=128, kernel=diablo
|-
|  7750 || 136.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 900MHz (CCC locked @ 900), Memory: 800MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7770 || 182 || - || - || 83 || 1020 || 640 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Ubuntu 10.04 LTS amd64, GPU: 1020MHz
|-
|  7770 || 213 || - || - || - || 1150 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Win7 32bit, Core2Duo, poclbm guiminer
|-
|  7850 || 287 || 1,91 || 1,1 || 150 || 950 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || GPU:950 MEM:800, Linux 64bit, Intensive 14, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%
|-
|  7850 || 329 || - || - || 150 || 1100 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.4 || Linux 64bit GTK+3, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%, -v 1 -k poclbm -I 6 --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 950
|-
|  7850 || 363 || - || - || - || 1241 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || GPU:1241 MEM:4840 
|-
|  7870 || 405 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || Sapphire 7870 OC , GPU: 1100MHz, Mem: 950 Mhz, GPU temp: 65°C, Fan 36% (1377 RPM).
|-
|  7870 || 406 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Gigabyte GV-R787OC-2GD, GPU: 1200MHz, [cgminer -I 7]
|-
|  7870 || 422 || - || - || - || 1165 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Sapphire 7870 1ghz edition, GPU: 1165MHz, [cgminer.exe -d 0 -l 1 -T -I 8]
|-
|  7870 || 460 || - || - || - || 1250 || 1280 || 2.7? || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || MSI R7870 TFIII/oc, Catalyst 12.11 beta4, 455-460 mhash/s @1250 core, 750 mem, 0% Power limit, 1.218v, Zalman VF3000N = 42C, VRMS = 57C, ambient approx. 17-19C, -v -w128 -f10
|-
| 7870 XT || 485 || 3.09 || 1.8726 || 157 || 1200 || 1280 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 2.0 || cgminer ||7870XT clock/mem - 1200/1600
|-
| 7870xt || 520 || - || - || - || 1200 || 1536 || 2.7? lol || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Guiminer || Sapphire HD7870xt, Catalyst 12.11 beta 4, 515-520 mhash/s @1200/core 750/mem, 0%PL, 1.17v/stock, Zalman vf3000a @60-62C even though its sandwiched between a 7870 and 5850. xD
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 510 || - || - || - || 985 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Windows 8 x64, Asus P8Z77 WS, i7 3rd Gen, Card is XFX brand, Clock 985Mhz, Mem 1100Mhz, -v 1 -w 256
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 512 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x8 || poclbm || GPU: 1000MHz, Memory: 850MHz
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 550 || - || - || - || 1060 || 1792 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Core 1060, Mem 800, -v 1 -w 256 Intesity 7
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 605 || - || - || - || 1150 || 1792 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256

|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 555 || - || - || - || 925 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 925MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 640 || -|| || - || 1070 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1070 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || Diablo|| GPU 1100MHz, Memory 600MHz;
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || cgminer 2.4.1 || Win7 х86, Catalyst 12.3, GPU 1100 MHz, Memory 950 MHz, GPU temp = 68°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 58%, -k poclbm -v 1 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 674 || -|| || - || 1130 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1130 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1150 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1150 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 58%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1177 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1177, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 690 || - || - || - || 1150 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 695 || - || - || - || 1160(core)/1050(mem) || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner (options: -v 1 -w 256) || Asus HD7970-DC2T-3GD5 @ 1.17V; Linux Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit; AMD SDK 2.6; Catalyst 12.3 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 710 || -|| || - || 1200 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner|| GPU 1200MHz, Memory 600MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 714~ || -|| || - || 1210 || 2048 || 2.7 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || MSI HD7970 R7970-2PMD3GD5/OC, core clock - 1210Mhz, memory clock - 685, core voltage (1.149V - MSI Afterburner, ~1.043V - GPU-Z), memory voltage 1.5V, temperature - 75C at mid-day and 65C w/ AC on at 20C, Catalyst 12.8, Windows 8 Release Preview 32-bit, kernel - poclbm, vector - 1, worksize - 64, intensity - 14, fan - 100% 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"|  7970 || 825 || -|| || 214 || 1290 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Bitminter|| Bitminter beta 1.1.1; GPU 1290MHz, Memory 
1375MHz (Trixx = 600); work size 256, "BFI_INT," Device-accessible CPU memory; full watercooled block; power stats from GPU-Z; Driver 11.12
|-
|  7970x3 || 1950 || 2.6 || 1.72 || 750 || 1100 || 2048x3 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || Win8, Catalyst 12.8, driver: 8.982.0.0, E: 1100, M:750, kernel: poclbm, worksize: 256, intensity: 9, gpu-threads: 4, refitted Diamond 7970 HSF with new VRM pads to lower VRM temps ~15C.  Undervolted each card until crash under load, then raised about 0.015v for stability.  Settings using afterburner 2.2.1 with OC unlocked.  Visiontek 7970: $370, Sapphire 7970: $360, Diamond 7970: $400
|-
|  7970x3 || 2050 || 2.41 || 1.22 || 850 || 1150 || 6144 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1150, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256, 850W power consumption measured at the wall
|-
| FirePro V3800 || 69.0 || -|| || - ||  ||  ||  || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BitMinter Client || 
|-
| FirePro V4800 || 79.7 || -|| || - || 775 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || 
|-
| FirePro V8700 || 84.8 || -|| || - || 750 || 800 || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || 

|-
| FirePro M5800 || 61.4 || -|| || - || 650 || - || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || Ubuntu
|-
| FirePro M5800 || 69.3 || -|| || - || 650 || 400 || 2.1 || - || GUIMiner v2011-04-26  || -v -w128, Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro M5950 || 96.7 || -|| || - || 725 || 900 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128 (Windows 7 64 bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 119 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 144 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 161 || -|| || - || 780 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V7750 || 35.7 || -|| || - || - || 320 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || Windows 7 64bit
|-
| FirePro V7800 || 254.85 || -|| || - || - || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 with poclbm || Debian Squeeze
|-
| FirePro M7740  (M97 GL) [DELL] || 63.0 ||  -|| || - || 650 || - || 2.1 || PCIe v2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || Windows 7 64bit / only SDK2.1 works
|-
| FirePro M7820 || 150.0 || -|| || - || 700 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-09 / poclbm || Memory downclocked to 500 from 1000MHz, 169MH/s@800MHz, 181MH/s@860Mhz (max.), only SDK2.1 works, Windows 7 x86
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Nvidia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! Comment
|-
| ION || 1.8 || 0.067 || 27 ||  || 16 || poclbm;  power consumption incl. CPU
|-
| 8200 mGPU || 1.2 || || || 1200 || 16 || 128 MB shared memory, "poclbm -w 128 -f 0"
|-
| 8400 GS || 2.3 || || ||  ||  || "poclbm -w 128"
|-
| 8400 GS || 1.6 || 0.013 || 128 || 1238 ||  || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| 8400M GS || 2.0 || || ||  ||  ||
|-
| 8500GT || 2.4 || || || 918 || 16 || poclbm under GUIMiner
|-
| 8600M GT || 4.93 ||  ||  ||  || 32 ||
|-
| 8600M GT || 3.8 ||  ||  ||  || || Macbook Pro running Diablo
|-
| 8600GT || 5.66 ||  ||  || 1188 ||  32 ||
|-
| 8600GT OC || 7.3 ||  ||  || 1602 || 32 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72833#msg72833 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 25   || 0.24 || 105 || 1300 ||  ||
|-
| 8800GT || 24.5 || 0.23 || 105 || 1300 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 31.1   || 0.296 || 105 || 1855 ||  || Overclocked 715 GPU / 1030 Memory / 1855 Shader; GuiMiner v2011-05-21
|-
| 8800GT || 31.8   || 0.303 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || 713 gpu, 1026 memory. win7x86, phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5
|-
| 8800GT || 34.0   ||       || 105 || 1998 ||     || gpu 756M, mem 1123M, shader 1998M, temp 65C. winXP, phoenix 1.50, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=6 -- same settings get 32.7 MH/s with aggression 2
|-
| 8800GTS || 16.8 || 0.109 || 154 ||  ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source] [http://www.techspot.com/review/79-geforce-8800-gts-512/page11.html source]
|-
| 8800 GTS || 18.7 || 0.124 || 150 || 1200 ||  || poclbm -w 64 no vectors
|-
| 8800 GTS || 33.5 || || 150 || OC ||  || CUDA mining via GUIminer. Win7 64bit. poclbm -v -w128 -f0. OC'd Core@799MHz, Mem@1080MHz, Shader@1905MHz.  Fan 70%, GPU temp @ 66C in comfortable room temp.
|-
| 8800 GTX || 27.5 || || || 1404 || || phoenix 1.48, poclbm, no vectors, 83C with 50C ambient  
|-
| 8800m GTX || 16.3 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda Win7-64
|-
| 9300GE || 1.57 ||  ||  || 1300 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300GS || 1.69 ||  ||  || 1400 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300/nForce 730i || 2.15 ||  ||  || 1200 ||  16 ||
|-
| 9400GT || 3.37 || 0.067 || 50 || 1400 || 16 ||
|-
| 9400M (MacBook) || 1.90 || 0.32 || 6 || 700 ||  || poclbm -f 8 no vectors
|-
| 9500M GS || 3.2 ||  ||  || 950 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9500GT || 6.75 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32 ||
|-
| 9500GT || 7.30 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32|| rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 730 GPU/ 500 Memory / fan 100% 70C solid
|-
| 9500GT || 7.10 || 0.135 || 50 || 1767 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 707 GPU / 500 Memory / fan 100% 73C steady
|-
| 9600GSO || 19.88 || 0.237 || 84 || 1375 || 96 ||
|-
| 9600GSO512 || 11.75 || 0.131 || 90 || 1625 || 48 ||
|-
| 9600GT || 15.66 || 0.165 || 95 || 1625 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT Zotac || 15 ||  ||  || 1650 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT OC || 18.8 || &lt;0.198 || &gt;95 || 1981 || 64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 -f 10 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg74610#msg74610 source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73353#msg73353 source]
|-
| 9600M GS || 4.0 ||  ||  || 1075 || 32 ||  rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT || 30.36 || 0.289 || 105 || 1800 || 112 ||
|-
| 9800GT EE || 19.7 || 0.263 || 75 || 1375 || 112 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT OC || 29.5 || 0.283 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || poclbm.py, no options. Memory underclocked to 850Mhz, GPU overclocked to 733Mhz
|-
| 9800GTX || 32.54 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 32.6 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 || win7x64 275.33 Overclocked to 756/1890/1102 using a CUDA-specific miner (instead of phoenix, yay for ZERO stales!)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 35.39 || 0.251 || 141 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 36 ||  ||  ||  ||  || factory OC ubuntu polclbm.py -w 128 -f 10 -a 10 (DO NOT USE -v)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 37.23 || 0.266 || 140 || 1890 || 128 || win7x64 275.27 phoenix(1.48) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=3 WORKSIZE=64 (may cause 75%+ stale count, in which case use a CUDA-specific miner instead)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 40.20 || 0.287 || 140 || 835 || 128 || lowered memory clock higher core, unstable if going higher
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 57.83 || 0.294 || 197 ||  || 2x128 ||
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 28 || 0.142 || 197 ||  || 2x128 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
| G210 || 3.38 || 0.111 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 ||
|-
| G210 || 3.79 || 0.124 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 || poclbm -f 1
|-
| GT220 || 10.8 || 0.084 || 128 || 1360 || || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1000 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| GT230 || 15.5 || 0.161 || 96 || 650 || 64 || (9600GT rebranded one from in a medion pc)
|-
| GT240 || 19.37 || 0.281 || 69 || 1340 || 96 ||
|-
| GT240 || 21.24 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4291.0 poclbm-mod] -f 0 -v [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73383#msg73383 source]
|-
| GT240 || 28.1 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || poclbm -f0 -v (Gainward GT240 1024DDR5 OC core@670/stockmem@1700/shader@1700 - stable; max.temp=73)
|-
| GT240M || 9.8 || 0.426 || 23 || 550 || 48 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256 
|-
| GT240 OC || 25.6 || 0.365 || 70 || 1765 || 96 || poclbm
|-
| GTS250 || 35.39 || 0.244 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 || 35.2 || 0.243 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 OC || 37 || 0.255 || 145 || 2047 || 128 || 37.2 with the following OC: Core: 775MHz, Shader: 1900MHz, Memory: 1200MHz
|-
| GTX260M || 22.5 ||  || || 500 || 112 || poclbm 4/28/2011 Asus G71GX runs ~90c without cooling pad 
|-
| GTX260 || 35.91 || 0.178 || 202 || 1242 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX260 || 44 || 0.242 || 182 || 1242 || 216 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| GTX260c216 || 40.40 || 0.236 || 171 || 1242 || 216 ||
|-
| GTX260c216 || 47.4 || 0.260 || 182 || 1348 || 216 || poclbm -w 256
|-
| GTX260c216 || 50.00 ||      ||    || 1050 || 216 || m0mchil GPU client, Windows 7 64-bit, x6 @ 3.5ghz
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 52.0 || || || 1461 || 216 || "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 58.9 || || || 756/400 || 216 || Core overclocked, Memory underclocked, Ubuntu 11.04 Classic Session(No Effects) "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 60.1 || || || 1706 || 216 || Core: 364 MHz, Shaders: 1706 MHz, Memory: 594 MHz, VDDC: 1.1800V. "poclbm-mod -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX275 || 50.75 || 0.232 || 219 || 1404 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX275 || 58 || || || 729/1458 || 240 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GTX280 || 46.84 || 0.198 || 236 || 1296 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX280 || 64.34 || 0.289 || 245 || 1296 || 240 || phoenix.exe -k poclbm AGGRESSION=6 WORKSIZE=128 (61*C with Accelero XTREME GTX280)
|-
| GTX285 || 64.8 || || || 1607 || 240 || GuiMiner - Not sure about wattage yet. Still testing. Card runs around 74 C
|-
|-
| GTX285 || 53.35 || 0.262 || 204 || 1476 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 89.78 || 0.311 || 289 || 1242 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 120.70 || 0.418 || 289 || 1242 || 480 || GUIMiner no oc.
|-
| GTX295 || 117.30 || 0.406 || 289 || 1476 || 490 ||
|-
| GT 320M (MacBook Air) || 6.12 ||  ||  || 1212 || 48 ||
|-
| 320M (Mac mini 2010) || 7.0 || 0.35 || 20 || 450 || 32 || poclbm no extra options, windows 7 x64
|-
| GT 325M || 7.5 ||  ||  || 990 || 48 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT 325M || 10.5 ||  ||  || 325/650(mem)/1300(shaders) || || rpcminer-cuda, 71 degrees
|-
| GT 325M || 7.99 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT330 || 21.65 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT 330M || 7.97 ||  ||  || ||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7
|-
| GT 330M || 10.8 ||  ||  ||650MHZ core||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: GUIMiner running in Bootcamp v2011-08-24 / Mac OS X 10.6.8.The GPU was OC'd to 650MHZ core clock,mem clock was the lowest it would go in MSI Afterburner.The Bootcamp OS was Windows 7 x64.MBP Mid 2010.
|-
| GT 330M (Sony Vaio Z) || 7.8 || 0.71 ( 0.3 total) || 11 (26w total) || 1045 || 48 ||
|-
| GT 330M (Samsung R480) || 9.1 || || || 575(GPU)/1265(shader) || ||VRAM 1024MB. pocblm -vectors --verbose. Windows 7 Ultimate x86
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV) || 17.0 || 1.214 || 14 || 1080 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV5) || 20.8 ||  ||  || 1350 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe, OC'd 550/850/1350 73C stable
|-
| GTS 360M || 25.0 || || || || || [toshiba qosmio laptop, ~150-165*F stock fans]
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 20.0 || || || || || everythins is stock, it cannot sustain. it reaches 90 degrees and freezes.
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 27.2 || || || Shader @ 1720, Memory @ 900 || || stock hardware (clean exhaust fan), Afterburner, 72 deg C Stable 
|-
| GT430 || 20.24 || 0.413 || 49 || 1400 || 96 ||
|- 
| GT440 || 20.4 || || || 1645 || 96 || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8; winxp x64 driver 275.33
|-
| GT530 || 17.9 || 0.358 || 50 || 1400 || || BitMinter v1.1.2
|-
| GT520M || 8.9 || || || || ||  rpcminer-cuda, got up 2 10.2MH/s OC'ed
|-
| GT525M || 14.6 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT540M || 16.0 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT550M || 17.08 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8
|-
| GT610M (ASUS K45V) || 9.371 || || || 738 MHz || || 2GB RAM.
|-
| GT650M (rMBP) || 17.8 || || || 900 || 16 || cgminer 2.5.0 on OSX 10.7.4
|-
| GT650M OC || 27.4 || || || || || GUIMiner  
|-
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTS450 (Sparkle One) || 40.0 || || || || || poclbcm git Oct 2012
|-  
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX460SE || 56.39 || 0.376 || 150 || 1300 || 288 ||
|-
| GTX460 || 66.32 ||  ||  || 814 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda 20110605, Graphics Clock @ 814MHz, Memory @ 1555MHz
|-
| GTX460 || 68.31 || 0.427 || 160 || 1350 || 336 ||
|-
| GTX460 768MB || 57.8 ||  || ? || 1350 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 768MB (MSI Cyclone 768D5/OC) || 75.1 ||  || ? || 930 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda on Win7 x64 with ForceWare 275.33. [http://event.msi.com/vga/afterburner/download.htm MSI Afterburner] set to core: 930MHz, shader: 1850MHz, core voltage: 1.087V, memory: 1600MHz. Runs at 58°C with fan at 75% (ambient 25°C).  
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 72.3 || ? || ? || 1672 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 89.5 || ? || ? || 1000 || 336 || guiminer GPU:1000mhz MEM:900
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga FPB ) || 71.4 || -- || -- || 870/1744/1800 || 336 || guiminer-cuda v2012-02-19 FW290.53 Win7x64
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga ) || 83.1 || 0.519 || 160 || 925/1850/900@0.960v || 336 || guiminer (phoenix1.75) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_INT -v WORKSIZE=256 ForceWare 301.42 Win7x64 Runs at 70°C with fan at 100%
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) || 102 || 0.319? || 320? || 1350 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) OC || 127 || 0.374 || 340 || 1620 || 2x 336 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=128 ver.20110227
|-
| GTX460 1GB OC (2x MsiHawksSLI) || 158 || 0.658 || 240w(used kill a watt) || core/shader/ram@vcore 930/1860/1150@1.087v (only vcore raised) || 2x 336 || rpcminer-cuda ver.20110227 -gpugrid=320 -gputhreads=320 -aggression=7 Watercooled stable @ 110°F/43° !!!USE ASUS GPU Tweak with GPU-Z (afterburner v2.2.3 wont OC with NVIDIA driver 306.97) I would need gpu bios mod to get more oc/volt. Setting faster ram did increase Mhash/s versus setting ram=core clock.
|-
| GTX465 || 64.41 || 0.322 || 200 || 1215 || 352 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 81.98 || 0.381 || 215 || 1215 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 94.7 || || || 1414 || ||
|-
| GTX470 || 103.7 || || || 1520 || || memory @ 418MHz, stable @ 72 deg fan @ 90%, puddinpop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhread=128 AGGRESSION=14 GIGABYTE brand card BIOS 70.00.21.00.03 
|-
| GTX470 || 111.9 || 0.520 || 215 || 1650 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 115 || || || 1616 || || phoenix 1.46 poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6
|-
| GTX470x2 || 121 ea. (130 burst ea.) || || || 1700 ||448|| PuddinPop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhreads=128 AGGRESSION=14 (memory 856 Max Temp. 71 deg. F on Water 1.085v+, Stable on Beast 2.0&gt;3 days, no i7 CPU OC, driver 280.26, bios 70.00.21.00.03)
|-
| GTX480 || 101.28 || 0.405 || 250 || 1401 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX480 || 140.43 ||  ||  || 1700 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=512 -gputhreads=480
|-
| GTX480 AMP!Zotac|| 140.1 ||  ||  || 1700|| 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=480 (vCore-1050,Core Clock-851, Shader Clock-1702, Memory Clock-2033, t-79°c, Water 43°c, stable temperature and work)
|-
| GTX550 Ti || 45.0 || ? || ? || ? || ? || EVGA 1GB, WinXP rpcminer, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 67.7 || 0.39  || 170 || 1700 || 384 || standard EVGA 560, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74 || 0.41  || 170 || 822 || 384 || MSI 560Ti HAWK; core 822 Mhz clock (no overclock); rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=4 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; temp - 71°C; Win 7 x64
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74.8 || 0.41  || 180 || 1700 || 384 || gigabyte 900Mhz clock; -w 512 -v
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 81 || 0.45  || 180 || 835 || 384 || Gainward GTX560TI Phantom, default clock, rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 85.1 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41, Intensity: 14
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 100 || 0.5 || 200 || 1000 || 384 || GFX - MSI 560Ti HAWK; rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=8 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; GPU temp - 68°C; OS - Windows 8 x64 .
|-
| GTX 560M || 39.3 || 0.38 || 75 W || 775|| 192 || [http://www.examiner.com/computers-in-denver/toshiba-qosmio-x775-q7380-review-review source1] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-560M.48313.0.html source2] Note: Uses the 295.51 Beta Drivers
|-
| GTX560 OC || 86.7 || &lt;0.51 || &gt;170 || 1800 || 384 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72816#msg72816 source]
|-
| GTX570 || 105.83 || 0.483 || 219 || 1464 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX570 || 140 || 0.639 || 219 || 750 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=10 -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=960; display driver stops working with aggression=11 under win7 x64 driver 270.61
|-
| GTX570 || 157 || 0.717 || 219 || 850 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=11 -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960
|-
| GTX570 || 165 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960; vcore 1.1v; Win7 x64 304.79 Beta; -aggression=11 adds strong lag with minimal increase in hashrate.
|-
| GTX570 || 160 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=104 -gputhreads=832; No desktop lag, very minimal loss in hashrate compared to much laggier settings
|-
| GTX580 || 156.6 || 0.642 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || cgminer 2.11.3 on Win 8-64 with I=6, driver nVidia 314.22
|-
| GTX580x2 || 2x 146 || 0.598 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=1024 
(aggression levels above the default of 6 not recommended; only a gain of ~3MH/s per card, and '''heavy''' lag, GUIMiner v2011-08-24, win7 64bit nVidia 290.36 beta driver)
|-
| GTX590 || 193.1 || --- || --- || 1215 || 2x 512 || poclbm -v -w 256, Win
|-
| GTX590 || 2x 121.48 || --- || --- || 750 || 2x 512 || 
|-
| GTX670 || 112.00 || 1.1 || 100 || 1275 || 1344 || EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB / GPU Clock offset +75Mhz with EVGA Precision X / GUIMiner -f 60 /  Windows 7 64-Bit. (09-13-2012)
|-
| GTX680 || 127.3 || || || 1280 || 1536 || Asus GTX 680 2GB DirectCU II: Windows 7 64 bit: Nvidia 310.90 driver: Offset of 186: Runs at a constant 52C
|-
| GTX680 || 110.00 || || || 1110 || 1536 || RPCMiner with OpenCL or others.  Might crash once mining stops.  No Flags and Stock Settings (GPU Boost @ 1110mhz Core) with EVGA GTX 680, latest version of GUIMiner (2012-2-19) and Windows 7 x64.
|-
| GTX680 || 120.00 || 1.2 || 100 || 1272 || 1536 || Ufasoft Galaxy 4GB (GPU Clock offset +70Mhz with EVGA Precision X) (2012-7-28) and Windows 7 64-Bit.
|-
| Quadro FX 580 || 5.7 || 0.14 || 40 || 1125 || 4 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win, -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=512
|-
| Quadro FX 770M || 5.75 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6, Win
|-
|Quadro FX 770M || 6.39 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6 w 64, Win 7x64
|-
|Quadro FX 880M || 9.6 ||  ||  || || || poclbm/guiminer
|-
| Quadro FX 1600M || 6 || 0.12 || 50 || 625 || 32 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win
|-
| Quadro FX 1800 || 13.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 256.44 Intensity: 4
|-
| Quadro FX 2000M || 23 || 0.397 || 58 || || || phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm, VECTORS, AGGRESION=6, Lenovo W520 platform
|-
| Quadro FX 2800M || 22 || 0.293 || 75 || 600 || 96 ||DiabloMiner, win
|-
| Quadro FX 3000M || 28.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41 Intensity: 3
|-
| Quadro FX 3600M || 36 || 0.514 || 70 || 500 || 96 ||
|-
| Quadro FX 3800 || 33.3 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm/guiminer -f0 -w128
|-
| Quadro NVS 135M || 1.05 || 0.1 || 10 || 800 || 1 || 
|-
| Quadro NVS 295 || 1.7 || 0.07 || 23 || 567 || 8 || phoenix
|-
| Quadro NVS 3100M || 3.6 || 0.257 || 14 || 600 || 16 || rpcminer-cuda, Win, CUDA 3.1.1
|-
| Quadro NVS 4200M || 10.0 ||     ||     ||  810  ||   ||  guiminer, Win7-64
|-
| Quadro 5000 || 67.7 || 0.445 || 152 || 513 || 352 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=7 gpugrid=352 gputhreads=704;
|-
| Tesla C1060 || 52.5 ||  ||  || 1296 || 240 ||  poclbm, Win7x64
|-
| Tesla K20 || 134.8   ||  ||  || 706  || 2496  ||  poclbm, Linux
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 79.8 ||  ||  || 1550 || 448 || DiabloMiner
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 94.5 ||  ||  || 1550 || || poclbm
|-
| Tesla S1070 || 155.2 || || 800 &lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 1440 (GT200b)&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 960&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 3.2, 4 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=3)
|-
| Tesla S2070 || 749.23 || || || 1150&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || 1792&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 4.0, 8 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=7) 
|-
| GTX280x2 || 102.7 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||
|-
|}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'&gt;The S1070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Tesla units (GT200). Technical data taken from [http://www.nvidia.de/object/tesla_s1070_de.html NVIDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'&gt;The S2070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Fermi units (C2070). Technical data taken from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Wikipedia] (Documentation from NVIDIA webpage is confusing)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==CPUs/APUs==

A lot of nice data can be pulled from [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.0 this thread] to seed this section. 

Might you wish to throttle CPU load a bit, so it doesn't reach 100°C, it can be done with Battle Encoder Shirase to a margin, like, -15% of available CPU cycles.

Often, the best combination to be is to throttle CPU miner to -5% '''AND''' set it to least of priority levels, so as not to choke GPU miner up.

===AMD===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! nprocs !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! TDP [W] !! CPU Clock !! Mhash/s CPU !! Mhash/s GPU !! GPU !! GPU Clock !! SP !! Software !! Notes
|-
| 4x Opteron 6174 || 48 || 115 || 0.36 || 320W || 2.2 GHz || 2.4
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer v0.8.1 || --alg 4way --threads 48
|-
| 2x Opteron 6172 || 24 || 55 || 0.24 || 230W || 2.1 GHz || 2.3
|colspan=4|
| cgminer v2.7.6 || --algo 4way -t 24
|-
| 2x Opteron 6128 || 16 || 32.4 || 0.141 || 230W || 2 GHz || 32.4
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19 || -4way
|-
| Athlon XP 2000+ || 2 || 0.62 || 0.009 || 70W || 1.67 GHz || 0.62
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.18/Ubuntu || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source] [http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=914&amp;page=4 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 3500+ || 1 || 1.18 || 0.013 || 89W || 2.54 GHz || 1.18
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.4 || overclocked (originally 2.2 GHz)
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+ || 2 || 1.73 || 0.03 || 65 W || 2.00 GHz || 1.73
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -algo=4way
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4000+ || 2 || 1.9 || 0.02 || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| rpc-miner ||
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4400+ ||   || 2.09 || 0.032 || 65W || 2.3GHz || 2.09
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19/Win x64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6000+ || 2 || 2.81 || 0.02 || 125W || 3 GHz || 2.81
|colspan=4|
| || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg22881#msg22881 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition || 2 || 2.9 || 0.023 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 2.9
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.20.2 BETA/Win 7 x64 || -4way
|-
| Athlon II X2 240e || 2 || 2.71 || 0.06 || 45W || 2.81 GHz || 2.71
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Athlon II X2 250 || 2 || 5.6 || 0.09 || 65W || 3.01GHz || 5.6
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.11 ||
|-
| Athlon II X4 630 || 4 || 10.7 || 0.11 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 10.7
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.4 || 
|-
| Opteron 8220 x16 || 16 || 25 || || || 2.8Ghz || 1.5 
|colspan=4| 
| ufasoft / OpenSuse 64bit || running default, but had to copy 32bit binaries over to get curl and ufasoft running. might be better when using native 32bit system w/o other users on the machine ||
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 3.8 || 0.04 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 3.8
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.1x/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom X4 9950 BE || 4 || 9.3 || 0.07 || 126W || 2.6 GHz || 2.32
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 7.2 || 0.08 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 7.2
|colspan=4|
| cpu-miner 0.2.1/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 5.0 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 9.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 10.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.10 ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 11.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| cgminer  1.5.3 || "cgminer 1.5.3 --algo 4way" on Ubuntu 11.10 alpha 2 (64 bit), built by GCC 4.6.1 with "-O3 -Wall -march=native" 
|-
| Phenom II X4 955 || 4 || 11 || 0.09 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 965 || 4 || 12 || 0.09 || 140W || 3.4 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 15.84 || 0.13 || 125W || 2.82 GHz || 15.84 
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 23.6 || || 95W || 3.50 GHz || 23.6 
|colspan=4|
| [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.2 || --algo=sha256d
|-
| Phenom II X6 1075T || 6 || 21.3 || || 125W||  ||
|colspan=4|
| minerd || Ubuntu 11.04 amd64 runlevel=1 -algo=4way -threads=6
|-
| Phenom II X6 1090T || 6 || 18|| || 141W|| 3.50 GHz || 3
|colspan=4|
| minerd || 
|-
| Phenom II X6 1100T || 6 || 22 || 0.176 || 125W || 3.82 GHz || 22
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner || Aciid#bitcoin-dev
|-
| Sempron 3000+ || 2 || 0.8 ||  || 62W || 1.6 GHz || 0.8
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Turion X2 RM-70 || 2 || 1.9 ||  || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 11 || 0.615 || 18W || 1.6 Ghz || 1.231 || 9.831 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 + Ufasoft 0.7 || stock speeds
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 12
|colspan=2|
| 1.648 Ghz || 1.252 || 10.87 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 || "autotune" speed with ASUS EFI BIOS
|-
| Ontario C-50 || 2 || 6.2 || 0.68 || 9W || 1.0 Ghz || 1.200 || 6.2 || HD6250M || 277 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 -f5 -r5 || 
|-
| A4-3400 || 2 || 23.2 || || || 75W || 2.4 Ghz || || 23.2 || 6350 || stock || || GUIminer || ||
|-
| A8-3850 || 4 || 60 ||   ||  100W || Stock ||   || 60 ||  HD6550D || Stock || 400 || poclbm.exe, Win7-32, 4GB RAM || All running at stock speeds, and set to auto in BIOS.
|
|-
| A8-3870K || 4 || 95 ||   || 100W (@stock)  || 3.3 Ghz ||   || 95 ||  HD6550D || 900MHz || 400 || phoenix.exe -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=4 WORKSIZE=128, Win7-64, 8GB RAM 1667MHz || M/B ASUS F1 A75-M Pro, CPU/GPU BIOS overclocked
|-
| A10-5800K || 4 || 105 ||  || 100W || 3.8 Ghz ||   || 105 || HD7660D || 800MHz || 384 || cgminer Intensity=7 || Linux 64bit (Ubuntu 12.10), AMD-APP-SDK-v2.7-RC-lnx64, stock speeds *not* overclocked
|}

===ARM===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ /€  !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| ARM926EJ-S || 1 || 0.187 || ? || ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer || Seagate Dockstar [http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv5/seagate-dockstar ArchLinux]
|-
| Marvel Feroceon (88FR131) || 1 || 0.195 || 0.224 ||&lt;0.01|| 0.87 W || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer  git (2011-06-15) || Marvell SheevaPlug, Debian, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1136EJ-S || 1 || 0.11 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.528 GHz || cpuminer git || T-Mobile Pulse, inside Debian chroot, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.119 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.412 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || iPhone 3G, 'sha256d' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.2 || ? || ? || 3.75W || 800 Mhz || cgminer 2.5.0 || RaspberryPi Model B, SoC BCM2835, Debian Squezee 19-04-2012, Overclocked Cpu 800mhz
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.36 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'cryptopp'
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.2 || 0.57 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.365 || ? || ? || ? || 0.6 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] || BeagleBoard: 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.435 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.44 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 (-mfpu=neon) || EfikaMX (iMX.51), CRUX ARMHF, cpuminer -a sha256d
|-
| AllWinner A10(A8) || 1 || 0.568 || ? ||  ? || &lt;2.5W || 1.0 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || -a sha256d #Native Lubuntu armhf build 
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 0.57||  1.14 ||&lt;0.01 || 0.5 W || 1.0 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-24) || Toshiba AC100, ubuntu, 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 1.3 || ? ||  ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon"
|}

===Intel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash / $&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt;/€&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'/&gt; !! ACP [W] !! Clock [GHz] !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Pentium III (Coppermine) || 2 || 0.39 || 0.008 |||| TDP 2× 26.1 W || 1 || Ufasoft 0.32 (compiled from source), Debian Squeeze || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessors#.22Coppermine.22_.28180_nm.29 source]
|-
| Pentium III mobile ? || 1 || 0.3 || 0.014 |||| 21 || 1.07 || 0.3.1x/Win2K || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source] [http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=27380 source]
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.4 || || ||  || 1.6 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.62 || || ||  || 1.6 || Ufasoft 0.20 || Windows XP Professional
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.71 || || ||  || 1.6 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux
|-
| Pentium M 1.73ghz || 1 || 0.5 || || ||  || 1.73 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Old Xeon 512k (Dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.0 || || ||  || 3.0 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || HT disabled, algo=4way (twice as fast as the 2nd best algo)
|-
| Pentium 4 2.0A || 1 || 0.85 || || || || 2.0 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft-0.4]/WinXP || -g no -t 2
|-
| Pentium 4 630 || 1/2 || 1.29 || || || || 3.0 || ufasoft 0.23 || Windows XP
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 1.75 || || || || 2.0 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.1 || || || || 2.0 || cpuminer || sse2_64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.5 || || || || 2.0 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E5400 || 2/2 || 2.27 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.7 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Celeron E330 || 2/2 || 2.2  || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.5 || 0.3.19/Ubuntu10.04 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
|-
| Celeron E3400 || 2/2 || 5.9 || - || - || - || 2.6 || Ufasoft v0.13 / GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || WinXP 32 bit, SSE2, Flags "-g no" 
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 4/4 || 11.0 || || 0.02/0.06 || 105 || 2.40 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q8200 || 4/4 || 10.9 ||    || 0.06/0.10 ||  || 2.33 || Ufasoft 0.14 || -g no -l yes -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9400 || 4/4 || 11 || 0.046 || 0.06/0.07 || 95 || 2.66 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9650 || 4/4 || 18.67 || || 0.05/0.06 || 95 || 4.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 530 || 2/4 || 8.31 || 0.10 || 0.06/0.10  || 80 || 3.66 || Ufasoft 0.7 || -v -a5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 M350 || 2/4 || 1.48 || 0.04 || || 35 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core i3-2100 || 2/4 || 8.28 || || || || 3.1 || ufasoft v0.20 ||   
|-
| Core i5 M450 || 2/4 || 1.8  || 0.05 || || 35 || 1.2  || 0.3.17/Win7-54 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source]
|- 
| Core i5-650  || 2/4 || 5.1 || 0.04 ? || 0.02/0.03 ||  || 3.2 || cpuminer-0.7 || -4way
|-
| Core i5-750  || 4/4 || 14 || || 0.06/0.10  ||  || 3.2 || bitcoin-miner 0.11 || -a 5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i5 ?  || 4/? || 6.5 || || ||  ||  || client from svn || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37621#msg37621 source]
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 4.5 || 0.05 || 0.02/0.03 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-01-22) || cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 14 || 0.15 || 0.07/0.09 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || sse2_64
|-
| Core i5-2400S || 4/4 || 16.6 || || || 65 || 2.5 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Linux Mint 13
|-
| Core i5 2500K || 4/4 || 20.6 || ||0.10/0.12 || || 4.2 || bitcoin-miner || -g no
|-
| Core i5 2600K || 4/8 || 17.3 || || || 75 || 3.4 || bitcoin-miner || -g no. 75W for the whole System without monitor (MSI Board). CPU underclocked to 3,4Ghz and undervolted to 1,012Vcore. Passive Cooling! 3.6ghz results in 18,4 Mhash/s
|-
| Core i7 2600K || 4/8 || 18.6 || || || 95 W max. || 3.4 || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner 0.20 || -g no -t 8  CPU @ 3.511Ghz 1.176V
|-
| Core i7 2600 || 4/8 || 23.9 || || ||  || 3.4 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Ubuntu Linux 11.10
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 1.888 || || || || 2.66 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 4GB
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.5 || || || || 3.33 || This is achieved by running RPC 4 way miner in VMware Fusion 4 (running win 7 in the VM) while in Mac OSX / Mac OS X 10.6.8 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 8GB.The CPU appears to turbo boost to 3.33GHz in this way from 2.67GHz when running it in this way.The MBP gets very hot and uses a lot of energy though so watch those temps.It'll throttle after a while unless you keep the air vents clear underneath (ie don't put int in your lap,etc).
|-
| Core i7 720QM   || 4/8 || 7.9 || ?|| || 45 || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] ||  stream processors overclocked from 1.6 GHz; Dell Precision M6500, Win7-64, 8GB DDR3
|-
| Core i7 820   || 4/8 || 13.8 || || || || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -t 8
|-
| Core i7 920   || 4/8 || 19.2 || 0.10 || || 195 || 4.0 (x21) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -a 5
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 5.88 || 0.039 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || bitcoin-0.3.20.2 Win7-64 ||
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 18.9 || 0.126 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 ||
|-
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 19.2 || 0.15 || || 130 || 4.4 (x33) || cpuminer/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 8.7 || ||  ||  || 3.9 (x27) || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 990x   || 6/12 || 33.3 || ||  ||  || 4.5 (x32) || ufasoft/Win2008 R2-64 || Ram - 12Gb, Rampage III BlackEdition, Water cooling
|- 
| Core i7 2635QM   || 4/8 || 2.93 || || || || 2.00 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 RAM: 4GB
|- 
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.3 || 0.18 || || 35 || 2.66 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 || 
|-
| Core i7 2600k   || 4/4 || 6.7 || || ||  || 4.00 || phoenix 0.48 ||
|-
| Core i7 3770k   || 4/8 || 5.2 || || || || 4.4 || Guiminer v2012-12-03 || Windows 7 x64 : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 5.0 to 5.2
|-
| Core i7 3930k   || 6/12 || 66.6 || || ||  || 4.625 (125 x 37) || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner v0.28 || Windows 7 x64, uses ~190watts : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 36.0 to 66.6
|-
| Core 2 Duo U7600 || 1 || 1.1 || || ||  || 1.2 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Core 2 Duo E5200 || 2/2 || 6.2 || 0.086 || || 72 || 2.76 || Ufasoft/Win7-64 || TDP is 65W + 7W overclock
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6550 || 1/2 || 2.45 || || ||  || 2.33 || cpuminer 0.7.1 (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6850 || 2/2 || 6.75 || 0.10 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft-0.3 ||
|- 
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 7.76 || 0.11 || || 70 || 3.33 || ufasoft-0.3 || uncertain of overclock; miner optimized for Intel Core
|-
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 2.52 || 0.04 || || 65 || 2.66 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8200 || 2/2 || 2.3 || 0.035 || || 65 || 2.66 || rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8400 || 2/2 || 6.9 || 0.106 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 7/64bit (-t 2)
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 1/2 || 3.6 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo P8700 || 2/2 || 5.9 || || || || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.21 || windows 7/64bit 
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5450 || 2/2 || 2.5 || 0.07 || || 35  || 1.63 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5500 || 2/2 || 4.3 ||  ||  ||  || 1.66 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux (amd64)
|-
| Core 2 Duo T6400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || 0.12 || || 35  || 2.00 || cpuminer git (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7250 || 2/2 || 4.5 || 0.13 || || 35  || 2.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7450 || 2/2 || 3.7 || 0.10 || || 35  || 2.13 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T9400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || || ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.13 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 2.37 || || || || 2.8 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 6.2 || || || || 2.8 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.2 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64 Overclocked from 2.8 GHz to 3.2 GHz
|-
| Xeon 2.8 || 2/2 || 0.8 || || || || 2.8 || cpuminer || cryptopp_asm32 
|-
| Xeon 3060 || 1/2 || 2.03 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2. || cpuminer 0.8.1 (Linux) || --algo=cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Xeon Prestonia 2.4 (dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.16 || 0.017 || || 130 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.4 || 
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 10.13 || 0.16 || || 120 || 2.6 || bitcoind || Roughly the same speed as the "c" algo in cpuminer
|-
| Xeon E3-1230 V2 (quad) || 4/8 || 19.7 || ? || ? || ? || 3.70 || cgminer 2.8.3 || -O2 -march=core-avx-i algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 22.76 || 0.09 || || 120 || 2.6 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -O2 -march=core2, algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5365 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 26.00 || ? || || ? || 3.0 || cpuminer git (2011-06-15) || algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5650 || 2x6/24 || 28.6 || ? || ? || ? || 2.67 || cpuminer 1.0.2 || --algo 4way
|-
| Xeon x5680 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 48 || ? || ? || ? || 3.33GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon x5690 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 52 || ? || ? || ? || 3.46GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon E5-2690 (dual) || 2x8/32 || 66 || ? || ? || 2x135W || 2.9GHz || Ufasoft 64-bit 0.31 || Windows Server 2008R2 x64
|-
| Xeon E5335 || 4/4 || 9.35 || 0.12 || || 80 || 2.00 || ufasoft v0.11 || Vista-32
|-
| Xeon E5410 || 4/4 || 9.8 || ? || || 80 || 2.33|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5440 || 4/8 || 7.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.66|| Kiv's poclbm-gui || FIXME: Either wrong model # or wrong threads/speed info
|-
| Xeon E5506 || 4/4 || 9.6 || ? || || 80 || 2.13|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5520 || 4/8 || 6.5 || 0.08 || || 80 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5530 || 4/8 || 7.14 || 0.09 || || 80 || 2.4 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5620 || 4/8 || 11.2 || ? || || 80 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.10 -t 4 || CentOS 5.5 x64 Hyper-Threading is off
|-
| Xeon E5630 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 8 || 0.1 || || 80 || 2.53 || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
| Xeon E6520 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 24.7 || ||  ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon E7220 || 2/2 || 6.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.93|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E7320 (dual) || 2x2 || 1.5 || || ||  || 2.8 || cgminer v1.2.8 || 2x2.8ghz dual core running Ubuntu 11.04 x86 (individual cores get 0.4 MH/s)
|-
| Xeon E7450 (quad) || 4x6/24 || 60 || ||  ||  || 2.40 || ufasoft v0.13 || -t 24
|-
| Xeon E7520 (dual) || 2x4/16 || 18 || ||  || 95 || 1.87 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon W3680 || 6/12 || 18 ||  || || 130 || 3.33 || cpuminer v1.0.2 --algo=4way || Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| Atom Z520 || 1/2 || 1.20 || || || 2 || 1.7 || ufasoft 1.18 || Asus Eee 1101HA with overclocking capabilities
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.375 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-cpu || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.245 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-4way || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.97 || || || 4 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N270 || 1/2 || 1.19 || 0.24 || || 5 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N450 || 1/2 || 1.60 || 0.31 || || 6.5 || 2.06 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N550 || 2/4 || 1.97 || || || || 1.5 || ufasoft v0.21 || Windows 7/64 bit
|-
| Atom 330 || 2/4 || 1.80 ||  || || 8 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.13  || -t 4
|-
| Atom D510 || 2/4 || 1.00 || || || || 1.6 || cpuminer w cryptopp_asm32 || debian linux 6.0, headless system, 2 GB RAM, running from usb-flash
|-
| Atom D510 || 4/4 || 2.3 || 0.07 || || 30  || 1.6 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04 Server
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'&gt;€ Prices from http://geizhals.at/eu on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.35 || 0.07 || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Total power usage of PS3 fat is 120W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| Cell || 7 || 26.6 || ? || ? || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Running with 7th spu enabled and both ppe cores.
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.7 || 0.07 || 35W || 3.2 GHz || cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (SLIM): Total power usage of PS3 slim is 70W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| MIPS || 1 || 0.026 || ? || ? || ? || 200 MHz || cpuminer || ASUS WL-500G Deluxe Router Running [http://openwrt.org/ OpenWrt]
|-
| VIA Eden || 1 || 1.3 || 0.17 || || 8W || 1600 MHz || cpuminer || VIA Eden w/ padlock
|-
| PowerPC 7447A || 1 || 0.53 || || || || 1420 MHz || cpuminer ||
|-
| PowerPC 7450 (G4e) || 1 || 1.29 || || || || 1670 MHz || cgminer 2.0.7 || PowerBook5,6; Mac OS X 10.5.8; Altivec
|-
| PowerPC 750 (G3) || 1 || 0.140 || || || || 600 MHz || cpuminer || iBook G3 600 w/ Cryptopp
|-
| IBM POWER4+ 2/way || 2/1 || 0.58 || || || || 1450 MHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 || CRUX PPC (64bit), cpuminer -a sha256d -t 1
|-
| IBM Power7 (PowerPC) || || 7.6 ||   ||   || || 3.5 Ghz || cgminer || IBM Power7 770, SuSE Linux 11.1, 4 cores, OpenCL, YASM, Altivec
|-
| Google App Engine || 1 || 0.144 || || || 0W || || pyminer || Modified version of [https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer pyminer] for GAE.
|-
| Open Shift || 1 || 0.059 || || || 0W || || pyminer || 
|}

&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

==See Also==
* [[TP's Bitcoin Calculator]]
* [[Mining rig]]
* [[ZTEX FPGA Boards for Bitcoin Mining]]
* [[Generation Calculator]]
* [[Power Calc]]
* [[OpenCL miner]]
* [http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=745 ATI Stream vs. NVIDIA CUDA - GPGPU computing battle royale] 
* [http://bitminer.info/ Bitminer.info] 
* [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison Bitcoin Mining Performance Compared]
** [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Mining-Update-Power-Usage-Costs-Across-United-States Bitcoin Mining Power Costs Compared]

[[Category:Mining]]</text>
      <sha1>4mrees2zqbt02iogt4grnykvetdjyt7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>83</id>
      <parentid>82</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-05-27T14:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>83</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145771" sha1="fd30v4stw9tfvl5nndsekhrq5nrigh8" xml:space="preserve">Mai jos gasiti o statistica detaliata asupra performantei de minat a diferitelor hardware-uri folosite intr-un [[rig de minat]](mining rig).

'''Notes:'''
* Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; may not be very energy efficient with some models)
* Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule (energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)
* W = watt (maximum power consumption, i.e. energy per unit of time: 1 W = 1 J/s)

== ASIC ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-	
! Product !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! Watts !! Price !! Shipping !! Comm ports
|-
| Avalon ASIC #1
| 66,300&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 107 || 52.34 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,299&lt;ref name="avalon"&gt;[http://shop.avalon-asic.com/catalog/product/view/id/1 "Avalon ASIC"]. Avalon. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #2
| 60,000&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || 97 || 40.02 || 620W&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,499&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #3&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt;
|  ||  || || || || {{No}} ||
|-
| BitForce SC 5Gh/s
| 5,000&lt;ref name="jap"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-jalapeno "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Jalapeno' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved April 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 18.24 || 30W || 274&lt;ref name="jap" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Little Single
| 30,000&lt;ref name="ls" /&gt; || || 46.22 || || 649&lt;ref name="ls"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/pre-order-form-bitforce-little-single-sc/ "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Little' Single SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Single 'SC'
| 60,000&lt;ref name="sc"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-single "Pre Order Form – BitForce Single 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ??? || 46.18 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 1,299&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Mini Rig 'SC'
| 1,500,000&lt;ref name="rig" /&gt; || ??? || 50.16 || ???&lt;ref name="watts" /&gt; || 29,899&lt;ref name="rig"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-mini-rig "Pre Order Form – BitForce Mini Rig 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || Wifi
|-
| BitForce SC 25 Gh/s
| 25,000 || ??? || 24.01 || ??? || 1,249 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 50 Gh/s
| 50,000 || ??? || 20.00 || ???&lt;ref name="watts"&gt;http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1b8hvt/bfl_josh_updates_on_asic_status_full_transcript/&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,499&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Blade
| 10,752 || 129 || 1.87&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 83W || 5,749&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Emerald
| 336 || ??? || n/a || ??? || Promo || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Sapphire
| 300 || ??? || 1.31&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || ??? || 229&lt;ref name="bcprice"&gt;Actual price is in bitcoins. USD value estimated.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || USB
|-
| KnCMiner Jupiter
| 350,000 || ??? || 50.04 || ??? || 6,995 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnCMiner Saturn
| 175,000 || ??? || 46.11 || ??? || 3,695 || {{No|2013 Sep}} || ???
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

== FPGA ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-	
! Product !! Hash rate&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/J] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s/$] !! Power&lt;br /&gt;[W] !! Price&lt;br /&gt;[$]
|-
! Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T Development Kit
| 100&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 19, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0 "Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.10 ||  || 995&lt;ref&gt;[http://avnetexpress.avnet.com/store/em/EMController?action=products&amp;catalogId=500201&amp;storeId=500201&amp;N=0&amp;langId=-1&amp;slnk=b&amp;term=AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G&amp;hrf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.avnet.com%2Fen-us%2Fdesign%2Fdrc%2FPages%2FXilinx-Spartan-6-FPGA-LX150T-Development-Kit.aspx&amp;intcmp=EMA-BUY-AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G "AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G Parts"]. Avnet Express. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Bitcoin Dominator X5000
| 100&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 14.7 || 0.22 || 6.8&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 440&lt;ref name="bd"&gt;NewMeat1 (August 18, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0 "Custom FPGA Board for Sale!"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! BitForce SHA256 Single
| 832&lt;ref name="single"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/ "BitForce SHA256 Single – Technical Specifications"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 10.4 || 1.38 || 80&lt;ref name="single" /&gt; || 599&lt;ref name="single" /&gt;
|-
! Butterflylabs Mini Rig
| 25,200&lt;ref name="mini"&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20120514032732/http://www.butterflylabs.com/products "Products"]. Butterfly Labs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20.16 || 1.64 || 1,250&lt;ref name="mini" /&gt; || 15,295&lt;ref name="mini2"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sha256-mini-rig/ "Order Form – BitForce SHA256 – Mini Rig"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Digilent Nexys 2 500K
| 5&lt;ref&gt;The Seven (June 3, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg164438#msg164438 "Re: Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner (Smaller Devices Now Supported!)"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.03 ||  || 149&lt;ref name="dig"&gt;[http://www.digilentinc.com/Products/Detail.cfm?Prod=NEXYS2 "Nexys™2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board"]. Digilent. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Icarus
| 380&lt;ref name="ica"&gt;Nzghang (November 9, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51371.0 "FPGA development board 'Icarus' – DisContinued/ important announcement"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 19.79 || 0.66 || 19.2&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt; || 569&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt;
|-
! KnCMiner Mars
| 6,000 || ??? || 2.15 || ??? || 2,795
|-
! Lancelot
|  ||  ||  ||  || 500&lt;ref name="lan"&gt;Nzghang (May 6, 2012). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79835.0 "FPGA development board "Lancelot" - accept bitsteam developer's orders."]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ModMiner Quad 
| 800&lt;ref name="mmq"&gt;[http://www.btcfpga.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=50 "ModMiner Quad"]. BTCFPGA. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20 || 0.75 || 40&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt; || 1,069&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt;
|-
! Terasic DE2-115
| 80&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 4, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5379.msg105544#msg105544 "Re: FPGA mining"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.13 ||  || 595&lt;ref name="de2"&gt;[http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?No=502 "Altera DE2-115 Development and Education Board"]. Terasic. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! X6500 FPGA Miner 
| 400&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 23.25 || 0.72 || 17.2&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 550&lt;ref name="x65"&gt;[http://store.fpgamining.com/ "FPGA Mining Store"]. FPGA Mining. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15b
| 90&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.27 ||  || 325&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=62&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15x
| 215&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.52 ||  || 406&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=66&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15y
| 860&lt;ref name="miner"&gt;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&lt;/ref&gt; || || 0.65 || || 1,304&lt;ref name="1.15y"&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=74&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

==Graphics cards==
=== Popular Mining Cards ===
This information has been included to make choosing a card easier. The cards selected are generally readily available online. Once you have purchased a card or cards, use the tables below to compare different configurations and setups.
=== genBTC's Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
The purpose of this chart is 1) Update used prices 2) To consolidate multiple sources of information into an at-a-glance format. 3) Provide 3 hashrate columns to make it easier to figure out performance before 4) You use this table to make informed decisions about purchasing a card for mining.&lt;br&gt;
Only edit Common MH/s. MH/s #1 and MH/s #2 were outsourced.&lt;br&gt;
I will continue to work on this chart, and it is a work in progress. &lt;br&gt;
Created February 25th 2013, Updated February 27th 2013 &lt;br&gt;
All the cards below are AMD (ATI) Radeon HD 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model	!! MH/s #1 !! MH/s #2 !! Common MH/s !! TDP(W) !! Shaders !! Stock Clock !! Ebay $ !! MSRP $ !! Cheapest $
|----
|5770||212.83||||200||108||800||850 MHz||$178?||$159||$ 50
|----
|5830||302||220||275||175||1120||800 MHz||$105||$239||$ 65
|----
|5850||346.16||270||330||151||1440||725 MHz||$101||$259||$ 90
|----
|5870||393||420||380||188||1600||850 MHz||$165||$379||$125
|----
|5970||704||700||750||294||3200||725 MHz||$248||$599||$269
|----
|6750||167.59||||170||86||720||725 MHz||$ 67||$109||
|----
|6770||196.67||||200||108||800||900 MHz||$ 84||$135||
|----
|6850||213.7||||250||127||960||775 MHz||$104||$179||
|----
|6870||278.31||||300||150||1120||900 MHz||$124||$239||
|----
|6950||369||350||350||200||1408||800 MHz||$171||$299||
|----
|6970||397||400||385||250||1536||880 MHz||$172||$369||
|----
|6990||772||700||750||375||3072||830 MHz||$372||$699||
|----
|7750||123||200||125||55||512||800 MHz||$ 93||$109||Newegg $89
|----
|7770||||250||200||80||640||1000 MHz||$ 98||$159||Newegg $119
|----
|7850||||375||300||130||1024||860 MHz||$177||$249||Newegg $169
|----
|7870||||||400||175||1280||1000 MHz||$227||$349||Newegg $229
|----
|7950||||450||500||200||1792||850 MHz||$307||$449||Newegg $299
|----
|7970||685||600||650||250||2048||925 MHz||$391||$549||Newegg $399
|----
|7990||||||1200||555||4096||925 MHz||$777||$999||Newegg $899
|----
|}
MH/s #1 taken from Joseph Woodrell's chart directly below this one.&lt;br&gt;
MH/s #2 taken from https://bitclockers.com/calc	&lt;br&gt;
TDP, Shaders, Stock Clock comes from http://www.hwcompare.com/ &amp; www.AMD.com to Verify&lt;br&gt;
Ebay Price taken from http://cgi5.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?SellHub3	and questionable prices marked with a ? &lt;br&gt;
Cheapest $ = Used price. Sourced from All over the internet as if I had to buy	 the card today.&lt;br&gt;
Newegg Price means NEW &amp; price was taken from the LOWEST priced card on 2/25/2013 @ 8 PM EST, any rebate disregarded&lt;br&gt;

=== Card Comparison Spreadsheet ===
This spreadsheet performs several calculations and displays a visualization graph of a theoretical mining rig over time. It can be used to visualize any "what if" scenarios to better wrap your head around which card is the best choice under different conditions.  Bright Yellow Boxes are editable, and affect the calculations.  Dark Yellow Boxes are editable for notation, but don't affect the calculations.  The Green highlighted card is the best under those conditions, the Blue highlight is second best, the Orange highlight is third best.  Higher MHash/s performance can be obtained for each card through overclocking, but that drives up the wattage draw of the cards, and I did not have that complete dataset so I used the "average" MHash/s values listed here. &lt;br /&gt;
V1.5 - 1 Jan, 2012 - by. Joseph Woodrell 
[http://www.woodrell.com/joe/bitcoin/mining_sheet.zip Card Selection Spreadsheet]
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Single Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon&gt;Price from http://ebay.com/ on 2012-02-10 using an average of completed items, minus the top and bottom 20% to avoid spikes and give a truer average.&lt;/ref&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5770
|$136
|Moderate
|212.83
|1.45
|1.56 
|----
|5830
|$92
|Moderate
|302
|1.68
|3.28
|----
|5850
|$114.96
|Limited
|346.16
|1.92
|3.0
|----
|5870
|$190.16
|Limited
|393
|1.97
|2.066 
|----
|5970
|$421
|Limited
|704
|2.2
|1.67 
|----
|6750
|$116
|Easy
|167.59
|
|1.44 
|----
|6770
|$115
|Easy
|196.67
|
|1.71 
|----
|6850
|$160
|Easy
|213.7
|1.35
|1.34 
|----
|6870
|$190
|Easy
|278.31
|1.73
|1.46 
|----
|6930
|$180
|Limited
|350
|
|1.94
|----
|6950
|$230
|Easy
|369
|1.94
|1.6 
|----
|6970
|$271.89
|Easy
|397
|1.89
|1.46 
|----
|6990
|$622.99
|Limited
|772
|1.93
|1.23 
|----
|7750
|$110
|Easy
|123
|2.46
|1.12 
|----
|7970
|$420
|Easy
|685
|
|1.22 
|----
|}

==== Multi-Card Setups ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Price &lt;ref name=amazon/&gt; !! Availability !! Avg. Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$
|----
|5830x2
|$360
|Moderate
|525
|
|1.46 
|----
|5850x4
|$644
|Limited
|1360
|1.94
|2.11 
|----
|5850x6
|$996
|Limited
|2130
|
| 
|----
|5870x2
|$700
|Limited
|787.5
|0.84
|1.13 
|----
|6770x2
|$274
|Easy
|464
|
|1.69 
|----
|6950x4
|$1,000
|Easy
|1316
|1.51
|1.32 
|----
|6970x2
|$700
|Easy
|769
|1.6
|1.10 
|----
|6990x2
|$1,540
|Limited
|1568
|1.7
|1.02 
|----
|6990x3
|$2,310
|Limited
|2094
|1.8
|0.91 
|----
|7970x3
|$1680
|Easy
|2050
|2.41
|1.16 
|----
|7970x2
|$868
|Easy
|1060
|
| 
|----
|}

===AMD (ATI)===
Stream SDK 2.5 seems to have resolved many of the problems with earlier versions.  Everyone's setups will be unique so this should only be a guide or starting point, not an absolute. 



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt; !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! SDK !! Slot !! Miner !! Notes 
|-
| 3410 || 0.89 || 0.074 || ? || 12(?) || 222 || 40 || 1.4 beta || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || A custom Brook+ miner || Using 16,384 length streams
|-
| 3XXX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported
|-
| 42XX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported (integrated/mobile GPU)
|-
| 4350 || 6.93 || 0.346 ||0.16 || 20 || 575 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4350 || 7.2 || || || || 600 || || 1.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer/Linux || default settings
|-
| 4350 || 8.14 || -|| 0.19 || - || 730 || 80 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 32. Model: Asus EAH4350 Silent. Memory at 400MHz. Runs at 60°C with ambient at 25°C.
|-
| 4350 || 10.7 || -|| - || - || 730 || - || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || CGMiner/Windows7 || -v -w 64 Voltage set at 0.900 core set at 800MHZ and memory set to 200MHZ
|-
| 4550 || 7.23 || 0.289 ||0.13 || 25 || 600 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4550 || 7.8 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer /phoenix || worksize=64 VECTORS 
|-
| 4570M || 8.02 || 0.297 || ? || 27 || 680 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW
|-
| 4570M || 9.6 || 0.300|| ? || 32 || 825(OC) || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW. OC core 680-&gt;825. U/C memory 800-&gt;500.
|-
| 4650 || 31.33 || 0.653||  0.44 || 48 || 650 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 36.14 || 0.613|| 0.34 || 59 || 750 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 40.11 || 0.679|| 0.38 || 59 || 800 || 320 || - || AGP x8 || poclbm/Ubuntu 10.10 w/ H == 0 mod || -w 32 -f 0, don't use vectors [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.msg85236#msg85236 source]
|-
| 4670 || 50 || - || 0.47 || 60 || 800 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || 2 miners set up i7 920 (130W), CPU: Ufasoft, GPU: OpenCL; the CPU is getting about 40 Mhash/s while the GPU goes from 10-20 Mhash/s
|-
| 4730 || 72.29 || 0.657|| ? || 110 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4770 || 72.29 || 0.904|| 0.72 || 80 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 55.42 || 0.583|| || 95 || 575 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 61.7 || - || || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 64.9 || - || - || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 66.12 || 0.503|| || 105 || 700 || 1005 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - ||
|-
| 4850 || 75.30 || 0.685 || || 110 || 625 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4850 || 84.3 || 0.766 ||  || 110 || 725 || 300 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || -w64 fan at 70% temp 73C, stock voltage -gui miner
|-
| 4850 || 87.4 || 0.79 || - || 110 || 785 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || Phoenix; -k poclbm
|-
| 4850 || 90.1 || 0.819 || || 110 || 800 || 500 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 30; Tried phoenix and phatk, got same max
|-
| 4850 || 101 || 0.918 || || 110 || 817 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 0, core 817mhz(default 625)@1.123v , mem downclock to 500mhz (default 993) [http://www.smpake.com/?p=6 source]
|-
| 4850x2 || 150.60 || 0.602 || || 250 || 625 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4860 || 67.47 || 0.519||  || 130 || 700 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 78 || 0.520||  || 150 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Vista 64bit || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source]
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 88 || ||  || 140 || std || 800 || 12.3.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / 64bit OS X pyopencl / poclbm || Standard Mac Pro 3,1 with Apple HD4870 upgrade. Flags: FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5 (don't use vectors, and hash rate drops to 60-70 if browser windows are visible, speeds up to 88 if you hide them!
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 90.36 || 0.602||  || 150 || 750 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 92.84 || 0.6189333(?)||  || 150(?) || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm AGGRESSION=5 (Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU OC 750-&gt;830MHz, VRAM UC 900-&gt;450MHz, BIOS modded)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 96 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / phoenix 1.50 / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -k phatk bfi_int=false FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 104 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / DiabloMiner / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.2 || ?||  || ? || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 200 MHz By MSI AfterBurner. Card: Gainward Golden Sample. @70%Fan we have 55 GPU temp.
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.6 || 0.872||  || 120 || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 256 -f 1, Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 190 MHz (saves 30 watts at outlet)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 112 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BAMT 0.5c / cgminer || Powercolor @ GPU 875 MHz/ MEM 300 Mhz/ 1,25VDC @ 100% FAN @ 65 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.6||   0.632|| || 286 || 800 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.72||    0.632|| || 286 || 750 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4870x2 || 203 || || ||  || 850(OC) || 1600 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod ver. 20 april 2011|| Gainward / Win7 x64 / -w 256 -f 1 / 850MHz GPU - 300MHz Mem - 1,262V - 100% fun : 72C
|-
| 4890 || 97.1 || 0.511|| || 190 || 870(OC) || 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-01-21 Solo settings || Sapphire fab. No flags options helped. Close all browsers and do full restart of GUIMiner and then Bitcoin via GUIMiner server starter or the browsers GPU accl. will limit to 56~ ish Mhash/s - I can now start browser without slowdowns
|-
| 4890 || 102.41 || 0.539|| || 190 || 850 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 108.3 || 0.57|| || 190 || 975 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 121.5 || -||  || 190 || 1025 (OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || no flags, Vcore 1.4 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 11.99||   0.631|| || 19 || 650 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 13.74|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linuxcoin v0.2 || -v -w128 tried several options, seems to work best.
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 14.12|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/Linuxcoin v0.2 || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64" Kernel: "phatk"
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 15.36|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_ING WORKSIZE=128" Kernel: "phatk" - MagicSata
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 18.10|| || - || - || 774 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 1 774.66MHz/300.37MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5470 || 17.10|| || - || - || - || - || - || - || poclbm || -v -w 128 MobileGPU
|-
| 5550 || 40.59 || 1.041||  || 39 || 550 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5550 || 62.10 || - || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || 700MHz core 800MHz ram, phatk mod, Flags: "-k phatk worksize=128 vectors aggression=4 bfi_int"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 59.96 || 1.538|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 62 || 1.59|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 64 || 1.641|| || 39 || 650 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 73 || 1.872|| || 39 || 700 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 86.3 || 2.397|| || 36 || 775 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 (no Aero) ||-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v  WORKSIZE=256 Fan 100% 86C Undervolted @ 0.96v using Sapphire Trixx
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 94 || stock || || || 880 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUI Miner 02-12/Windows 7 x86 || -v -w128 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 102 || 1.46(+)|| || 75(-) || 950 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Windows 7 x86 (no Aero) || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 (Reference Sapphire card, 2 additional 120mm coolers, temperature is 79-82C)
|-
| 5650 || 48 || 1.37|| || 35(?) || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/ATI-Mobility-Radeon-HD-5650.23697.0.html source] -- not TDP but load
|-
| 5650 || 61.2 || || || 35 || || || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=9
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 71.49 || 1.117|| || 64 || 775 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 72 || 1.64|| || 44 || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod (Win7-64) || Sapphire 100287VGAL card is low power
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 85|| || - || - || 900 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 91|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 poclbm catalyst 11.2 win7 x86 || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 100|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 1.5.6 || GPU/Mem 890/800 temp 72C
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 103 || -|| || - || 900/275 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 11.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / small fan, under 50 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 127.8|| || - || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Windows 7 (64bit) Phoenix 2.0 || Aggression=11 Worksize=128 Fastloop=False Opencl
|-
| 5750 || 105 || - || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || poclbm || Apple iMac 27inch (Mid 2010), Mac OSX 10.7 Lion 
|-
| 5750 || 116.24 || 1.352|| || 86 || 700 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5750 || 137 || ||- || - || 710 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 using stock memory and GPU clocks
|-
| 5750 || 146.4 || || - || - || 775 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || -v -w128, AMD Catalyst overclock (775MHz GPU / 1225 MHz Memory)
|-
| 5750 || 154.56 || 1.45|| || 106 || 830 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || -v -w128 -f20 underclocked memory clocks from 1150MHz to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 170 || - || || - || 870 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 patched BIOS to underclock memory to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 173 || - || ||- || 875 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || phoenix || 875/300 w/MSI Afterburner, BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE -k phatk
|-
| 5750 || 177 || - || ||- || 910/575 || 720 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.5.6 || PowerColor GoGreen+fan, MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE WORKSIZE=64
|-
| 5750 || 190 || - || ||- || 930/290 || - || atistream sdk || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || 930gpu / 290mem (O.S. Ubuntu 10.10 x64, overclock gpu &amp; underclock mem) with poclbm options -v -f 0 -w 256
|-
| 5750 Vapor-X || 195 || - || - || 125 || 975/300 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || (O.S. Ubuntu 12.01 AMD64 dedicated) cgminer options -Q 0 -I 9 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 65 --gpu-vddc 1.075 (Fan speed 60~65%)
|-
| 5750x2 CF || 356 || - || ||- || 870 || 720x2 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=28402.0 cgminer v1.5.1] (Win7 64bit) || 870MHz GPU / -I 8 / 2x [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3402#sp GIGABYTE GV-R575SL-1GI] cards + [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3258#sp GIGABYTE GA-790FXTA-UD5] MB + 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=9&amp;lng=en 80mm], 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=16&amp;lng=en 90mm] Noctua coolers
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 156.83 || 1.452|| || 108 || 850 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 171.12 || - || - || - || - || stock || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.3/debian gnu/linux 6 squeeze || -k phatk2 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 180 || 1.406(*)|| || 128(*) || 950(OC) || 800 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here])
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 Hawk || 182 || ||- || - || 875 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || -v -w 128 (875MHz is stock for 5770 Hawk)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 185 || - || ||- || 850 || 1200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 205.58 || - || ||- || 935 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.5 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || mem underclocked 300 mhz, 1.1vcore, 950mhz core, @69°C/57%FAN VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.7 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / win7x86 || mem underclocked 309 mhz, -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 216.5 || -|| || - || 955 || || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 /phatk || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 218.35 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1401 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 128 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1Ghz core with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 223 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 227 || -|| || - || 1030 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 256 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1030 core/300 mem with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 233 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 236 || -|| || - || 1033/275 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / big fans, under 75 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 240.61 || 2.3632(-)|| || 100(+) || 1080 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC'd and OV'd 1080/300 1.25v)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 241 || - || - || 100(+) || 1045 || 250 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC 1020/300) XFX@1.1 volts. +Kernel function improve 5%
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 244 || -|| || - || 1050 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 /phatk2 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=9, Temp 75C, FAN 100% (manual)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770x2 || 425 || - || - || 225(+) || 960 || 800x2 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w128 (OC 960/1200)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830M || 120 || -|| || - || 570|| 120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Win7 x64|| -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 244 || 1.36|| || 179 || 800 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 245 || 1.28|| || 192 || 880 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 248 || 1.29|| || 192 || 880 || 500 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.46 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 256 || -|| || - || 900 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 267 || -|| || - || 875 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 272 || 1.52|| || 179 || 875 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / LinuxCoin || 275Mhz Memory clock, 1.125 V (from 1.163), VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 275 || 1.5714|| || 175 || 900 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w64 -f10, XFX stock w/ v2.4 SDK = 230Mh/s, v2.1 SDK = +10Mh/s, overclocking core clock by 100 = +30Mh/s, underclocking memory to 500 (ran cooler), and changing workload to -w64 = +5Mh/s.
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 285 || - ||1.58 || - || 960 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 930 || - || 2.2 || PCI-E x16/x4/x1 || GUIMiner / phoenix  1.5 / POCLBM / Win 7 64 || POCLBM VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false / Memory 300Mhz, VCore standard
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 295 || -|| || - || 980 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win XP 32 || Extra flags -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 297 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 44% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 960|| 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win 7 64 || Extra flags -v -w 256 (Sapphire Extreme 71 degrees @ 52% fan)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / pheonix 1.48 / Win7 64 || (sapphire xtreme) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 305 || -|| || - || 984 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / phatk / Win7 32 || 400Mhz Memory clock, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || -|| || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || 2.25 || 2.55 || 125 || 965 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.0.5 / Win7 64 || Mem @ 300/Stock voltage/Entire system 200W
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / poclbm / Xubuntu 11.04 x64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 black || 310 || ||- || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || LinuxCoin 0.2b, phoenix/phatk || (XFX Brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 311 || -|| || - || 1000 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 315 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.1 / phatk2 / CrunchBang Linux || memory @ 300mhz VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 316 || ||- || - || 1015 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 319 || -|| 1.77 || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Xp 64 || 1.2v 355Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 321 || -||  || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Linux || 1000Mhz GPU, 350Mhz RAM, 1.15V, 90% fan, ~60c Temp, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; phatk kernel found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 323 || || ||  || 900 (OC) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.5 Win7x64 || (500Mhz RAM), ~61c Temp, 57% fan, BFI_INT  FASTLOOP=false VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 (127$) || 325 || 1.98 || 2.57Mh/$ || 165W || 1040MHz || 200MHz || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Guiminer/phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] w7 64bit  || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS2 WORKSIZE=128 stock volt, watercooled 53C
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 328 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix / phatk || 1.195 V, RAM @ 325 Mhz, fan @90%, no case, extra 10K RPM fan (62 deg.C in full-load); options: -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; brand: Sapphire Xtreme; bord is stable up to 1060 Mhz ~ 335 MHash, but produces some visual artefacts;
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 331 || - || 4.14 || - || 1010 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || WinXP 32 / Phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 || Stock Voltage, RAM 300, 64C, Fan 67%, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false (+6Mh w/ Phoenix 1.7.5 over 1.6.2)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 333 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix-1.50 / phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] || + ~5 Mhash increase using the modified phatk from the user above. I am the same guy with 330 @ 1040 MHz Sapphire Xtreme, all other settings the same, board stable, no increase in rejected
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1040 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 208Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk 2.0 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT  -- (upped from 330 achieved with diapolo mod [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]), now using phatk 2.0 found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7964.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 342 || - || - || - || 1045 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk 2.2 / WinSvr 2008 R2 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS VECTORS4 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 BFI_INT -k phatk-2.2
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 CF || 480 || -|| || - || 800 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit |Guiminer || -v -f70 -w128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 570 || -|| || - || 950 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit poclbm || poclbm -v -w256 -f10 MEMORYCLOCK 300MHZ GPUCLOCK 950MHZ FAN 52% 72°C 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 608 || -|| || - || 990 || - || - || 2x PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 2.0/ phatk2 / Win7 32bit || Stock voltage, 300Mhz Memory, VECTORS GOFFSET AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FAN 51% 69°C (Open ATX case) 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x6 || 1967 || 1.62 || 1.97 || - || 1020/340 || 1120x6 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.7.5/phatk2/BAMT Linux || 100% fan @65C / 1.162V / CCC 11.6 / BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 240.77 || 1.595|| 1.49 || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 250.26 || 1.657|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || opencl client || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 252 || 1.575|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 255.3 || 1.593|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 264 || 1.748|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || guiminer-20110501 || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || 1.75|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || with BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || - || ||- || 725 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 / Fedora 14 || -v -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=true
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 282.75 ||style="background:#EFEFFF;"| 3.06|| - || 92.25|| 666 (UC) || 1440|| 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/WinXP || undervolted to 0.95V; phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; driver 10.12; [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9982.0 clocktweak] for setting values; [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40056 thread]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 292 || 1.825|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 298 || 1.8620|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 -w 64 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 300 || 1.5460|| || 194 || 925(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 304 || - || || - || 725 (stock) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer.exe -v 2 -I 8 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 275 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 314 || 1.8362|| || 171 || 820(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 328 || - || || - || 875 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || 70C @42% fan, mem @ 500mhz; -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 330 || - || ||- || 850 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || EAH5850, miner arguments: -k poclbm DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 331 || - || ||- || 725 (Stock) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits||  Sapphire 5850 Xtreme, Arguments: -v 2 -w 192 (by Swapper 2011-07-05)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 335 || 1.8611|| || 180 || 890(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128, Memory downclocked to 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 344 || 1.8594|| || 185 || 890(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 347 || -|| || - || 876 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 50% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 354 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || diablo -v 2 -w 128 || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=9239.0 Headless], catalyst 11.5, memory downclocked to 300mhz, stock voltage. flashed with atiflash [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9AxNmOy6_0 video]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit, Memory downclocked to 200MHz, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 60% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 356 || -|| || - || 870 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 359 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 365 || -|| || - || 920 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 367.5 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || diablo with bitless's hack, -v 2 -w 128 || RHEL 5U5 x86_64, catalyst 11.5, Sapphire HD 5850 Xtreme, Memory downclocked to 300MHz, core voltage 1.145V, BIOS modded with RBE
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 369.4 || -|| || - || 930 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix / phatk / Win7 32 || Catalyst 11.5, XFX HD5850, Memory downclocked to 322MHz, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 372 || 1.68 || - || 220 @ Wall || 900 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || cgminer 2.3.1 from source / Ubuntu 11.11 x86_64 || -I 8 -v 2 -w 256 --- hex-core opteron cpu w/ 12GB RAM and cgminer CPU bug in linux makes power usage a little high ~210w in windows 7 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 375 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 10.04 || 300Mhz memory clock  VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 381 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || phoenix / phatk / Win7 x64 / Catalyst 11.6 || MSI Afterburner 500MHz memory clock,-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 382 || 1.8454|| || 207 || 995(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix || OC 1.177v on core
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || - || - || 180 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.2 || ASUS DirectCU @ GPU 960 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.2 @ 70% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2,1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenix 1.5 / phatk / Win7 64 || Mem @ 280, fan @ 100%, Temp @ 71, 1.163 V core, -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, The name is Mautobu
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 392 || -||2.43 || - || 990 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-svn (AUR) / phatk / Arch Linux || Memory: 180MHz, -v -q 1 -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 397 || -|| || - || 950 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64, catalyst 11.6 || Mem speed 350Mhz, Fan 85%, 70C, 1.083 Vcore, -k phatk  VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 400 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 x64 || Memory 600MHz, Vcore 1.225, 73C, -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 404 || -|| || - || 965 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenixsvn / phatk2 / Ubuntu 11.04 / catalyst 11.8 || 5870 bios flash, Mem @322, fan@55%, Temp@83oC, 1.163Vcore, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 408 || -|| - || - || 999/275 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || Fan 70%, temp &lt; 60 deg C, Sapphire 5 heatpipe card, same flags as above/below (edit1- oops, no voltage tweaks... edit2- wow, phatk-mod makes a difference... catfish)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 412 || -|| || - || 1010 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.5 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 414.8 || -|| || - || 1018 || 450 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || GUIMiner / Win7 64 11.7 || I use Sapphire HD5850 Toxic 2GB and for OC TRIXX Sapphire Tweak Utility v4.0.2. 72 deg C, fan 100%, core 1018mhz, mem 450Mhz, stock voltage (1.163). proof: http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/2367/414upload.png GUIMiner parameters: -v -w256 -f1  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 420 || -|| || - || 1055 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.6 || Fan 80%, 66C, 1.250 Vcore, -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 And proof: http://i.imgur.com/s9hqs.png
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 431 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 4x&gt;16x || phoenix-svn / phatk kernel / Debian Wheezy AMD64 + fglrx 11.6 || fan 100%, vcore 1.1750 V, 72C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=15 FASTLOOP=false -k phatk, proof: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/199/431u.png/
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 432.15 || -|| || - || 1040 || 500 || 2.5.793.1 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 kernel / Win7 x64 SP1 || fan 100%, vcore 1.212 V, 69C, VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=64 -k phatk2, proof: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18704286/mining%205850.png/ ... Card is REF HIS 5850 ... i mining at this speed for stable but... max unstable (if i play video/flashvideo it will crash) is 436.48Mhash/sec with core 1051 mem 500 vcore 1.237 (same other settings) it's too hot in VRM that not sound good to me... i don't want to kill it for my fun mining ... - Nito Niwatori 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 620 || - || || - || 800 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer ( cl miner )  v2012-02-19 Win7 x64 || MSI OC-Edition, -v -w 128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 702 || - || - || - || 905 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 (x2) || phoenix 2.0.0 / Win 7 x32 || ASUS DirectCU: 304Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, Voltage Tweak, AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/9u6f2jz3sz1poxb/5850.jpg)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 720 || -|| || - || 875 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x3 || 1,010 || -|| || - || 850 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 (x3) || GUIMiner || -v -w128 | MSI Afterburner settings: 850MHz core clock and 500MHz memory clock 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x4 || 1360 || 1.94|| || 700@wall || 900 ||  ||  ||  || poclbm|| 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x6 || 2,135 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 (6 total, 4 full length, 2 @ PCIE1x with risers || GUIMiner 24/8/2011 - poclbm || -v -f1 -w128 | Win 7 64Bit, Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 motherboard, 4gb ram, AM3 cpu, Kingston SSD, Catalyst 11.8 drivers, guiminer switches: -v -f1 -w128, MSI Afterburner settings: 900MHz core clock and 1000MHz memory clock, cable risers required to fit all 6 cards, fans 100% Proof: http://i.imgur.com/6s7zv.jpg 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 152.5 || -|| || - || 750(OC) || 1000 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || gui-miner (win-7) ||
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 189.2 || -|| || - || 850(OC) || 1000 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Wins 7 64/gui-miner (win-7) ||  -v -w128 -f0 Graphics Overdrive setting 700-&gt;850 core clock &amp; 900-&gt;1030memory clock . +35mhs over stock settings
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313 || 1.665|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313.65 || 1.668||1.65 || 188 || 850 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 340 || 1.809|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 343 || 1.824|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 355 || 1.888|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 360 || 1.6822|| || 214 || 970 || 700 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL w7-64 || -f 0 -v -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=6144.msg91959#msg91959 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 379 || 2.015|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 397 || -|| || - || 930 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 400 || 1.9047|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Phoenix 1.3 || -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 FASTLOOP BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 408 || 1.8888|| || 216 || 980 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Win7x64 || -f 20 -v -w 128, BIT_ALIGN, BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 414 || 1.9255|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/w7x64 || -k poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 VECTORS BITALIGN BFI_INT -- Memory Clock 300
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 420 || 2.0000|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421 || 1.9581|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.47 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421.5 || 2.007|| || 201 || 950 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2 (GPU OC to 900, memory downclocked to 900)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 430 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 432 || || || || 985 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.73/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 Memory Clock=900Mhz Asus 76C Fan=60% 65F ambient
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 435 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || LinuxCoin v0.2b phoenix/phatk || (Powercolor brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 437 || || 1.90|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk || Card is clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 438 || 1.9819|| || 221 || 1000(OC) || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Linux || -v -w 64 -f 1
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 440 || 2.0000|| || 220 || 995 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 445 || 2.28||2.34 || 195 || 1005 || 335 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Ubuntu 11.04 phoenix/phatk || (Asus brand, volts = 1'072) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false -a 7 (-a 10)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 453 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 catalyst 11.6 phatk 2.2 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOPS=false -- Memory Clock 350Mhz Vcore 1.163v
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 458 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Windows 7 64 || -v -w 256 -f 1 Crossfired, Water cooled, 916 Mhash/s total. Best dual gpu setup me thinks? The name is Mautobu.
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1020 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 -k phatk -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 461 || || || || 1000 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, Memory Clock=213, stock voltage
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 481 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1x || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=20 [MSI HD 5870 Ref Design vs Zalman VF3000A 1200mv Mem 600MHz]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (CF) || 864 || -|| || - || 900 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=7 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 (Same flags per GPU)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 620 || -|| || - || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 0.751|| || 1100 || 950 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 1.18|| || 700 || 935 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 w/ Phatk || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false, memory @ 319 MHz, Windows 7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 878 || 0.585|| || 1500 || 1000 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x4 || 1784 || || 1.29|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk + [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0 Version 2.2 Improvement] || Cards are clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x6 || 2568 || -|| || 1200 || 970 || -|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit  || -v -w128, voltage default, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 80-90% (+ 4x12cm fun 1900rpm), Temp 6x 70-75C. Whole computer comsumpts 1280Watt. Using PCI-E risers 16x-16x to use 6 GPU cards
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 530 || 1.803||0.53 ? || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.4.595.10 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/201103.beta3/Windows || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 535.06 || 1.820|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 560 || 1.905|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 565 || 1.922|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine2 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 604 || 2.054|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 645 || 1.875|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || -f1, Debian 6, fglrx-driver 10.9.3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 739 || || || || 795 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || -I 9 -k phatk -w 256 -v 2, memory clock @ 265MHz, Debian Squeeze, fglrx-driver 12.1.1, performance scales linearly with engine clock as long as memory clock is 1/3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 740 || 2.1511|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix/1.3 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 755 || 2.2076|| || 342 || 848 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 28-04-11 || -f 1 -w 256 -v, Ubuntu 10.10, fglrx 11.4, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 802 || 2.31|| || 347 || 850 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix poclbm Ubuntu 11.04 || -q 6 -k AGGRESSION=19 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, fglrx 11.4, mem clock @ 1000MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 820 || ??? || || ??? || 910 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS -k phatk, 11.5, Mem @ 300MHz, 1.110v, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 822.2 || -|| || - || 950 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix win7 || -k phatk -q 6 AGGRESSION=20 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, but with this increasing difficulty mining becomes pretty pointless
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 833 || -|| || - || 930 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5, win7 x64, catalyst 11.7 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS fastloops=false. memory@300mhz, 1.125v, fan 100%, 73C core temp, 95c voltage controllers. it will clock higher but not stable without a voltage increase and i fear for the VRMs
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 863.4 || -|| || - || 955 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo - Debian || -v 2 -w 256 (XFX Radeon HD 5970 Black Edition)
|-
| 6310M || 9.821 || 0.545|| || 18 || 500 || 80 || 2.4 || Integrated/APU || poclbm-gui -v -w128 || HP DM1z 18W TDP is shared with the CPU
|-
| 6450 || 27.0 || 1.5 || - || 18 || 625 || 160 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire HD6450 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| 6450 || 32.6 || 1.918 || - || 17 || 725 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/Phoenix1.75 Windows 7 x64 (no Aero)|| -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Dell OEM HD6450 1gb ddr3 passive cooling/no fan 81C
|-
| 6450 || 37.8 || ? || - || 17 || 850 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Sapphire HD6450 1GB DDR3 passive cooling/no fan 150MHz memory/1000mV VCore
|-
| 6470M || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || guiminer || 
|-
| 6470M || 31.0 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.48 || 
|-
| 6480G || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.75 || 
|-
| 6490M || 15.21 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 VRAM: 256MB
|-
| 6490M || 16.289 || 0.708|| || 23 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm-mod (Mac OS X 10.6.7) || MacBook Pro early 2011
|-
| 6490M || 17.18 || - || ||- || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoneix 1.50 with poclbm, Mac OS X 10.6.7 || MacBook Pro 2,8 VRAM: 256MB. phoenix -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP
|-
| 6490M || 32.1 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || guiminer 2011-07-01 with poclbm (Win7-x64) ||MacBookPro8,2 (WinX64) -v -w128 -f0
|-
| style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6520G || 33.8 || - || || - || 400 || 320 || - || Integrated/APU || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 on Toshiba L775D-S7222
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6530D || 40.5 || - || || - || 444 || 320 || 2.4 || FM-1 || cgminer 2.4.1  || Integrated/APU A6-3500; Linux; Catalyst 11.11; APP-SDK-v2.4 (595.10)
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D(A8 Onboard) || 66.2 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D || 67.6 || -|| || - || 600 || 400 || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f2
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 68.0 || 1.133|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || no extra option for miner . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 82.1 || 1.368|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || -v -w128 . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 86.0 || 1.95 || - || 44 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire Ultimate HD6570 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 112.0 || - || || - || 860 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f1 . Sapphire 6570 Low Profile gddr3 1024mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 114.0 || - || || - || 866 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -f 0 -w128 -a 3 . XFX 6570 Full Profile gddr3 1024mb 64 bit
|-
|  6630M || 48.80 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-06-18 / Mac OS X 10.7 || Mac Mini 2011 MC816D/A
|-
|  6630M || 63.00 || -|| || - || 600 || 480 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner Windows || Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E320 (card overclocked using Sapphire TRIXX)
|-
|  6670 || 102.20 || -|| || - || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Debian sid || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|  6670 || 104.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 820 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -a4 -f15 -d0 -w64
|-
|  6670 || 110.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -f 0 -w 128 -q 6
|-
|  6670 || 111.77 || 1.69 || - || 66 || 910 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.5 || -k phatk2 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=5 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6670 || 120.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || kernel: diablo i:10 core: 900 mem: 750
|-
|  6670 || 124.0 || - || - || 66 || 940 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=128 Sapphire HD6670 Ultimate 1GB DDR5 passive cooling/no fan 300MHz memory/1100mV VCore
|-
|  6750 || 142 || -|| || 150 || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, Gigabyte SL (passive cooler), watts is TDP, card runs very hot (&gt;90°C)
|-
|  6750 || 167.59 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6750 || 172.00 || -|| || - || 860 || 600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) MSI Afterburner 2.2.3 || -v -w128 f-20 Sapphire 6570 GDDR3 1024Mb CCC ver. 11.12 OCL 2.5
|-
|  6750M || 41.48 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || diablominer ||
|-
|  6750M || 60 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || diablominer OSX 10.7 WorkSize=128||
|-
|  6770 || 180 || -|| || - || 850 || 1200 || - || - || guiminer || -v -w128 , this was an XFX (OEM) model, GPU @ 850 MHz, mem @ 1200 MHz; I pushed it up to 190 Mhash/s briefly by overclocking, but it crashed the system above that
|-
|  6770 || 202 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x1,x4,x8,x16 || phoenix 1.48 || Sapphire 6770 (standard) -q2 -k poclbm DEVICE=0 AGGRESSION=10 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP (The PCI-E speed does not affect the mining speed)
|-
|  6770 || 217 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E x16 || Guiminer with phoenix || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 with https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 modification
|-
|  6770 || 221 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || MSI 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770 || 235 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770x2 || 470 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6790 || 220 || 1.467|| || 150 || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS OC'd to 1ghz, underclocked mem to 300, voltage at 1175
|-
|  6790 || 219 || 1.467|| || 150 || 960 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f0 -w128 / GPU OC to 960MHz under Windows7 64bit
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 171.59 || 1.351||1.07 || 127 || 775 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 196 || -|| || - || 850 || 960 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 0
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 220 || 1.236(*)|| || 178(*) || 1000(OC) || 960 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] )
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 234.8 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 236.0 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, Core @ 900MHz, Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 244.2 || ||- || - || 960 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm june-2011 || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 245.1 || ||- || 200 || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer (Phoenix) || Sapphire 6850 (Memory @1000MHz); Win7 64bit; flags: -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 250 || 1.612(*) ||- || 155(*) || 940 (OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || AOCLBF 1.74 (Phoenix 1.5**) @Win7/x64 || XFX 6850 (Memory @840MHz; Vdcc @1.148V; Fan @74%; Temp @70C; System  @39C); flags: -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] / **: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 Tainted Kernel])
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 256.2 || || - || 170 || 980 || 960 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5 / Win7 32bit || -k phatk -VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9, Sapphire VaporX 1GB, mem@250MHz, stock VDDC 1.150V 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 262.5 || || - || - || 965 || 525 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 (HIS 6850 flashed to HIS 6870 BIOS)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 267.2 || ||1.67 || - || 1010(OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.50 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 301.4 || ||1.67 || - ||  ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 2 -w 128 clock @ 985 mem @ 890
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 232.47 || 1.540||1.22 || 151 || 900 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 245|| -|| || - || 900|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.45 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=10
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 264.5 || - || - || - || 980 || 1050 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Stays around 66*C if I keep the side panel off and the room well ventilated. Card is PowerColor branded. Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 with Classic theme. Fan is at 100%. -v -w128 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 271 || 1.807|| || 150 || 940 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || Debian 6.0.1 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 277.47 || -|| || - || 940 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 279 || 1.847(?)|| || 151(?) || 900 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha cat 11.4 sdk 2.4 || -G2 -D stock clocks, debian linux 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 281.7 || 1.172 (stock)|| || - || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer-v2011-06-09 || xfx6870, flags: -v 19 -w 128, win7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 293.13 ||  || ||- || 945 || 1050|| 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Phatk || xfx6870, Catalyst 11.6, 1.5 Phoenix flags: -k phatk FASTLOOP=false DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25860.0 Kernel Patch; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6458.0 Cmd; http://developer.amd.com/tools/gDEBugger/Pages/default.aspx No Crossfire Required; runs faster without crossfire 1% + additional 3% from update
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk || xfx6870, 340MHz memory clock, Catalyst 11.6, flags: BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 985 || 1100|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Diablo || Powercolor branded card, Win 8 x64, -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 295 || 2.02||1.64 || 146 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill latest as of 7/6/11 (ubuntu 11.4) || hashkill-gpu -p bitcoin user:pass:server -D, mem clock 850, voltage @ 1.175, Fan @ 70%, Temp @ 71C.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 297|| -|| || - || 1000|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.62 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || Vectors HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.6.2 phatk2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1038 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat 11.4 || -v -w128 -f1 mem clock 360, fan 100% temp 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300.06 || 1.830|| || 164 || 1020 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 cat 11.4 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 fastloop mem clock 344
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 302 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, -w 256 -I 9, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 307 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1001/\1001 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat11.8 || -v -w128 -f5,85°C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 ||  || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS AMD64) || intensity=13, vectors=2, worksize=128, kernel=diablo, gpu-engine=1000, gpu-memclock=900
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1035 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || -|| || - || 975 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk linuxcoin || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 340MHz, core clock @ 970MHz, flashed bios, 72 degrees w/ fan @ 68%, GIGABYTE SOC
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 312 || -|| || - || 975 || 300|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Windows 7 x64 SP1 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300, Fan @ 45%, Temp @ 62C,  MSI 6870 HAWK.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 314 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 316 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.25, Fan @ 40%, Temp @ 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 320 || - || - || 160 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.1 || Saphire @ GPU 1030 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.25 @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 321|| -|| || - || 1050|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 ||aoclbf 1.7 phoenix 1.50 11.6|| Vectors HD5xxx+ phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256,  Memory=325MHz, Volts=1.3V, Fan~55%, Temps~70C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 322 || 1.882|| || 170 || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 400MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 329 || -|| || - || 1075 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 332 || -||1.74 || - || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-14 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.3, Fan @ 60%, Temp @ 74C, flash and browser hardware acceleration disabled, aero enabled.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 339.25 || - || - || - || 1090 || 1120 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.3 cat 12.1 || Mem @ 350Mhz Clock @ 1090 Voltage 1.337 fan @ 100 Temp @ 75 diapolo's modified phatk kernel -k phatk_dia platform=0 device=0 VECTORS2 AGGRESSION=11 worksize=64 FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 375 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate 32-bit / Guiminer v2011-07-01 / phoenix 1.5 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 1000 MHz / MEM @ 200 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.187 V / FAN @ 40% / Temp @ 72 C / Flags: -k phatk2 platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=6 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false / Using 2 miners with equal settings on 1 GPU
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x2 || 600 || - || - || - || 945 || 330 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit / Phoenix 2 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 945 MHz / MEM @ 330 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.175  / Config: phatk2 VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false GOFFSET=True
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1150|| -|| 1.2 || - || 900|| 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7 (Win7-64bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0-3 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1180 || -|| - || 145 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU default 950 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer).
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1200 || -|| - || 150 || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU overclocked from 950 to 970 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer). Unstable with GPU@975 MHz.
|-
|  6930 || 320|| -|| - || - || 960 || 1200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/phatk || stock voltage, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64. 70C, FAN 80% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 370|| -|| - || - || 980 || 855 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer-2.4.1 || stock voltage (1,160), -I9. 71C, FAN 85% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 372 || -||1.89(?) || - || 1000 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/poclbm || max stable @ 1200 mV, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64
|-
| style="background:#00FFFF;"|6930x2|| 700 ||- || - ||400~|| 940 || 2560 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer || max stable @ 1100mV mem 300, Fan 80-90%, temp 70-75, -v -w64 -f10
|-
|  6950 || 272 || -||0.90 || - || 900 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1150 mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 291 || -|| || - || 920 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1200mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || -|| || - || 930 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1275mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || 1.844(?)|| || 160(?) || 810 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 300 || -|| || - || 940 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1300mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 314 || -|| || - || 800 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-01-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250 Stock Sapphire 6950 1gb
|-
|  6950 || 325 || 1.635(?)|| || 200(?) || 885 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 332 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 333 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.650.9 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 338 || 1.84~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/poclbm kernel || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128; power and MH/J calculated using Power = C*f*v^2 w/ assumption of 175 W at stock settings w/ 100% GPU util. (not measured)
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 895 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -w 128, mem @ 500, 1200 mV, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 800 || 1536 ||(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250,Sapphire 6950 1gb, unlocked shaders
|-
|  6950 || 343 || 2.14 || - || 160 || 840 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 06-27-11 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false, HIS H695FN2G2M 2GB, mem @ 720, Kill-a-Watt measured
|-
|  6950 || 344 || 2.02~ || 1.27~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/20110709 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 344.4 || -|| || - || 800 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 349 || 1.745(?)|| || 200(?) || 800 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128, xfx 6950 xxx 1gb, locked shaders, core 900, mem 650, 79° C
|-
|  6950 || 351 || 1.91~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIminer/poclbm v2011-07-01 || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: -v -w 128 -f 0; (same system as the 338 MH/s result above using Phoenix)
|-
|  6950 || 352.8 || -|| || - || 820 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 360 || 1.8(?)|| || 200(?) || 970 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 360 || -|| || - || 870 || 1375 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || flashed with 6970 BIOS, -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6950 || 365 || -|| || - || 925 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 366.4 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 381 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer/phatk || XFX 6950 2Gb reference @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1100mV 850/1250, +10% powertune, I=5, Fan @ 54% ~3100RPM, temp 73C w128. Windows7x64, Catalyst 13.1 .
|-
|  6950 || 383 || -|| || - || 975 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, voltage 1.274 @72c MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 388.4 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|- 
|  6950 || 389.9 || -|| || - || 950 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.2/Diablo || stock bios, -I 9, VRAM @ 820Mhz, fan @ 100%, voltage 1.250v, temp @ 68c, HIS ICE-Q X 2GB, OCed using MSI Afterburner, Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP 1
|-
|  6950 || 400~ || -|| || - || 895 || 320 || 1536|| PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner 24th Aug 2011  || Sapphire HD6950 Shader unlock mod 1408&gt;1536 / +20% Power control, Fan @ 55%, Flags:-v -f2 -w64 -r5.Note this keeps temps under 80oC which is needed for this to be stable.Moderate fan noise.Power use is ~200W.
|-
|  6950 || 403 || -|| || - || 939 || 685 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk || ASUS EAH6950 ([http://www.techpowerup.com/vgabios/90661/Asus.HD6970.2048.101124.html (Ref. 6950 Flashed -&gt; 6970)]) / +10% overdrive volt., Fan @ 90%, VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13. Overclocked from 880 -&gt; 939 with MSI Aferburner
|-
|  6950 || 408.8 || -|| || - || 925 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.12 || GIGABYTE GV-R695D5-2GD-B @ shadermod on original Bios 6950, mem@625, V=1100mv Fan @ 60%. Windows 7x64, Catalyst 11.9
|-
|  6950 || 410.4 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 417 || 2.085(?)|| || 200(?) || 975 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 77%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1145mV
|-
|  6950 || 418.8 || -|| || - || 940|| 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Gigabyte OC 1GB, shadermod, voltage locked 1.175, mem 450, -w128 -v -f0, ATI Tray Tool
|-
|  6950 || 425.3 || -|| || - || 950/850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk2 (Ubuntu natty) || Asus 1GB DirectCU, shadermod on OEM BIOS, OEM 1.1v, AMDOverdriveCtrl for 950 core 850 mem, 20% overdrive, flags VECTORS2 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6950 || 428 || 2.14(?)|| || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 80%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1160mV
|-
|  6950 || 432 || 2.16(?)||1.44 || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 520, fan @ 80%, temp 76C, -v -w128 -f 2, gpu core @ 1275mV
|-
|  6950 || 432.4 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 440 || || || || 990 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phatk || unlocked shaders, mem @ 1375, VGPU 1.21v, Watercooled (MCW60), temp 54C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 -k phatk
|-
|  6950 || 454.4 || -|| || - || 1050 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 720 || - || - || 400 ~|| 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 69-71C(bottom vga) fan@94% / 77-81C(top vga) fan@99% - 31C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 731 || - || - || 400~ || 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 68C(bottom vga) fan@90% / 73C(top vga) fan@99% - 28C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6950x3 || 1081 || -|| || - || 860 || 1408 || 2.4(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || guiminer/poclbm 07-01 || Sapphire 2GB stock bios, stock voltage, locked shaders: +20% overdrive, mem@650, fan@95%, temp 94C, -v -f0 -w128, 93c
|-
|  6950x4 || 1316 || 1.513|| || 870 || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || locked shaders, default mem 1250, dual fan 75C typical
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 323 || 1.468||0.92 || 220 || 880 || 1536 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 64, SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx.
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 365 || 2.28|| || 160 || 880 || 1536 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phoenix || VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, fan @ 45%, 61C, 1.0 Vcore, 150 MHz mem, TX650w (84%), reference card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 370 || -|| || - || 880 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 372 || 1.691(?)|| || 220(?) || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix (svn trunk 05.14.2011) || clock 900/1375, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128, fan 45% (auto) / temp 90C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 380 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128&lt;br&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 # to reduce poclbm CPU from 100% to 2%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 385 || 1.964|| || 196 || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, memory downclocked to 684Mhz, fan @ 70%/temp 81C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 388 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock voltage of 1.175v
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 403 || -|| || - || MAX || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || clock Max/50%+stock, -v -w128, fan= 100%/temp 72C (Note: Overclocked using CCC utility under Windows 7, Clock set to Max value w/ 50% increase to memory and 5% increase to voltage)
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 406 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/phatk || GPU Overclocked to Max (950MHz) using aticonfig, Memory Underclocked using AMDOverdriveCtrl (850MHz). Temp ~ 82C. VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 407 || -|| || - || 955 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fan 75%/temp 75C, voltage +10%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 414 || -|| || - || 960 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 53%/temp 73C, stock voltage of 1.175v, high air flow case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 420 || -|| || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128 -f0, clocks 975MHz/685MHz MSI Lightning
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 423 || -||1.20 || - || 995 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || ATI Tray Tools, Clocks=995/331.25, WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 VECTORS ,68C @ 65% Fan, HAF932 Case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 431 || -|| - || - || 976 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7/phatk2 || MSI AFTERBURNER, Clocks[976/1000], -k parameters[VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11], Temperatures{CARD}[86C@100% Fan]{ROOM}[27C/81F], 
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 433 || -|| - || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.2/phatk || MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS, GPU 65C@100% Fan, Room 21C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 710 || -|| || - || 900/880 || 1536 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 256
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 828|| -|| || - || 940 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fans 74%/82%, temp 74C/82C, powertune +20% (via CCC), memory underclock 825MHz (via MSI Afterburner), with 'Maj' fix
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x3 || 1243|| -|| || 1000+ || 910 || 1536 || 2.5 || 2x16, 1x8 || phoenix 1.7.0 || fans 100%, temp 88C/84C/69C, GPU 920/ memory 795/ powertune 20%, ATI 11.11, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990 || 670 || 1.94||0.89 || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || Catalyst 11.4 [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=2949.msg106238#msg106238 source].
|-
|  6990 || 704 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.4, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-07)
|-
|  6990 || 708 || 2.05|| || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "default" position 2, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 744 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.6b, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-14)
|-
|  6990 || 746 || 1.82|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 758 || -|| || - || 880 || - || 2.4 || - || Phoenix with Poclbm || Catalyst 11.4, OC switch ON, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990 || 771 || 1.8804|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx. Memory clock @ 1280Mhz.
|-
|  6990 || 772 || 1.8380|| || 420 || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix &amp; Poclbm || OC switch ON + overclocked to 900 mhz, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990 || 790 || -|| || - || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=900,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 900 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 795 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 ||  || Diablo's miner || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; On Windows Vista, Clocks set at  955,1250. Power control at 20.
Diablo's args:  -w 128 -g 5  -v 2  -f 0
|-
|  6990 || 802 || -|| || - || 915 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=915,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 915 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 835 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --adapter=1 --odsc=990,890 and aticonfig --adapter=0 --odsc=960,860" (GPU 0 runs hot). Currently, aticonfig can only underclock RAM to 100mhz below core speed. Command line: phoenix.py -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|  6990 || 852 || -|| || - || 955|| 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || Memory: 830 Mhz, -v 2 -w 128 -I 9, Watercooled, stock voltage. (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|  6990 || 865 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with core 0 at 990/890 engine/mem, core 1 at 960/860 (runs hot).  Watercooled at 65-68C.
|-
|  6990x2 || 1436 || 1.848|| || 777 || 880 || 6144 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x2 || guiminer 2011.05.11 || AUSUM switch set to 1 on both cards; Core left at 880MHz, memory left at 1250MHz; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990x2 || 1640 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || phoenix 1.7.0 || GPU 910MHz, Memory 785MHz, Powertune 20%; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990x2 || 1700 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || guiminer 2011.06.14 || GPU 1010MHz, Memory 900MHz; -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990x2 || 1740 || 2.11 || || 825 || 940 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || cgminer 2.0.8 || GPU0+3 930MHz core/805MHz memory, GPU1+2 940MHz core/815MHz memory; BIOS switch factory setting; Cooled with 7C air from outside; -g4 -I9 -k phatk
|-
|  6990x3 || 2094 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || poclbm || GPU 900MHz, Memory 1250MHz; poclbm.py -f 0 -w 256
|-
|  7750 || 104.15 ||  ||  ||  || 800 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 117.15 ||  ||  ||  || 900 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 125.5 || - || - || - || 830 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 830MHz, Memory: 1125MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 134 || 2.66 || 1.21 || 50 || 880 || 512 || 2.6 (?) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Gentoo Linux AMD64) || factory-overclocked to 880 MHz; power draw measured with a Kill-a-Watt, intensity=13, vectors=1, worksize=128, kernel=diablo
|-
|  7750 || 136.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 900MHz (CCC locked @ 900), Memory: 800MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7770 || 182 || - || - || 83 || 1020 || 640 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Ubuntu 10.04 LTS amd64, GPU: 1020MHz
|-
|  7770 || 213 || - || - || - || 1150 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Win7 32bit, Core2Duo, poclbm guiminer
|-
|  7850 || 287 || 1,91 || 1,1 || 150 || 950 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || GPU:950 MEM:800, Linux 64bit, Intensive 14, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%
|-
|  7850 || 329 || - || - || 150 || 1100 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.4 || Linux 64bit GTK+3, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%, -v 1 -k poclbm -I 6 --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 950
|-
|  7850 || 363 || - || - || - || 1241 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || GPU:1241 MEM:4840 
|-
|  7870 || 405 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || Sapphire 7870 OC , GPU: 1100MHz, Mem: 950 Mhz, GPU temp: 65°C, Fan 36% (1377 RPM).
|-
|  7870 || 406 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Gigabyte GV-R787OC-2GD, GPU: 1200MHz, [cgminer -I 7]
|-
|  7870 || 422 || - || - || - || 1165 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Sapphire 7870 1ghz edition, GPU: 1165MHz, [cgminer.exe -d 0 -l 1 -T -I 8]
|-
|  7870 || 460 || - || - || - || 1250 || 1280 || 2.7? || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || MSI R7870 TFIII/oc, Catalyst 12.11 beta4, 455-460 mhash/s @1250 core, 750 mem, 0% Power limit, 1.218v, Zalman VF3000N = 42C, VRMS = 57C, ambient approx. 17-19C, -v -w128 -f10
|-
| 7870 XT || 485 || 3.09 || 1.8726 || 157 || 1200 || 1280 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 2.0 || cgminer ||7870XT clock/mem - 1200/1600
|-
| 7870xt || 520 || - || - || - || 1200 || 1536 || 2.7? lol || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Guiminer || Sapphire HD7870xt, Catalyst 12.11 beta 4, 515-520 mhash/s @1200/core 750/mem, 0%PL, 1.17v/stock, Zalman vf3000a @60-62C even though its sandwiched between a 7870 and 5850. xD
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 510 || - || - || - || 985 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Windows 8 x64, Asus P8Z77 WS, i7 3rd Gen, Card is XFX brand, Clock 985Mhz, Mem 1100Mhz, -v 1 -w 256
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 512 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x8 || poclbm || GPU: 1000MHz, Memory: 850MHz
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 550 || - || - || - || 1060 || 1792 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Core 1060, Mem 800, -v 1 -w 256 Intesity 7
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 605 || - || - || - || 1150 || 1792 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256

|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 555 || - || - || - || 925 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 925MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 640 || -|| || - || 1070 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1070 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || Diablo|| GPU 1100MHz, Memory 600MHz;
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || cgminer 2.4.1 || Win7 х86, Catalyst 12.3, GPU 1100 MHz, Memory 950 MHz, GPU temp = 68°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 58%, -k poclbm -v 1 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 674 || -|| || - || 1130 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1130 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1150 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1150 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 58%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1177 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1177, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 690 || - || - || - || 1150 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 695 || - || - || - || 1160(core)/1050(mem) || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner (options: -v 1 -w 256) || Asus HD7970-DC2T-3GD5 @ 1.17V; Linux Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit; AMD SDK 2.6; Catalyst 12.3 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 710 || -|| || - || 1200 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner|| GPU 1200MHz, Memory 600MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 714~ || -|| || - || 1210 || 2048 || 2.7 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || MSI HD7970 R7970-2PMD3GD5/OC, core clock - 1210Mhz, memory clock - 685, core voltage (1.149V - MSI Afterburner, ~1.043V - GPU-Z), memory voltage 1.5V, temperature - 75C at mid-day and 65C w/ AC on at 20C, Catalyst 12.8, Windows 8 Release Preview 32-bit, kernel - poclbm, vector - 1, worksize - 64, intensity - 14, fan - 100% 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"|  7970 || 825 || -|| || 214 || 1290 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Bitminter|| Bitminter beta 1.1.1; GPU 1290MHz, Memory 
1375MHz (Trixx = 600); work size 256, "BFI_INT," Device-accessible CPU memory; full watercooled block; power stats from GPU-Z; Driver 11.12
|-
|  7970x3 || 1950 || 2.6 || 1.72 || 750 || 1100 || 2048x3 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || Win8, Catalyst 12.8, driver: 8.982.0.0, E: 1100, M:750, kernel: poclbm, worksize: 256, intensity: 9, gpu-threads: 4, refitted Diamond 7970 HSF with new VRM pads to lower VRM temps ~15C.  Undervolted each card until crash under load, then raised about 0.015v for stability.  Settings using afterburner 2.2.1 with OC unlocked.  Visiontek 7970: $370, Sapphire 7970: $360, Diamond 7970: $400
|-
|  7970x3 || 2050 || 2.41 || 1.22 || 850 || 1150 || 6144 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1150, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256, 850W power consumption measured at the wall
|-
| FirePro V3800 || 69.0 || -|| || - ||  ||  ||  || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BitMinter Client || 
|-
| FirePro V4800 || 79.7 || -|| || - || 775 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || 
|-
| FirePro V8700 || 84.8 || -|| || - || 750 || 800 || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || 

|-
| FirePro M5800 || 61.4 || -|| || - || 650 || - || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || Ubuntu
|-
| FirePro M5800 || 69.3 || -|| || - || 650 || 400 || 2.1 || - || GUIMiner v2011-04-26  || -v -w128, Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro M5950 || 96.7 || -|| || - || 725 || 900 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128 (Windows 7 64 bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 119 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 144 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 161 || -|| || - || 780 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V7750 || 35.7 || -|| || - || - || 320 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || Windows 7 64bit
|-
| FirePro V7800 || 254.85 || -|| || - || - || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 with poclbm || Debian Squeeze
|-
| FirePro M7740  (M97 GL) [DELL] || 63.0 ||  -|| || - || 650 || - || 2.1 || PCIe v2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || Windows 7 64bit / only SDK2.1 works
|-
| FirePro M7820 || 150.0 || -|| || - || 700 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-09 / poclbm || Memory downclocked to 500 from 1000MHz, 169MH/s@800MHz, 181MH/s@860Mhz (max.), only SDK2.1 works, Windows 7 x86
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Nvidia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! Comment
|-
| ION || 1.8 || 0.067 || 27 ||  || 16 || poclbm;  power consumption incl. CPU
|-
| 8200 mGPU || 1.2 || || || 1200 || 16 || 128 MB shared memory, "poclbm -w 128 -f 0"
|-
| 8400 GS || 2.3 || || ||  ||  || "poclbm -w 128"
|-
| 8400 GS || 1.6 || 0.013 || 128 || 1238 ||  || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| 8400M GS || 2.0 || || ||  ||  ||
|-
| 8500GT || 2.4 || || || 918 || 16 || poclbm under GUIMiner
|-
| 8600M GT || 4.93 ||  ||  ||  || 32 ||
|-
| 8600M GT || 3.8 ||  ||  ||  || || Macbook Pro running Diablo
|-
| 8600GT || 5.66 ||  ||  || 1188 ||  32 ||
|-
| 8600GT OC || 7.3 ||  ||  || 1602 || 32 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72833#msg72833 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 25   || 0.24 || 105 || 1300 ||  ||
|-
| 8800GT || 24.5 || 0.23 || 105 || 1300 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 31.1   || 0.296 || 105 || 1855 ||  || Overclocked 715 GPU / 1030 Memory / 1855 Shader; GuiMiner v2011-05-21
|-
| 8800GT || 31.8   || 0.303 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || 713 gpu, 1026 memory. win7x86, phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5
|-
| 8800GT || 34.0   ||       || 105 || 1998 ||     || gpu 756M, mem 1123M, shader 1998M, temp 65C. winXP, phoenix 1.50, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=6 -- same settings get 32.7 MH/s with aggression 2
|-
| 8800GTS || 16.8 || 0.109 || 154 ||  ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source] [http://www.techspot.com/review/79-geforce-8800-gts-512/page11.html source]
|-
| 8800 GTS || 18.7 || 0.124 || 150 || 1200 ||  || poclbm -w 64 no vectors
|-
| 8800 GTS || 33.5 || || 150 || OC ||  || CUDA mining via GUIminer. Win7 64bit. poclbm -v -w128 -f0. OC'd Core@799MHz, Mem@1080MHz, Shader@1905MHz.  Fan 70%, GPU temp @ 66C in comfortable room temp.
|-
| 8800 GTX || 27.5 || || || 1404 || || phoenix 1.48, poclbm, no vectors, 83C with 50C ambient  
|-
| 8800m GTX || 16.3 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda Win7-64
|-
| 9300GE || 1.57 ||  ||  || 1300 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300GS || 1.69 ||  ||  || 1400 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300/nForce 730i || 2.15 ||  ||  || 1200 ||  16 ||
|-
| 9400GT || 3.37 || 0.067 || 50 || 1400 || 16 ||
|-
| 9400M (MacBook) || 1.90 || 0.32 || 6 || 700 ||  || poclbm -f 8 no vectors
|-
| 9500M GS || 3.2 ||  ||  || 950 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9500GT || 6.75 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32 ||
|-
| 9500GT || 7.30 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32|| rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 730 GPU/ 500 Memory / fan 100% 70C solid
|-
| 9500GT || 7.10 || 0.135 || 50 || 1767 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 707 GPU / 500 Memory / fan 100% 73C steady
|-
| 9600GSO || 19.88 || 0.237 || 84 || 1375 || 96 ||
|-
| 9600GSO512 || 11.75 || 0.131 || 90 || 1625 || 48 ||
|-
| 9600GT || 15.66 || 0.165 || 95 || 1625 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT Zotac || 15 ||  ||  || 1650 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT OC || 18.8 || &lt;0.198 || &gt;95 || 1981 || 64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 -f 10 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg74610#msg74610 source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73353#msg73353 source]
|-
| 9600M GS || 4.0 ||  ||  || 1075 || 32 ||  rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT || 30.36 || 0.289 || 105 || 1800 || 112 ||
|-
| 9800GT EE || 19.7 || 0.263 || 75 || 1375 || 112 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT OC || 29.5 || 0.283 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || poclbm.py, no options. Memory underclocked to 850Mhz, GPU overclocked to 733Mhz
|-
| 9800GTX || 32.54 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 32.6 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 || win7x64 275.33 Overclocked to 756/1890/1102 using a CUDA-specific miner (instead of phoenix, yay for ZERO stales!)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 35.39 || 0.251 || 141 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 36 ||  ||  ||  ||  || factory OC ubuntu polclbm.py -w 128 -f 10 -a 10 (DO NOT USE -v)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 37.23 || 0.266 || 140 || 1890 || 128 || win7x64 275.27 phoenix(1.48) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=3 WORKSIZE=64 (may cause 75%+ stale count, in which case use a CUDA-specific miner instead)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 40.20 || 0.287 || 140 || 835 || 128 || lowered memory clock higher core, unstable if going higher
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 57.83 || 0.294 || 197 ||  || 2x128 ||
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 28 || 0.142 || 197 ||  || 2x128 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
| G210 || 3.38 || 0.111 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 ||
|-
| G210 || 3.79 || 0.124 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 || poclbm -f 1
|-
| GT220 || 10.8 || 0.084 || 128 || 1360 || || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1000 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| GT230 || 15.5 || 0.161 || 96 || 650 || 64 || (9600GT rebranded one from in a medion pc)
|-
| GT240 || 19.37 || 0.281 || 69 || 1340 || 96 ||
|-
| GT240 || 21.24 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4291.0 poclbm-mod] -f 0 -v [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73383#msg73383 source]
|-
| GT240 || 28.1 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || poclbm -f0 -v (Gainward GT240 1024DDR5 OC core@670/stockmem@1700/shader@1700 - stable; max.temp=73)
|-
| GT240M || 9.8 || 0.426 || 23 || 550 || 48 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256 
|-
| GT240 OC || 25.6 || 0.365 || 70 || 1765 || 96 || poclbm
|-
| GTS250 || 35.39 || 0.244 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 || 35.2 || 0.243 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 OC || 37 || 0.255 || 145 || 2047 || 128 || 37.2 with the following OC: Core: 775MHz, Shader: 1900MHz, Memory: 1200MHz
|-
| GTX260M || 22.5 ||  || || 500 || 112 || poclbm 4/28/2011 Asus G71GX runs ~90c without cooling pad 
|-
| GTX260 || 35.91 || 0.178 || 202 || 1242 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX260 || 44 || 0.242 || 182 || 1242 || 216 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| GTX260c216 || 40.40 || 0.236 || 171 || 1242 || 216 ||
|-
| GTX260c216 || 47.4 || 0.260 || 182 || 1348 || 216 || poclbm -w 256
|-
| GTX260c216 || 50.00 ||      ||    || 1050 || 216 || m0mchil GPU client, Windows 7 64-bit, x6 @ 3.5ghz
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 52.0 || || || 1461 || 216 || "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 58.9 || || || 756/400 || 216 || Core overclocked, Memory underclocked, Ubuntu 11.04 Classic Session(No Effects) "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 60.1 || || || 1706 || 216 || Core: 364 MHz, Shaders: 1706 MHz, Memory: 594 MHz, VDDC: 1.1800V. "poclbm-mod -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX275 || 50.75 || 0.232 || 219 || 1404 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX275 || 58 || || || 729/1458 || 240 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GTX280 || 46.84 || 0.198 || 236 || 1296 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX280 || 64.34 || 0.289 || 245 || 1296 || 240 || phoenix.exe -k poclbm AGGRESSION=6 WORKSIZE=128 (61*C with Accelero XTREME GTX280)
|-
| GTX285 || 64.8 || || || 1607 || 240 || GuiMiner - Not sure about wattage yet. Still testing. Card runs around 74 C
|-
|-
| GTX285 || 53.35 || 0.262 || 204 || 1476 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 89.78 || 0.311 || 289 || 1242 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 120.70 || 0.418 || 289 || 1242 || 480 || GUIMiner no oc.
|-
| GTX295 || 117.30 || 0.406 || 289 || 1476 || 490 ||
|-
| GT 320M (MacBook Air) || 6.12 ||  ||  || 1212 || 48 ||
|-
| 320M (Mac mini 2010) || 7.0 || 0.35 || 20 || 450 || 32 || poclbm no extra options, windows 7 x64
|-
| GT 325M || 7.5 ||  ||  || 990 || 48 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT 325M || 10.5 ||  ||  || 325/650(mem)/1300(shaders) || || rpcminer-cuda, 71 degrees
|-
| GT 325M || 7.99 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT330 || 21.65 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT 330M || 7.97 ||  ||  || ||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7
|-
| GT 330M || 10.8 ||  ||  ||650MHZ core||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: GUIMiner running in Bootcamp v2011-08-24 / Mac OS X 10.6.8.The GPU was OC'd to 650MHZ core clock,mem clock was the lowest it would go in MSI Afterburner.The Bootcamp OS was Windows 7 x64.MBP Mid 2010.
|-
| GT 330M (Sony Vaio Z) || 7.8 || 0.71 ( 0.3 total) || 11 (26w total) || 1045 || 48 ||
|-
| GT 330M (Samsung R480) || 9.1 || || || 575(GPU)/1265(shader) || ||VRAM 1024MB. pocblm -vectors --verbose. Windows 7 Ultimate x86
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV) || 17.0 || 1.214 || 14 || 1080 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV5) || 20.8 ||  ||  || 1350 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe, OC'd 550/850/1350 73C stable
|-
| GTS 360M || 25.0 || || || || || [toshiba qosmio laptop, ~150-165*F stock fans]
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 20.0 || || || || || everythins is stock, it cannot sustain. it reaches 90 degrees and freezes.
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 27.2 || || || Shader @ 1720, Memory @ 900 || || stock hardware (clean exhaust fan), Afterburner, 72 deg C Stable 
|-
| GT430 || 20.24 || 0.413 || 49 || 1400 || 96 ||
|- 
| GT440 || 20.4 || || || 1645 || 96 || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8; winxp x64 driver 275.33
|-
| GT530 || 17.9 || 0.358 || 50 || 1400 || || BitMinter v1.1.2
|-
| GT520M || 8.9 || || || || ||  rpcminer-cuda, got up 2 10.2MH/s OC'ed
|-
| GT525M || 14.6 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT540M || 16.0 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT550M || 17.08 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8
|-
| GT610M (ASUS K45V) || 9.371 || || || 738 MHz || || 2GB RAM.
|-
| GT650M (rMBP) || 17.8 || || || 900 || 16 || cgminer 2.5.0 on OSX 10.7.4
|-
| GT650M OC || 27.4 || || || || || GUIMiner  
|-
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTS450 (Sparkle One) || 40.0 || || || || || poclbcm git Oct 2012
|-  
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX460SE || 56.39 || 0.376 || 150 || 1300 || 288 ||
|-
| GTX460 || 66.32 ||  ||  || 814 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda 20110605, Graphics Clock @ 814MHz, Memory @ 1555MHz
|-
| GTX460 || 68.31 || 0.427 || 160 || 1350 || 336 ||
|-
| GTX460 768MB || 57.8 ||  || ? || 1350 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 768MB (MSI Cyclone 768D5/OC) || 75.1 ||  || ? || 930 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda on Win7 x64 with ForceWare 275.33. [http://event.msi.com/vga/afterburner/download.htm MSI Afterburner] set to core: 930MHz, shader: 1850MHz, core voltage: 1.087V, memory: 1600MHz. Runs at 58°C with fan at 75% (ambient 25°C).  
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 72.3 || ? || ? || 1672 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 89.5 || ? || ? || 1000 || 336 || guiminer GPU:1000mhz MEM:900
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga FPB ) || 71.4 || -- || -- || 870/1744/1800 || 336 || guiminer-cuda v2012-02-19 FW290.53 Win7x64
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga ) || 83.1 || 0.519 || 160 || 925/1850/900@0.960v || 336 || guiminer (phoenix1.75) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_INT -v WORKSIZE=256 ForceWare 301.42 Win7x64 Runs at 70°C with fan at 100%
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) || 102 || 0.319? || 320? || 1350 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) OC || 127 || 0.374 || 340 || 1620 || 2x 336 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=128 ver.20110227
|-
| GTX460 1GB OC (2x MsiHawksSLI) || 158 || 0.658 || 240w(used kill a watt) || core/shader/ram@vcore 930/1860/1150@1.087v (only vcore raised) || 2x 336 || rpcminer-cuda ver.20110227 -gpugrid=320 -gputhreads=320 -aggression=7 Watercooled stable @ 110°F/43° !!!USE ASUS GPU Tweak with GPU-Z (afterburner v2.2.3 wont OC with NVIDIA driver 306.97) I would need gpu bios mod to get more oc/volt. Setting faster ram did increase Mhash/s versus setting ram=core clock.
|-
| GTX465 || 64.41 || 0.322 || 200 || 1215 || 352 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 81.98 || 0.381 || 215 || 1215 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 94.7 || || || 1414 || ||
|-
| GTX470 || 103.7 || || || 1520 || || memory @ 418MHz, stable @ 72 deg fan @ 90%, puddinpop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhread=128 AGGRESSION=14 GIGABYTE brand card BIOS 70.00.21.00.03 
|-
| GTX470 || 111.9 || 0.520 || 215 || 1650 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 115 || || || 1616 || || phoenix 1.46 poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6
|-
| GTX470x2 || 121 ea. (130 burst ea.) || || || 1700 ||448|| PuddinPop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhreads=128 AGGRESSION=14 (memory 856 Max Temp. 71 deg. F on Water 1.085v+, Stable on Beast 2.0&gt;3 days, no i7 CPU OC, driver 280.26, bios 70.00.21.00.03)
|-
| GTX480 || 101.28 || 0.405 || 250 || 1401 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX480 || 140.43 ||  ||  || 1700 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=512 -gputhreads=480
|-
| GTX480 AMP!Zotac|| 140.1 ||  ||  || 1700|| 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=480 (vCore-1050,Core Clock-851, Shader Clock-1702, Memory Clock-2033, t-79°c, Water 43°c, stable temperature and work)
|-
| GTX550 Ti || 45.0 || ? || ? || ? || ? || EVGA 1GB, WinXP rpcminer, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 67.7 || 0.39  || 170 || 1700 || 384 || standard EVGA 560, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74 || 0.41  || 170 || 822 || 384 || MSI 560Ti HAWK; core 822 Mhz clock (no overclock); rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=4 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; temp - 71°C; Win 7 x64
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74.8 || 0.41  || 180 || 1700 || 384 || gigabyte 900Mhz clock; -w 512 -v
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 81 || 0.45  || 180 || 835 || 384 || Gainward GTX560TI Phantom, default clock, rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 85.1 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41, Intensity: 14
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 100 || 0.5 || 200 || 1000 || 384 || GFX - MSI 560Ti HAWK; rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=8 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; GPU temp - 68°C; OS - Windows 8 x64 .
|-
| GTX 560M || 39.3 || 0.38 || 75 W || 775|| 192 || [http://www.examiner.com/computers-in-denver/toshiba-qosmio-x775-q7380-review-review source1] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-560M.48313.0.html source2] Note: Uses the 295.51 Beta Drivers
|-
| GTX560 OC || 86.7 || &lt;0.51 || &gt;170 || 1800 || 384 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72816#msg72816 source]
|-
| GTX570 || 105.83 || 0.483 || 219 || 1464 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX570 || 140 || 0.639 || 219 || 750 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=10 -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=960; display driver stops working with aggression=11 under win7 x64 driver 270.61
|-
| GTX570 || 157 || 0.717 || 219 || 850 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=11 -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960
|-
| GTX570 || 165 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960; vcore 1.1v; Win7 x64 304.79 Beta; -aggression=11 adds strong lag with minimal increase in hashrate.
|-
| GTX570 || 160 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=104 -gputhreads=832; No desktop lag, very minimal loss in hashrate compared to much laggier settings
|-
| GTX580 || 156.6 || 0.642 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || cgminer 2.11.3 on Win 8-64 with I=6, driver nVidia 314.22
|-
| GTX580x2 || 2x 146 || 0.598 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=1024 
(aggression levels above the default of 6 not recommended; only a gain of ~3MH/s per card, and '''heavy''' lag, GUIMiner v2011-08-24, win7 64bit nVidia 290.36 beta driver)
|-
| GTX590 || 193.1 || --- || --- || 1215 || 2x 512 || poclbm -v -w 256, Win
|-
| GTX590 || 2x 121.48 || --- || --- || 750 || 2x 512 || 
|-
| GTX670 || 112.00 || 1.1 || 100 || 1275 || 1344 || EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB / GPU Clock offset +75Mhz with EVGA Precision X / GUIMiner -f 60 /  Windows 7 64-Bit. (09-13-2012)
|-
| GTX680 || 127.3 || || || 1280 || 1536 || Asus GTX 680 2GB DirectCU II: Windows 7 64 bit: Nvidia 310.90 driver: Offset of 186: Runs at a constant 52C
|-
| GTX680 || 110.00 || || || 1110 || 1536 || RPCMiner with OpenCL or others.  Might crash once mining stops.  No Flags and Stock Settings (GPU Boost @ 1110mhz Core) with EVGA GTX 680, latest version of GUIMiner (2012-2-19) and Windows 7 x64.
|-
| GTX680 || 120.00 || 1.2 || 100 || 1272 || 1536 || Ufasoft Galaxy 4GB (GPU Clock offset +70Mhz with EVGA Precision X) (2012-7-28) and Windows 7 64-Bit.
|-
| Quadro FX 580 || 5.7 || 0.14 || 40 || 1125 || 4 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win, -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=512
|-
| Quadro FX 770M || 5.75 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6, Win
|-
|Quadro FX 770M || 6.39 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6 w 64, Win 7x64
|-
|Quadro FX 880M || 9.6 ||  ||  || || || poclbm/guiminer
|-
| Quadro FX 1600M || 6 || 0.12 || 50 || 625 || 32 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win
|-
| Quadro FX 1800 || 13.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 256.44 Intensity: 4
|-
| Quadro FX 2000M || 23 || 0.397 || 58 || || || phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm, VECTORS, AGGRESION=6, Lenovo W520 platform
|-
| Quadro FX 2800M || 22 || 0.293 || 75 || 600 || 96 ||DiabloMiner, win
|-
| Quadro FX 3000M || 28.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41 Intensity: 3
|-
| Quadro FX 3600M || 36 || 0.514 || 70 || 500 || 96 ||
|-
| Quadro FX 3800 || 33.3 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm/guiminer -f0 -w128
|-
| Quadro NVS 135M || 1.05 || 0.1 || 10 || 800 || 1 || 
|-
| Quadro NVS 295 || 1.7 || 0.07 || 23 || 567 || 8 || phoenix
|-
| Quadro NVS 3100M || 3.6 || 0.257 || 14 || 600 || 16 || rpcminer-cuda, Win, CUDA 3.1.1
|-
| Quadro NVS 4200M || 10.0 ||     ||     ||  810  ||   ||  guiminer, Win7-64
|-
| Quadro 5000 || 67.7 || 0.445 || 152 || 513 || 352 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=7 gpugrid=352 gputhreads=704;
|-
| Tesla C1060 || 52.5 ||  ||  || 1296 || 240 ||  poclbm, Win7x64
|-
| Tesla K20 || 134.8   ||  ||  || 706  || 2496  ||  poclbm, Linux
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 79.8 ||  ||  || 1550 || 448 || DiabloMiner
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 94.5 ||  ||  || 1550 || || poclbm
|-
| Tesla S1070 || 155.2 || || 800 &lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 1440 (GT200b)&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 960&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 3.2, 4 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=3)
|-
| Tesla S2070 || 749.23 || || || 1150&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || 1792&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 4.0, 8 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=7) 
|-
| GTX280x2 || 102.7 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||
|-
|}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'&gt;The S1070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Tesla units (GT200). Technical data taken from [http://www.nvidia.de/object/tesla_s1070_de.html NVIDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'&gt;The S2070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Fermi units (C2070). Technical data taken from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Wikipedia] (Documentation from NVIDIA webpage is confusing)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==CPUs/APUs==

A lot of nice data can be pulled from [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.0 this thread] to seed this section. 

Might you wish to throttle CPU load a bit, so it doesn't reach 100°C, it can be done with Battle Encoder Shirase to a margin, like, -15% of available CPU cycles.

Often, the best combination to be is to throttle CPU miner to -5% '''AND''' set it to least of priority levels, so as not to choke GPU miner up.

===AMD===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! nprocs !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! TDP [W] !! CPU Clock !! Mhash/s CPU !! Mhash/s GPU !! GPU !! GPU Clock !! SP !! Software !! Notes
|-
| 4x Opteron 6174 || 48 || 115 || 0.36 || 320W || 2.2 GHz || 2.4
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer v0.8.1 || --alg 4way --threads 48
|-
| 2x Opteron 6172 || 24 || 55 || 0.24 || 230W || 2.1 GHz || 2.3
|colspan=4|
| cgminer v2.7.6 || --algo 4way -t 24
|-
| 2x Opteron 6128 || 16 || 32.4 || 0.141 || 230W || 2 GHz || 32.4
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19 || -4way
|-
| Athlon XP 2000+ || 2 || 0.62 || 0.009 || 70W || 1.67 GHz || 0.62
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.18/Ubuntu || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source] [http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=914&amp;page=4 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 3500+ || 1 || 1.18 || 0.013 || 89W || 2.54 GHz || 1.18
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.4 || overclocked (originally 2.2 GHz)
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+ || 2 || 1.73 || 0.03 || 65 W || 2.00 GHz || 1.73
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -algo=4way
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4000+ || 2 || 1.9 || 0.02 || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| rpc-miner ||
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4400+ ||   || 2.09 || 0.032 || 65W || 2.3GHz || 2.09
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19/Win x64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6000+ || 2 || 2.81 || 0.02 || 125W || 3 GHz || 2.81
|colspan=4|
| || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg22881#msg22881 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition || 2 || 2.9 || 0.023 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 2.9
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.20.2 BETA/Win 7 x64 || -4way
|-
| Athlon II X2 240e || 2 || 2.71 || 0.06 || 45W || 2.81 GHz || 2.71
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Athlon II X2 250 || 2 || 5.6 || 0.09 || 65W || 3.01GHz || 5.6
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.11 ||
|-
| Athlon II X4 630 || 4 || 10.7 || 0.11 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 10.7
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.4 || 
|-
| Opteron 8220 x16 || 16 || 25 || || || 2.8Ghz || 1.5 
|colspan=4| 
| ufasoft / OpenSuse 64bit || running default, but had to copy 32bit binaries over to get curl and ufasoft running. might be better when using native 32bit system w/o other users on the machine ||
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 3.8 || 0.04 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 3.8
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.1x/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom X4 9950 BE || 4 || 9.3 || 0.07 || 126W || 2.6 GHz || 2.32
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 7.2 || 0.08 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 7.2
|colspan=4|
| cpu-miner 0.2.1/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 5.0 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 9.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 10.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.10 ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 11.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| cgminer  1.5.3 || "cgminer 1.5.3 --algo 4way" on Ubuntu 11.10 alpha 2 (64 bit), built by GCC 4.6.1 with "-O3 -Wall -march=native" 
|-
| Phenom II X4 955 || 4 || 11 || 0.09 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 965 || 4 || 12 || 0.09 || 140W || 3.4 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 15.84 || 0.13 || 125W || 2.82 GHz || 15.84 
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 23.6 || || 95W || 3.50 GHz || 23.6 
|colspan=4|
| [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.2 || --algo=sha256d
|-
| Phenom II X6 1075T || 6 || 21.3 || || 125W||  ||
|colspan=4|
| minerd || Ubuntu 11.04 amd64 runlevel=1 -algo=4way -threads=6
|-
| Phenom II X6 1090T || 6 || 18|| || 141W|| 3.50 GHz || 3
|colspan=4|
| minerd || 
|-
| Phenom II X6 1100T || 6 || 22 || 0.176 || 125W || 3.82 GHz || 22
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner || Aciid#bitcoin-dev
|-
| Sempron 3000+ || 2 || 0.8 ||  || 62W || 1.6 GHz || 0.8
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Turion X2 RM-70 || 2 || 1.9 ||  || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 11 || 0.615 || 18W || 1.6 Ghz || 1.231 || 9.831 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 + Ufasoft 0.7 || stock speeds
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 12
|colspan=2|
| 1.648 Ghz || 1.252 || 10.87 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 || "autotune" speed with ASUS EFI BIOS
|-
| Ontario C-50 || 2 || 6.2 || 0.68 || 9W || 1.0 Ghz || 1.200 || 6.2 || HD6250M || 277 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 -f5 -r5 || 
|-
| A4-3400 || 2 || 23.2 || || || 75W || 2.4 Ghz || || 23.2 || 6350 || stock || || GUIminer || ||
|-
| A8-3850 || 4 || 60 ||   ||  100W || Stock ||   || 60 ||  HD6550D || Stock || 400 || poclbm.exe, Win7-32, 4GB RAM || All running at stock speeds, and set to auto in BIOS.
|
|-
| A8-3870K || 4 || 95 ||   || 100W (@stock)  || 3.3 Ghz ||   || 95 ||  HD6550D || 900MHz || 400 || phoenix.exe -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=4 WORKSIZE=128, Win7-64, 8GB RAM 1667MHz || M/B ASUS F1 A75-M Pro, CPU/GPU BIOS overclocked
|-
| A10-5800K || 4 || 105 ||  || 100W || 3.8 Ghz ||   || 105 || HD7660D || 800MHz || 384 || cgminer Intensity=7 || Linux 64bit (Ubuntu 12.10), AMD-APP-SDK-v2.7-RC-lnx64, stock speeds *not* overclocked
|}

===ARM===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ /€  !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| ARM926EJ-S || 1 || 0.187 || ? || ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer || Seagate Dockstar [http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv5/seagate-dockstar ArchLinux]
|-
| Marvel Feroceon (88FR131) || 1 || 0.195 || 0.224 ||&lt;0.01|| 0.87 W || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer  git (2011-06-15) || Marvell SheevaPlug, Debian, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1136EJ-S || 1 || 0.11 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.528 GHz || cpuminer git || T-Mobile Pulse, inside Debian chroot, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.119 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.412 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || iPhone 3G, 'sha256d' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.2 || ? || ? || 3.75W || 800 Mhz || cgminer 2.5.0 || RaspberryPi Model B, SoC BCM2835, Debian Squezee 19-04-2012, Overclocked Cpu 800mhz
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.36 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'cryptopp'
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.2 || 0.57 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.365 || ? || ? || ? || 0.6 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] || BeagleBoard: 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.435 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.44 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 (-mfpu=neon) || EfikaMX (iMX.51), CRUX ARMHF, cpuminer -a sha256d
|-
| AllWinner A10(A8) || 1 || 0.568 || ? ||  ? || &lt;2.5W || 1.0 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || -a sha256d #Native Lubuntu armhf build 
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 0.57||  1.14 ||&lt;0.01 || 0.5 W || 1.0 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-24) || Toshiba AC100, ubuntu, 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 1.3 || ? ||  ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon"
|}

===Intel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash / $&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt;/€&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'/&gt; !! ACP [W] !! Clock [GHz] !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Pentium III (Coppermine) || 2 || 0.39 || 0.008 |||| TDP 2× 26.1 W || 1 || Ufasoft 0.32 (compiled from source), Debian Squeeze || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessors#.22Coppermine.22_.28180_nm.29 source]
|-
| Pentium III mobile ? || 1 || 0.3 || 0.014 |||| 21 || 1.07 || 0.3.1x/Win2K || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source] [http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=27380 source]
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.4 || || ||  || 1.6 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.62 || || ||  || 1.6 || Ufasoft 0.20 || Windows XP Professional
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.71 || || ||  || 1.6 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux
|-
| Pentium M 1.73ghz || 1 || 0.5 || || ||  || 1.73 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Old Xeon 512k (Dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.0 || || ||  || 3.0 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || HT disabled, algo=4way (twice as fast as the 2nd best algo)
|-
| Pentium 4 2.0A || 1 || 0.85 || || || || 2.0 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft-0.4]/WinXP || -g no -t 2
|-
| Pentium 4 630 || 1/2 || 1.29 || || || || 3.0 || ufasoft 0.23 || Windows XP
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 1.75 || || || || 2.0 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.1 || || || || 2.0 || cpuminer || sse2_64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.5 || || || || 2.0 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E5400 || 2/2 || 2.27 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.7 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Celeron E330 || 2/2 || 2.2  || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.5 || 0.3.19/Ubuntu10.04 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
|-
| Celeron E3400 || 2/2 || 5.9 || - || - || - || 2.6 || Ufasoft v0.13 / GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || WinXP 32 bit, SSE2, Flags "-g no" 
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 4/4 || 11.0 || || 0.02/0.06 || 105 || 2.40 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q8200 || 4/4 || 10.9 ||    || 0.06/0.10 ||  || 2.33 || Ufasoft 0.14 || -g no -l yes -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9400 || 4/4 || 11 || 0.046 || 0.06/0.07 || 95 || 2.66 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9650 || 4/4 || 18.67 || || 0.05/0.06 || 95 || 4.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 530 || 2/4 || 8.31 || 0.10 || 0.06/0.10  || 80 || 3.66 || Ufasoft 0.7 || -v -a5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 M350 || 2/4 || 1.48 || 0.04 || || 35 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core i3-2100 || 2/4 || 8.28 || || || || 3.1 || ufasoft v0.20 ||   
|-
| Core i5 M450 || 2/4 || 1.8  || 0.05 || || 35 || 1.2  || 0.3.17/Win7-54 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source]
|- 
| Core i5-650  || 2/4 || 5.1 || 0.04 ? || 0.02/0.03 ||  || 3.2 || cpuminer-0.7 || -4way
|-
| Core i5-750  || 4/4 || 14 || || 0.06/0.10  ||  || 3.2 || bitcoin-miner 0.11 || -a 5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i5 ?  || 4/? || 6.5 || || ||  ||  || client from svn || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37621#msg37621 source]
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 4.5 || 0.05 || 0.02/0.03 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-01-22) || cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 14 || 0.15 || 0.07/0.09 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || sse2_64
|-
| Core i5-2400S || 4/4 || 16.6 || || || 65 || 2.5 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Linux Mint 13
|-
| Core i5 2500K || 4/4 || 20.6 || ||0.10/0.12 || || 4.2 || bitcoin-miner || -g no
|-
| Core i5 2600K || 4/8 || 17.3 || || || 75 || 3.4 || bitcoin-miner || -g no. 75W for the whole System without monitor (MSI Board). CPU underclocked to 3,4Ghz and undervolted to 1,012Vcore. Passive Cooling! 3.6ghz results in 18,4 Mhash/s
|-
| Core i7 2600K || 4/8 || 18.6 || || || 95 W max. || 3.4 || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner 0.20 || -g no -t 8  CPU @ 3.511Ghz 1.176V
|-
| Core i7 2600 || 4/8 || 23.9 || || ||  || 3.4 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Ubuntu Linux 11.10
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 1.888 || || || || 2.66 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 4GB
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.5 || || || || 3.33 || This is achieved by running RPC 4 way miner in VMware Fusion 4 (running win 7 in the VM) while in Mac OSX / Mac OS X 10.6.8 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 8GB.The CPU appears to turbo boost to 3.33GHz in this way from 2.67GHz when running it in this way.The MBP gets very hot and uses a lot of energy though so watch those temps.It'll throttle after a while unless you keep the air vents clear underneath (ie don't put int in your lap,etc).
|-
| Core i7 720QM   || 4/8 || 7.9 || ?|| || 45 || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] ||  stream processors overclocked from 1.6 GHz; Dell Precision M6500, Win7-64, 8GB DDR3
|-
| Core i7 820   || 4/8 || 13.8 || || || || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -t 8
|-
| Core i7 920   || 4/8 || 19.2 || 0.10 || || 195 || 4.0 (x21) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -a 5
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 5.88 || 0.039 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || bitcoin-0.3.20.2 Win7-64 ||
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 18.9 || 0.126 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 ||
|-
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 19.2 || 0.15 || || 130 || 4.4 (x33) || cpuminer/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 8.7 || ||  ||  || 3.9 (x27) || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 990x   || 6/12 || 33.3 || ||  ||  || 4.5 (x32) || ufasoft/Win2008 R2-64 || Ram - 12Gb, Rampage III BlackEdition, Water cooling
|- 
| Core i7 2635QM   || 4/8 || 2.93 || || || || 2.00 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 RAM: 4GB
|- 
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.3 || 0.18 || || 35 || 2.66 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 || 
|-
| Core i7 2600k   || 4/4 || 6.7 || || ||  || 4.00 || phoenix 0.48 ||
|-
| Core i7 3770k   || 4/8 || 5.2 || || || || 4.4 || Guiminer v2012-12-03 || Windows 7 x64 : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 5.0 to 5.2
|-
| Core i7 3930k   || 6/12 || 66.6 || || ||  || 4.625 (125 x 37) || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner v0.28 || Windows 7 x64, uses ~190watts : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 36.0 to 66.6
|-
| Core 2 Duo U7600 || 1 || 1.1 || || ||  || 1.2 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Core 2 Duo E5200 || 2/2 || 6.2 || 0.086 || || 72 || 2.76 || Ufasoft/Win7-64 || TDP is 65W + 7W overclock
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6550 || 1/2 || 2.45 || || ||  || 2.33 || cpuminer 0.7.1 (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6850 || 2/2 || 6.75 || 0.10 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft-0.3 ||
|- 
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 7.76 || 0.11 || || 70 || 3.33 || ufasoft-0.3 || uncertain of overclock; miner optimized for Intel Core
|-
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 2.52 || 0.04 || || 65 || 2.66 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8200 || 2/2 || 2.3 || 0.035 || || 65 || 2.66 || rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8400 || 2/2 || 6.9 || 0.106 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 7/64bit (-t 2)
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 1/2 || 3.6 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo P8700 || 2/2 || 5.9 || || || || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.21 || windows 7/64bit 
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5450 || 2/2 || 2.5 || 0.07 || || 35  || 1.63 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5500 || 2/2 || 4.3 ||  ||  ||  || 1.66 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux (amd64)
|-
| Core 2 Duo T6400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || 0.12 || || 35  || 2.00 || cpuminer git (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7250 || 2/2 || 4.5 || 0.13 || || 35  || 2.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7450 || 2/2 || 3.7 || 0.10 || || 35  || 2.13 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T9400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || || ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.13 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 2.37 || || || || 2.8 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 6.2 || || || || 2.8 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.2 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64 Overclocked from 2.8 GHz to 3.2 GHz
|-
| Xeon 2.8 || 2/2 || 0.8 || || || || 2.8 || cpuminer || cryptopp_asm32 
|-
| Xeon 3060 || 1/2 || 2.03 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2. || cpuminer 0.8.1 (Linux) || --algo=cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Xeon Prestonia 2.4 (dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.16 || 0.017 || || 130 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.4 || 
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 10.13 || 0.16 || || 120 || 2.6 || bitcoind || Roughly the same speed as the "c" algo in cpuminer
|-
| Xeon E3-1230 V2 (quad) || 4/8 || 19.7 || ? || ? || ? || 3.70 || cgminer 2.8.3 || -O2 -march=core-avx-i algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 22.76 || 0.09 || || 120 || 2.6 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -O2 -march=core2, algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5365 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 26.00 || ? || || ? || 3.0 || cpuminer git (2011-06-15) || algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5650 || 2x6/24 || 28.6 || ? || ? || ? || 2.67 || cpuminer 1.0.2 || --algo 4way
|-
| Xeon x5680 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 48 || ? || ? || ? || 3.33GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon x5690 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 52 || ? || ? || ? || 3.46GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon E5-2690 (dual) || 2x8/32 || 66 || ? || ? || 2x135W || 2.9GHz || Ufasoft 64-bit 0.31 || Windows Server 2008R2 x64
|-
| Xeon E5335 || 4/4 || 9.35 || 0.12 || || 80 || 2.00 || ufasoft v0.11 || Vista-32
|-
| Xeon E5410 || 4/4 || 9.8 || ? || || 80 || 2.33|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5440 || 4/8 || 7.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.66|| Kiv's poclbm-gui || FIXME: Either wrong model # or wrong threads/speed info
|-
| Xeon E5506 || 4/4 || 9.6 || ? || || 80 || 2.13|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5520 || 4/8 || 6.5 || 0.08 || || 80 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5530 || 4/8 || 7.14 || 0.09 || || 80 || 2.4 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5620 || 4/8 || 11.2 || ? || || 80 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.10 -t 4 || CentOS 5.5 x64 Hyper-Threading is off
|-
| Xeon E5630 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 8 || 0.1 || || 80 || 2.53 || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
| Xeon E6520 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 24.7 || ||  ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon E7220 || 2/2 || 6.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.93|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E7320 (dual) || 2x2 || 1.5 || || ||  || 2.8 || cgminer v1.2.8 || 2x2.8ghz dual core running Ubuntu 11.04 x86 (individual cores get 0.4 MH/s)
|-
| Xeon E7450 (quad) || 4x6/24 || 60 || ||  ||  || 2.40 || ufasoft v0.13 || -t 24
|-
| Xeon E7520 (dual) || 2x4/16 || 18 || ||  || 95 || 1.87 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon W3680 || 6/12 || 18 ||  || || 130 || 3.33 || cpuminer v1.0.2 --algo=4way || Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| Atom Z520 || 1/2 || 1.20 || || || 2 || 1.7 || ufasoft 1.18 || Asus Eee 1101HA with overclocking capabilities
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.375 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-cpu || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.245 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-4way || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.97 || || || 4 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N270 || 1/2 || 1.19 || 0.24 || || 5 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N450 || 1/2 || 1.60 || 0.31 || || 6.5 || 2.06 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N550 || 2/4 || 1.97 || || || || 1.5 || ufasoft v0.21 || Windows 7/64 bit
|-
| Atom 330 || 2/4 || 1.80 ||  || || 8 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.13  || -t 4
|-
| Atom D510 || 2/4 || 1.00 || || || || 1.6 || cpuminer w cryptopp_asm32 || debian linux 6.0, headless system, 2 GB RAM, running from usb-flash
|-
| Atom D510 || 4/4 || 2.3 || 0.07 || || 30  || 1.6 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04 Server
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'&gt;€ Prices from http://geizhals.at/eu on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.35 || 0.07 || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Total power usage of PS3 fat is 120W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| Cell || 7 || 26.6 || ? || ? || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Running with 7th spu enabled and both ppe cores.
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.7 || 0.07 || 35W || 3.2 GHz || cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (SLIM): Total power usage of PS3 slim is 70W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| MIPS || 1 || 0.026 || ? || ? || ? || 200 MHz || cpuminer || ASUS WL-500G Deluxe Router Running [http://openwrt.org/ OpenWrt]
|-
| VIA Eden || 1 || 1.3 || 0.17 || || 8W || 1600 MHz || cpuminer || VIA Eden w/ padlock
|-
| PowerPC 7447A || 1 || 0.53 || || || || 1420 MHz || cpuminer ||
|-
| PowerPC 7450 (G4e) || 1 || 1.29 || || || || 1670 MHz || cgminer 2.0.7 || PowerBook5,6; Mac OS X 10.5.8; Altivec
|-
| PowerPC 750 (G3) || 1 || 0.140 || || || || 600 MHz || cpuminer || iBook G3 600 w/ Cryptopp
|-
| IBM POWER4+ 2/way || 2/1 || 0.58 || || || || 1450 MHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 || CRUX PPC (64bit), cpuminer -a sha256d -t 1
|-
| IBM Power7 (PowerPC) || || 7.6 ||   ||   || || 3.5 Ghz || cgminer || IBM Power7 770, SuSE Linux 11.1, 4 cores, OpenCL, YASM, Altivec
|-
| Google App Engine || 1 || 0.144 || || || 0W || || pyminer || Modified version of [https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer pyminer] for GAE.
|-
| Open Shift || 1 || 0.059 || || || 0W || || pyminer || 
|}

&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

==See Also==
* [[TP's Bitcoin Calculator]]
* [[Mining rig]]
* [[ZTEX FPGA Boards for Bitcoin Mining]]
* [[Generation Calculator]]
* [[Power Calc]]
* [[OpenCL miner]]
* [http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=745 ATI Stream vs. NVIDIA CUDA - GPGPU computing battle royale] 
* [http://bitminer.info/ Bitminer.info] 
* [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison Bitcoin Mining Performance Compared]
** [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Mining-Update-Power-Usage-Costs-Across-United-States Bitcoin Mining Power Costs Compared]

[[Category:Mining]]</text>
      <sha1>fd30v4stw9tfvl5nndsekhrq5nrigh8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>135</id>
      <parentid>83</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T03:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updatare a paginii, adăugare de continut.</comment>
      <origin>135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="147682" sha1="tpsxluv3pv8i7jrpxjz25nk94bruz6n" xml:space="preserve">Mai jos găsiţi o statistică detaliată asupra performanţei de minat a diferitelor hardware-uri folosite într-un [[rig de minat]](mining rig).

'''Notes:''' 
* Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; may not be very energy efficient with some models)
* Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule (energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)
* W = watt (maximum power consumption, i.e. energy per unit of time: 1 W = 1 J/s)

== ASIC ==

'''Note that products which have not shipped, especially by new vendors, may be scams! Be sure to research any of these intensely before giving them any money.'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Product !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! Watts !! Price !! Shipping !! Comm ports
|-  
| Avalon ASIC #1
| 66,300&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 107 || 52.34 || 620&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,299&lt;ref name="avalon"&gt;[http://shop.avalon-asic.com/catalog/product/view/id/1 "Avalon ASIC"]. Avalon. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No|Discontinued}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #2
| 82,000&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || 117 || 54.70 || 700 || 1,499&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || {{No|Discontinued}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #3&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt;
|  ||  || || || || {{No}} ||
|-
| Axon Synapse Terra-1 &lt;ref name="Axon Terra-1"&gt;[http://www.axonlabs.net "Axon Synapse Terra-1"] Axon Synapse Terra-1&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,000,000 || 1350 || || || 9,999 || {{No|2014}} || Ethernet
|-
| [[BitForce]] SC 5Gh/s
| 5,000&lt;ref name="jap"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 5 GH/s SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved November 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 18.24 || 30 || 274&lt;ref name="jap" /&gt; || {{No|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 10 Gh/s
| 10,000 &lt;ref name="bf10"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/10-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 10 GH/s Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved December 24, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ?? || 27 || ?? || 374&lt;ref name="bf10" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 25 Gh/s
| 25,000 &lt;ref name="bf25"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/25-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 25 GH/s Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved December 14, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 20.00 || 150|| 1,249&lt;ref name="bf25" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Little Single
| 30,000&lt;ref name="ls" /&gt; || || 46.22 || || 649&lt;ref name="ls"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/pre-order-form-bitforce-little-single-sc/ "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Little' Single SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 50 Gh/s
| 50,000 &lt;ref name="bf50"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/50-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 50 GH/s Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved November 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 20.00 || 300|| 2,499&lt;ref name="bf50" /&gt; || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Single 'SC'
| 60,000&lt;ref name="sc"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-single "Pre Order Form – BitForce Single 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 250 || 46.18 || 240 || 1,299&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{No|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| 250 GH/s Rack Mount Bitcoin Miner
| 250,000&lt;ref name="bf250"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/250-gh-s-rack-mount-bitcoin-miner.html "250 GH/s Rack Mount Bitcoin Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved December 14, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ?? || 21 || ??|| $11,875&lt;ref name="bf250" /&gt; || {{No|Jan 2014}} || USB
|-
| BitForce 500 GH/s Mini Rig SC
| 500,000&lt;ref name="bf500"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/500-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 500 GH/s Mini Rig SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved November 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 185 || ?? || 2700 || 22,484 || {{No|Discontinued}} || 
|-
| [[BitFury]]'s
| 120,000 || 705 || 56 || 170 || 2,160&lt;ref&gt;Actual costs higher outside Russia&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No}} || 
|-
| [[Bitmine.ch]] Avalon Clone 85GH
| 85,000 || ??? || 13 || 650 || 6,489&lt;ref&gt;Depends on user configuration available from http://www.bitmine.ch&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No|2013 Aug}} || Ethernet, Wifi, USB
|-
| Black Arrow Prospero X-1
| 64,000 || 1777 || 267&lt;ref name="blackarrowx1"&gt;[http://www.blackarrowsoftware.com/store/prospero-x-1.html "Black Arrow Official Website - X1"]. Retrieved September 21, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 36 || 239&lt;ref name="blackarrowx1"/&gt; || {{No|2014 Feb}} || Ethernet
|-
| Black Arrow Prospero X-3
| 1,344,000 || 1792 || 336&lt;ref name="blackarrowx3"&gt;[http://www.blackarrowsoftware.com/store/prospero-x-3.html "Black Arrow Official Website - X3"]. Retrieved September 21, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 750 || 3999&lt;ref name="blackarrowx3"/&gt; || {{No|2014 Feb}} || Ethernet
|-
| Blue Fury
| 2,500 || 1000 || 17.8 || 2.5 || 140 || {{Yes}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Blade
| 10,752 || 129 || 28&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 83 || 350&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Cube
| 30,000 || 150 || 55 || 200 || 550&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Yes}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Emerald
| 336 || ??? || n/a || ??? || Promo || {{No}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Sapphire
| 333 || 130 || 17&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 2.55 || 20&lt;ref name="bcprice"&gt;Actual price is in bitcoins. USD value estimated.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{No|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| CoinTerra TerraMiner IV
| 2,000,000 ||  || 333.3 ||  || 5,999 || {{No|2014 Apr}} || 
|-
| [[HashBlaster]] "I" – 20nm
| 3,300,000&lt;ref name="HBB1"&gt;[https://www.hashblaster.com/ "HashBlaster - Bitcoin ASIC Mining Hardware"]. HashBlaster. Retrieved December 10, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1818 || 375|| 1815&lt;ref name="HBB1"/&gt; || 8,799&lt;ref name="HBB1"/&gt; || {{No|2014 Jan}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| [[HashFast]] Baby Jet – First Batch Backorder
| 400,000&lt;ref name="HFBJ1"&gt;[https://hashfast.com/shop/babyjet/ "Baby Jet"]. HashFast. Retrieved October 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1143 || 71|| 350&lt;ref name="HFBJ1"/&gt; || 5,600&lt;ref name="HFBJ1"/&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, USB
|-
| [[HashFast]] Baby Jet – Second Batch
| 400,000&lt;ref name="HFBJ2"&gt;[https://hashfast.com/shop/baby-jet-second-batch/ "Baby Jet Second Batch]. HashFast. Retrieved October 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1143 || 145|| 350&lt;ref name="HFBJ2"/&gt;  || 2,760&lt;ref name="HFBJ2"/&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, USB
|-
| [[HashFast]] Sierra - Second Batch
| 1,200,000&lt;ref name="HFSB2"&gt;[https://hashfast.com/shop/sierra-2/ "Second Batch Sierra"]. HashFast. Retrieved October 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1143 || 169|| 1050&lt;ref name="HFSB2"/&gt;  || 7,080&lt;ref name="HFSB2"/&gt; || {{No}} || Ethernet, USB
|-
| [[KnCMiner]] Mercury
| 100,000 || ??? || 50.04 || 250 || 1,995 || {{No|Discontinued}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnC Saturn &lt;ref name="KNCMiner"&gt;[https://www.kncminer.com/categories/miners "KNC Mining Hardware"] KNC Miner&lt;/ref&gt;
| 250,000 || 400|| 66 || 300&lt;ref name="nopsu"&gt;Power supply not included&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,995 || {{No|Discontinued}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnC Jupiter &lt;ref name="KNCMiner"/&gt;
| 500,000 || 400|| 80 || 600&lt;ref name="nopsu"/&gt; || 4,995 || {{No|Discontinued}} || Ethernet
|-
|  KnC Neptune &lt;ref name="KnC Neptune"&gt;[https://www.kncminer.com/categories/miners "KnC Neptunes 3TH first ever 20nm Chip"] KNC Miner&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,000,000 || 1429 || 231 || 2100 || 12,995 &lt;ref name="KnC Neptune"&gt;[https://www.kncminer.com/products/neptune "Neptune Online Store"] KnC Miner&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{No|2014}} || Ethernet
|-
| Monarch BPU 300 C &lt;ref name="Monarch300"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/300-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html/ "300 GH Bitcoin Mining Card"]. Butterfly Labs.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 300,000 || 1714 || 107 || 175 || 2,800 || {{No|2014}} || PCIe, USB
|-
| Monarch BPU 600 C &lt;ref name="Monarch600"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/600-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html/ "600 GH Bitcoin Mining Card"]. Butterfly Labs.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 600,000 || 1714 || 128 || 350 || 4,680 || {{No|2014}} || PCIe, USB
|-
| [[TerraHash]] Klondike 16 &lt;ref name="Klondike16"&gt;[https://terrahash.com/product/4-5-ghsec-module/ "4.5 GH/sec Modular Board (Klondike 16)"].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 4,500 || 140 || 18 || 32|| 250 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| TerraHash Klondike 64 &lt;ref name="Klondike64"&gt;[https://terrahash.com/product/18-ghsec-modular-board/ "18 GH/sec Modular board (Klondike 64)"].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 18,000 || 140 || 20 || 127 || 900 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| TerraHash DX Mini (full)
| 90,000 || 140 || 15 || 640 || 6,000 || {{No}} || USB
|-
| TerraHash DX Large (full)
| 180,000 || 140 || 17.14 || 1,280 || 10,500 || {{No}} || USB
|-	
| [[Xtreme Miners Leopard]] 2.5 Th	
| 2,500,000&lt;ref name="xmle"&gt;[http://www.xtrememiners.net/#!products/cngp "Xtreme Miners The Leopard 2.5 TH"] &lt;/ref&gt; || ? || 431.03 || 750 || 5,800&lt;ref name="xmle" /&gt; || {{No|Mar 2014}} || WiFi, Ethernet, USB	
|-	
| [[Xtreme Miners Tiger]] 5 Th
| 5,000,000&lt;ref name="xmt"&gt;[http://www.xtrememiners.net/#!products/cngp "Xtreme Miners The Tiger 5 TH"] &lt;/ref&gt; || ? || 500 || 1500 || 10,000&lt;ref name="xmt" /&gt; || {{No|Feb 2014}} || WiFi, Ethernet, USB 
|-
| [[Xtreme Miners Lion]] 7.5 Th	
| 7,500,000&lt;ref name="xml"&gt;[http://www.xtrememiners.net/#!products/cngp "Xtreme Miners The Lion 7.5 TH"] &lt;/ref&gt; || ? || 517.24 || 2250 || 14,500&lt;ref name="xml" /&gt; || {{No|Feb 2014}} || WiFi, Ethernet, USB	
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

== FPGA ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Product !! Hash rate&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/J] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s/$] !! Power&lt;br /&gt;[W] !! Price&lt;br /&gt;[$]
|-
! Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T Development Kit
| 100&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 19, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0 "Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.10 ||  || 995&lt;ref&gt;[http://avnetexpress.avnet.com/store/em/EMController?action=products&amp;catalogId=500201&amp;storeId=500201&amp;N=0&amp;langId=-1&amp;slnk=b&amp;term=AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G&amp;hrf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.avnet.com%2Fen-us%2Fdesign%2Fdrc%2FPages%2FXilinx-Spartan-6-FPGA-LX150T-Development-Kit.aspx&amp;intcmp=EMA-BUY-AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G "AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G Parts"]. Avnet Express. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Bitcoin Dominator X5000
| 100&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 14.7 || 0.22 || 6.8&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 440&lt;ref name="bd"&gt;NewMeat1 (August 18, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0 "Custom FPGA Board for Sale!"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! BitForce SHA256 Single
| 832&lt;ref name="single"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/ "BitForce SHA256 Single – Technical Specifications"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 10.4 || 1.38 || 80&lt;ref name="single" /&gt; || 599&lt;ref name="single" /&gt;
|-
! Butterflylabs Mini Rig
| 25,200&lt;ref name="mini"&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20120514032732/http://www.butterflylabs.com/products "Products"]. Butterfly Labs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20.16 || 1.64 || 1,250&lt;ref name="mini" /&gt; || 15,295&lt;ref name="mini2"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sha256-mini-rig/ "Order Form – BitForce SHA256 – Mini Rig"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Digilent Nexys 2 500K
| 5&lt;ref&gt;The Seven (June 3, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg164438#msg164438 "Re: Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner (Smaller Devices Now Supported!)"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.03 ||  || 149&lt;ref name="dig"&gt;[http://www.digilentinc.com/Products/Detail.cfm?Prod=NEXYS2 "Nexys™2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board"]. Digilent. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Icarus
| 380&lt;ref name="ica"&gt;Nzghang (November 9, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51371.0 "FPGA development board 'Icarus' – DisContinued/ important announcement"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 19.79 || 0.66 || 19.2&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt; || 569&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt;
|-
! KnCMiner Mars
| 6,000 || ??? || 2.15 || ??? || 2,795
|-
! Lancelot&lt;ref name="lan"&gt;Nzghang (May 6, 2012). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79835.0 "FPGA development board "Lancelot" - accept bitsteam developer's orders."]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 400&lt;ref name="lan1"&gt;Black Arrow (Jun 11, 2013). [https://www.cardreaderfactory.com/shop/lancelot.html "Lancelot - Heavy Duty Dual Spartan6 Bitcoin Mining Device"]. cardreaderfactory.com. Retrieved Jun 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ||  || 26 || 350&lt;ref name="lan1"&gt;Black Arrow (Jun 11, 2013). [https://www.cardreaderfactory.com/shop/lancelot.html "Lancelot - Heavy Duty Dual Spartan6 Bitcoin Mining Device"]. cardreaderfactory.com. Retrieved Jun 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ModMiner Quad 
| 800&lt;ref name="mmq"&gt;[http://www.btcfpga.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=50 "ModMiner Quad"]. BTCFPGA. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20 || 0.75 || 40&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt; || 1,069&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt;
|-
! Terasic DE2-115
| 80&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 4, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5379.msg105544#msg105544 "Re: FPGA mining"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.13 ||  || 595&lt;ref name="de2"&gt;[http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?No=502 "Altera DE2-115 Development and Education Board"]. Terasic. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! X6500 FPGA Miner 
| 400&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 23.25 || 0.72 || 17.2&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 550&lt;ref name="x65"&gt;[http://store.fpgamining.com/ "FPGA Mining Store"]. FPGA Mining. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15b
| 90&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.27 ||  || 325&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=62&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15x
| 215&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.52 ||  || 406&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=66&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15y
| 860&lt;ref name="miner"&gt;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&lt;/ref&gt; || || 0.65 || || 1,304&lt;ref name="1.15y"&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=74&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

==Graphics cards==
Practically no one GPU mines Bitcoin anymore as the hashrate of any GPU is so low compared to the network today that the amount of Bitcoin earned is uselessly small and the power consumed is greater than the worth of the coins. This information is preserved for historical interest but does not include most GPUs released after the time mining ASICs started shipping in volume.

===AMD (ATI)===
Stream SDK 2.5 seems to have resolved many of the problems with earlier versions.  Everyone's setups will be unique so this should only be a guide or starting point, not an absolute.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt; !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! SDK !! Slot !! Miner !! Notes 
|-
| 3410 || 0.89 || 0.074 || ? || 12(?) || 222 || 40 || 1.4 beta || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || A custom Brook+ miner || Using 16,384 length streams
|-
| 3XXX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported
|-
| 42XX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported (integrated/mobile GPU)
|-
| 4350 || 6.93 || 0.346 ||0.16 || 20 || 575 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4350 || 7.2 || || || || 600 || || 1.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer/Linux || default settings
|-
| 4350 || 8.14 || -|| 0.19 || - || 730 || 80 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 32. Model: Asus EAH4350 Silent. Memory at 400MHz. Runs at 60°C with ambient at 25°C.
|-
| 4350 || 10.7 || -|| - || - || 730 || - || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || CGMiner/Windows7 || -v -w 64 Voltage set at 0.900 core set at 800MHZ and memory set to 200MHZ
|-
| 4550 || 7.23 || 0.289 ||0.13 || 25 || 600 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4550 || 7.8 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer /phoenix || worksize=64 VECTORS 
|-
| 4570M || 8.02 || 0.297 || ? || 27 || 680 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW
|-
| 4570M || 9.6 || 0.300|| ? || 32 || 825(OC) || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW. OC core 680-&gt;825. U/C memory 800-&gt;500.
|-
| 4650 || 31.33 || 0.653||  0.44 || 48 || 650 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 36.14 || 0.613|| 0.34 || 59 || 750 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 40.11 || 0.679|| 0.38 || 59 || 800 || 320 || - || AGP x8 || poclbm/Ubuntu 10.10 w/ H == 0 mod || -w 32 -f 0, don't use vectors [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.msg85236#msg85236 source]
|-
| 4670 || 50 || - || 0.47 || 60 || 800 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || 2 miners set up i7 920 (130W), CPU: Ufasoft, GPU: OpenCL; the CPU is getting about 40 Mhash/s while the GPU goes from 10-20 Mhash/s
|-
| 4730 || 72.29 || 0.657|| ? || 110 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4770 || 72.29 || 0.904|| 0.72 || 80 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 55.42 || 0.583|| || 95 || 575 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 61.7 || - || || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 64.9 || - || - || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 66.12 || 0.503|| || 105 || 700 || 1005 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - ||
|-
| 4850 || 75.30 || 0.685 || || 110 || 625 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4850 || 84.3 || 0.766 ||  || 110 || 725 || 300 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || -w64 fan at 70% temp 73C, stock voltage -gui miner
|-
| 4850 || 87.4 || 0.79 || - || 110 || 785 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || Phoenix; -k poclbm
|-
| 4850 || 90.1 || 0.819 || || 110 || 800 || 500 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 30; Tried phoenix and phatk, got same max
|-
| 4850 || 101 || 0.918 || || 110 || 817 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 0, core 817mhz(default 625)@1.123v , mem downclock to 500mhz (default 993) [http://www.smpake.com/?p=6 source]
|-
| 4850x2 || 150.60 || 0.602 || || 250 || 625 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4860 || 67.47 || 0.519||  || 130 || 700 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 78 || 0.520||  || 150 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Vista 64bit || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source]
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 88 || ||  || 140 || std || 800 || 12.3.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / 64bit OS X pyopencl / poclbm || Standard Mac Pro 3,1 with Apple HD4870 upgrade. Flags: FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5 (don't use vectors, and hash rate drops to 60-70 if browser windows are visible, speeds up to 88 if you hide them!
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 90.36 || 0.602||  || 150 || 750 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 92.84 || 0.6189333(?)||  || 150(?) || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm AGGRESSION=5 (Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU OC 750-&gt;830MHz, VRAM UC 900-&gt;450MHz, BIOS modded)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 96 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / phoenix 1.50 / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -k phatk bfi_int=false FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 104 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / DiabloMiner / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.2 || ?||  || ? || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 200 MHz By MSI AfterBurner. Card: Gainward Golden Sample. @70%Fan we have 55 GPU temp.
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.6 || 0.872||  || 120 || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 256 -f 1, Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 190 MHz (saves 30 watts at outlet)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 112 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BAMT 0.5c / cgminer || Powercolor @ GPU 875 MHz/ MEM 300 Mhz/ 1,25VDC @ 100% FAN @ 65 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.6||   0.632|| || 286 || 800 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.72||    0.632|| || 286 || 750 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4870x2 || 203 || || ||  || 850(OC) || 1600 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod ver. 20 april 2011|| Gainward / Win7 x64 / -w 256 -f 1 / 850MHz GPU - 300MHz Mem - 1,262V - 100% fun : 72C
|-
| 4890 || 97.1 || 0.511|| || 190 || 870(OC) || 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-01-21 Solo settings || Sapphire fab. No flags options helped. Close all browsers and do full restart of GUIMiner and then Bitcoin via GUIMiner server starter or the browsers GPU accl. will limit to 56~ ish Mhash/s - I can now start browser without slowdowns
|-
| 4890 || 102.41 || 0.539|| || 190 || 850 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 108.3 || 0.57|| || 190 || 975 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 121.5 || -||  || 190 || 1025 (OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || no flags, Vcore 1.4 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 11.99||   0.631|| || 19 || 650 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 13.74|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linuxcoin v0.2 || -v -w128 tried several options, seems to work best.
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 14.12|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/Linuxcoin v0.2 || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64" Kernel: "phatk"
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 15.36|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_ING WORKSIZE=128" Kernel: "phatk" - MagicSata
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 18.10|| || - || - || 774 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 1 774.66MHz/300.37MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5470 || 17.10|| || - || - || - || - || - || - || poclbm || -v -w 128 MobileGPU
|-
| 5550 || 40.59 || 1.041||  || 39 || 550 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5550 || 62.10 || - || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || 700MHz core 800MHz ram, phatk mod, Flags: "-k phatk worksize=128 vectors aggression=4 bfi_int"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 59.96 || 1.538|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 62 || 1.59|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 64 || 1.641|| || 39 || 650 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 73 || 1.872|| || 39 || 700 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 86.3 || 2.397|| || 36 || 775 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 (no Aero) ||-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v  WORKSIZE=256 Fan 100% 86C Undervolted @ 0.96v using Sapphire Trixx
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 94 || stock || || || 880 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUI Miner 02-12/Windows 7 x86 || -v -w128 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 102 || 1.46(+)|| || 75(-) || 950 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Windows 7 x86 (no Aero) || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 (Reference Sapphire card, 2 additional 120mm coolers, temperature is 79-82C)
|-
| 5650 || 48 || 1.37|| || 35(?) || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/ATI-Mobility-Radeon-HD-5650.23697.0.html source] -- not TDP but load
|-
| 5650 || 61.2 || || || 35 || || || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=9
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 71.49 || 1.117|| || 64 || 775 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 72 || 1.64|| || 44 || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod (Win7-64) || Sapphire 100287VGAL card is low power
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 85|| || - || - || 900 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 91|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 poclbm catalyst 11.2 win7 x86 || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 100|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 1.5.6 || GPU/Mem 890/800 temp 72C
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 103 || -|| || - || 900/275 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 11.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / small fan, under 50 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 127.8|| || - || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Windows 7 (64bit) Phoenix 2.0 || Aggression=11 Worksize=128 Fastloop=False Opencl
|-
| 5750 || 105 || - || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || poclbm || Apple iMac 27inch (Mid 2010), Mac OSX 10.7 Lion 
|-
| 5750 || 116.24 || 1.352|| || 86 || 700 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5750 || 137 || ||- || - || 710 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 using stock memory and GPU clocks
|-
| 5750 || 146.4 || || - || - || 775 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || -v -w128, AMD Catalyst overclock (775MHz GPU / 1225 MHz Memory)
|-
| 5750 || 154.56 || 1.45|| || 106 || 830 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || -v -w128 -f20 underclocked memory clocks from 1150MHz to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 170 || - || || - || 870 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 patched BIOS to underclock memory to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 173 || - || ||- || 875 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || phoenix || 875/300 w/MSI Afterburner, BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE -k phatk
|-
| 5750 || 177 || - || ||- || 910/575 || 720 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.5.6 || PowerColor GoGreen+fan, MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE WORKSIZE=64
|-
| 5750 || 190 || - || ||- || 930/290 || - || atistream sdk || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || 930gpu / 290mem (O.S. Ubuntu 10.10 x64, overclock gpu &amp; underclock mem) with poclbm options -v -f 0 -w 256
|-
| 5750 Vapor-X || 195 || - || - || 125 || 975/300 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || (O.S. Ubuntu 12.01 AMD64 dedicated) cgminer options -Q 0 -I 9 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 65 --gpu-vddc 1.075 (Fan speed 60~65%)
|-
| 5750x2 CF || 356 || - || ||- || 870 || 720x2 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=28402.0 cgminer v1.5.1] (Win7 64bit) || 870MHz GPU / -I 8 / 2x [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3402#sp GIGABYTE GV-R575SL-1GI] cards + [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3258#sp GIGABYTE GA-790FXTA-UD5] MB + 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=9&amp;lng=en 80mm], 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=16&amp;lng=en 90mm] Noctua coolers
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 156.83 || 1.452|| || 108 || 850 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 171.12 || - || - || - || - || stock || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.3/debian gnu/linux 6 squeeze || -k phatk2 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 180 || 1.406(*)|| || 128(*) || 950(OC) || 800 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here])
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 Hawk || 182 || ||- || - || 875 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || -v -w 128 (875MHz is stock for 5770 Hawk)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 185 || - || ||- || 850 || 1200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 205.58 || - || ||- || 935 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.5 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || mem underclocked 300 mhz, 1.1vcore, 950mhz core, @69°C/57%FAN VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.7 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / win7x86 || mem underclocked 309 mhz, -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 216.5 || -|| || - || 955 || || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 /phatk || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 218.35 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1401 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 128 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1Ghz core with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 223 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 227 || -|| || - || 1030 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 256 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1030 core/300 mem with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 233 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 236 || -|| || - || 1033/275 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / big fans, under 75 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 240.61 || 2.3632(-)|| || 100(+) || 1080 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC'd and OV'd 1080/300 1.25v)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 241 || - || - || 100(+) || 1045 || 250 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC 1020/300) XFX@1.1 volts. +Kernel function improve 5%
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 244 || -|| || - || 1050 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 /phatk2 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=9, Temp 75C, FAN 100% (manual)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770x2 || 425 || - || - || 225(+) || 960 || 800x2 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w128 (OC 960/1200)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830M || 120 || -|| || - || 570|| 120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Win7 x64|| -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 244 || 1.36|| || 179 || 800 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 245 || 1.28|| || 192 || 880 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 248 || 1.29|| || 192 || 880 || 500 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.46 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 256 || -|| || - || 900 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 267 || -|| || - || 875 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 272 || 1.52|| || 179 || 875 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / LinuxCoin || 275Mhz Memory clock, 1.125 V (from 1.163), VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 275 || 1.5714|| || 175 || 900 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w64 -f10, XFX stock w/ v2.4 SDK = 230Mh/s, v2.1 SDK = +10Mh/s, overclocking core clock by 100 = +30Mh/s, underclocking memory to 500 (ran cooler), and changing workload to -w64 = +5Mh/s.
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 285 || - ||1.58 || - || 960 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 930 || - || 2.2 || PCI-E x16/x4/x1 || GUIMiner / phoenix  1.5 / POCLBM / Win 7 64 || POCLBM VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false / Memory 300Mhz, VCore standard
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 295 || -|| || - || 980 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win XP 32 || Extra flags -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 297 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 44% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 960|| 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win 7 64 || Extra flags -v -w 256 (Sapphire Extreme 71 degrees @ 52% fan)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / pheonix 1.48 / Win7 64 || (sapphire xtreme) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 305 || -|| || - || 984 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / phatk / Win7 32 || 400Mhz Memory clock, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || -|| || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || 2.25 || 2.55 || 125 || 965 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.0.5 / Win7 64 || Mem @ 300/Stock voltage/Entire system 200W
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / poclbm / Xubuntu 11.04 x64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 black || 310 || ||- || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || LinuxCoin 0.2b, phoenix/phatk || (XFX Brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 311 || -|| || - || 1000 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 315 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.1 / phatk2 / CrunchBang Linux || memory @ 300mhz VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 316 || ||- || - || 1015 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 319 || -|| 1.77 || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Xp 64 || 1.2v 355Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 321 || -||  || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Linux || 1000Mhz GPU, 350Mhz RAM, 1.15V, 90% fan, ~60c Temp, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; phatk kernel found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 323 || || ||  || 900 (OC) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.5 Win7x64 || (500Mhz RAM), ~61c Temp, 57% fan, BFI_INT  FASTLOOP=false VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 (127$) || 325 || 1.98 || 2.57Mh/$ || 165W || 1040MHz || 200MHz || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Guiminer/phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] w7 64bit  || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS2 WORKSIZE=128 stock volt, watercooled 53C
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 328 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix / phatk || 1.195 V, RAM @ 325 Mhz, fan @90%, no case, extra 10K RPM fan (62 deg.C in full-load); options: -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; brand: Sapphire Xtreme; bord is stable up to 1060 Mhz ~ 335 MHash, but produces some visual artefacts;
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 331 || - || 4.14 || - || 1010 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || WinXP 32 / Phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 || Stock Voltage, RAM 300, 64C, Fan 67%, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false (+6Mh w/ Phoenix 1.7.5 over 1.6.2)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 333 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix-1.50 / phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] || + ~5 Mhash increase using the modified phatk from the user above. I am the same guy with 330 @ 1040 MHz Sapphire Xtreme, all other settings the same, board stable, no increase in rejected
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1040 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 208Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk 2.0 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT  -- (upped from 330 achieved with diapolo mod [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]), now using phatk 2.0 found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7964.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 342 || - || - || - || 1045 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk 2.2 / WinSvr 2008 R2 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS VECTORS4 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 BFI_INT -k phatk-2.2
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 CF || 480 || -|| || - || 800 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit |Guiminer || -v -f70 -w128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 570 || -|| || - || 950 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit poclbm || poclbm -v -w256 -f10 MEMORYCLOCK 300MHZ GPUCLOCK 950MHZ FAN 52% 72°C 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 608 || -|| || - || 990 || - || - || 2x PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 2.0/ phatk2 / Win7 32bit || Stock voltage, 300Mhz Memory, VECTORS GOFFSET AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FAN 51% 69°C (Open ATX case) 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x6 || 1967 || 1.62 || 1.97 || - || 1020/340 || 1120x6 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.7.5/phatk2/BAMT Linux || 100% fan @65C / 1.162V / CCC 11.6 / BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 240.77 || 1.595|| 1.49 || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 250.26 || 1.657|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || opencl client || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 252 || 1.575|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 255.3 || 1.593|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 264 || 1.748|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || guiminer-20110501 || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || 1.75|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || with BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || - || ||- || 725 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 / Fedora 14 || -v -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=true
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 282.75 ||style="background:#EFEFFF;"| 3.06|| - || 92.25|| 666 (UC) || 1440|| 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/WinXP || undervolted to 0.95V; phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; driver 10.12; [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9982.0 clocktweak] for setting values; [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40056 thread]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 292 || 1.825|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 298 || 1.8620|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 -w 64 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 300 || 1.5460|| || 194 || 925(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 304 || - || || - || 725 (stock) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer.exe -v 2 -I 8 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 275 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 314 || 1.8362|| || 171 || 820(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 328 || - || || - || 875 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || 70C @42% fan, mem @ 500mhz; -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 330 || - || ||- || 850 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || EAH5850, miner arguments: -k poclbm DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 331 || - || ||- || 725 (Stock) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits||  Sapphire 5850 Xtreme, Arguments: -v 2 -w 192 (by Swapper 2011-07-05)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 335 || 1.8611|| || 180 || 890(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128, Memory downclocked to 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 344 || 1.8594|| || 185 || 890(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 347 || -|| || - || 876 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 50% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 354 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || diablo -v 2 -w 128 || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=9239.0 Headless], catalyst 11.5, memory downclocked to 300mhz, stock voltage. flashed with atiflash [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9AxNmOy6_0 video]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit, Memory downclocked to 200MHz, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 60% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 356 || -|| || - || 870 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 359 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 365 || -|| || - || 920 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 367.5 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || diablo with bitless's hack, -v 2 -w 128 || RHEL 5U5 x86_64, catalyst 11.5, Sapphire HD 5850 Xtreme, Memory downclocked to 300MHz, core voltage 1.145V, BIOS modded with RBE
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 369.4 || -|| || - || 930 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix / phatk / Win7 32 || Catalyst 11.5, XFX HD5850, Memory downclocked to 322MHz, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 372 || 1.68 || - || 220 @ Wall || 900 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || cgminer 2.3.1 from source / Ubuntu 11.11 x86_64 || -I 8 -v 2 -w 256 --- hex-core opteron cpu w/ 12GB RAM and cgminer CPU bug in linux makes power usage a little high ~210w in windows 7 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 375 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 10.04 || 300Mhz memory clock  VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 381 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || phoenix / phatk / Win7 x64 / Catalyst 11.6 || MSI Afterburner 500MHz memory clock,-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 382 || 1.8454|| || 207 || 995(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix || OC 1.177v on core
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || - || - || 180 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.2 || ASUS DirectCU @ GPU 960 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.2 @ 70% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2,1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenix 1.5 / phatk / Win7 64 || Mem @ 280, fan @ 100%, Temp @ 71, 1.163 V core, -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, The name is Mautobu
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 392 || -||2.43 || - || 990 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-svn (AUR) / phatk / Arch Linux || Memory: 180MHz, -v -q 1 -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 397 || -|| || - || 950 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64, catalyst 11.6 || Mem speed 350Mhz, Fan 85%, 70C, 1.083 Vcore, -k phatk  VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 400 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 x64 || Memory 600MHz, Vcore 1.225, 73C, -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 404 || -|| || - || 965 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenixsvn / phatk2 / Ubuntu 11.04 / catalyst 11.8 || 5870 bios flash, Mem @322, fan@55%, Temp@83oC, 1.163Vcore, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 408 || -|| - || - || 999/275 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || Fan 70%, temp &lt; 60 deg C, Sapphire 5 heatpipe card, same flags as above/below (edit1- oops, no voltage tweaks... edit2- wow, phatk-mod makes a difference... catfish)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 412 || -|| || - || 1010 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.5 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 414.8 || -|| || - || 1018 || 450 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || GUIMiner / Win7 64 11.7 || I use Sapphire HD5850 Toxic 2GB and for OC TRIXX Sapphire Tweak Utility v4.0.2. 72 deg C, fan 100%, core 1018mhz, mem 450Mhz, stock voltage (1.163). proof: http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/2367/414upload.png GUIMiner parameters: -v -w256 -f1  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 420 || -|| || - || 1055 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.6 || Fan 80%, 66C, 1.250 Vcore, -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 And proof: http://i.imgur.com/s9hqs.png
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 431 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 4x&gt;16x || phoenix-svn / phatk kernel / Debian Wheezy AMD64 + fglrx 11.6 || fan 100%, vcore 1.1750 V, 72C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=15 FASTLOOP=false -k phatk, proof: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/199/431u.png/
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 432.15 || -|| || - || 1040 || 500 || 2.5.793.1 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 kernel / Win7 x64 SP1 || fan 100%, vcore 1.212 V, 69C, VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=64 -k phatk2, proof: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18704286/mining%205850.png/ ... Card is REF HIS 5850 ... i mining at this speed for stable but... max unstable (if i play video/flashvideo it will crash) is 436.48Mhash/sec with core 1051 mem 500 vcore 1.237 (same other settings) it's too hot in VRM that not sound good to me... i don't want to kill it for my fun mining ... - Nito Niwatori 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 620 || - || || - || 800 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer ( cl miner )  v2012-02-19 Win7 x64 || MSI OC-Edition, -v -w 128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 702 || - || - || - || 905 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 (x2) || phoenix 2.0.0 / Win 7 x32 || ASUS DirectCU: 304Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, Voltage Tweak, AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/9u6f2jz3sz1poxb/5850.jpg)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 720 || -|| || - || 875 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x3 || 1,010 || -|| || - || 850 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 (x3) || GUIMiner || -v -w128 | MSI Afterburner settings: 850MHz core clock and 500MHz memory clock 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x4 || 1360 || 1.94|| || 700@wall || 900 ||  ||  ||  || poclbm|| 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x6 || 2,135 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 (6 total, 4 full length, 2 @ PCIE1x with risers || GUIMiner 24/8/2011 - poclbm || -v -f1 -w128 | Win 7 64Bit, Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 motherboard, 4gb ram, AM3 cpu, Kingston SSD, Catalyst 11.8 drivers, guiminer switches: -v -f1 -w128, MSI Afterburner settings: 900MHz core clock and 1000MHz memory clock, cable risers required to fit all 6 cards, fans 100% Proof: http://i.imgur.com/6s7zv.jpg 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 152.5 || -|| || - || 750(OC) || 1000 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || gui-miner (win-7) ||
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 189.2 || -|| || - || 850(OC) || 1000 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Wins 7 64/gui-miner (win-7) ||  -v -w128 -f0 Graphics Overdrive setting 700-&gt;850 core clock &amp; 900-&gt;1030memory clock . +35mhs over stock settings
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313 || 1.665|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313.65 || 1.668||1.65 || 188 || 850 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 340 || 1.809|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 343 || 1.824|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 355 || 1.888|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 360 || 1.6822|| || 214 || 970 || 700 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL w7-64 || -f 0 -v -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=6144.msg91959#msg91959 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 379 || 2.015|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 397 || -|| || - || 930 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 400 || 1.9047|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Phoenix 1.3 || -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 FASTLOOP BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 408 || 1.8888|| || 216 || 980 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Win7x64 || -f 20 -v -w 128, BIT_ALIGN, BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 414 || 1.9255|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/w7x64 || -k poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 VECTORS BITALIGN BFI_INT -- Memory Clock 300
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 420 || 2.0000|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421 || 1.9581|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.47 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421.5 || 2.007|| || 201 || 950 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2 (GPU OC to 900, memory downclocked to 900)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 430 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 432 || || || || 985 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.73/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 Memory Clock=900Mhz Asus 76C Fan=60% 65F ambient
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 435 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || LinuxCoin v0.2b phoenix/phatk || (Powercolor brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 437 || || 1.90|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk || Card is clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 438 || 1.9819|| || 221 || 1000(OC) || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Linux || -v -w 64 -f 1
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 440 || 2.0000|| || 220 || 995 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 445 || 2.28||2.34 || 195 || 1005 || 335 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Ubuntu 11.04 phoenix/phatk || (Asus brand, volts = 1'072) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false -a 7 (-a 10)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 453 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 catalyst 11.6 phatk 2.2 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOPS=false -- Memory Clock 350Mhz Vcore 1.163v
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 458 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Windows 7 64 || -v -w 256 -f 1 Crossfired, Water cooled, 916 Mhash/s total. Best dual gpu setup me thinks? The name is Mautobu.
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1020 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 -k phatk -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 461 || || || || 1000 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, Memory Clock=213, stock voltage
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 481 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1x || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=20 [MSI HD 5870 Ref Design vs Zalman VF3000A 1200mv Mem 600MHz]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (CF) || 864 || -|| || - || 900 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=7 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 (Same flags per GPU)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 620 || -|| || - || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 0.751|| || 1100 || 950 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 1.18|| || 700 || 935 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 w/ Phatk || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false, memory @ 319 MHz, Windows 7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 878 || 0.585|| || 1500 || 1000 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x4 || 1784 || || 1.29|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk + [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0 Version 2.2 Improvement] || Cards are clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x6 || 2568 || -|| || 1200 || 970 || -|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit  || -v -w128, voltage default, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 80-90% (+ 4x12cm fun 1900rpm), Temp 6x 70-75C. Whole computer comsumpts 1280Watt. Using PCI-E risers 16x-16x to use 6 GPU cards
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 530 || 1.803||0.53 ? || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.4.595.10 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/201103.beta3/Windows || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 535.06 || 1.820|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 560 || 1.905|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 565 || 1.922|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine2 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 604 || 2.054|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 645 || 1.875|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || -f1, Debian 6, fglrx-driver 10.9.3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 739 || || || || 795 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || -I 9 -k phatk -w 256 -v 2, memory clock @ 265MHz, Debian Squeeze, fglrx-driver 12.1.1, performance scales linearly with engine clock as long as memory clock is 1/3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 740 || 2.1511|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix/1.3 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 755 || 2.2076|| || 342 || 848 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 28-04-11 || -f 1 -w 256 -v, Ubuntu 10.10, fglrx 11.4, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 802 || 2.31|| || 347 || 850 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix poclbm Ubuntu 11.04 || -q 6 -k AGGRESSION=19 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, fglrx 11.4, mem clock @ 1000MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 820 || ??? || || ??? || 910 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS -k phatk, 11.5, Mem @ 300MHz, 1.110v, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 822.2 || -|| || - || 950 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix win7 || -k phatk -q 6 AGGRESSION=20 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, but with this increasing difficulty mining becomes pretty pointless
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 833 || -|| || - || 930 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5, win7 x64, catalyst 11.7 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS fastloops=false. memory@300mhz, 1.125v, fan 100%, 73C core temp, 95c voltage controllers. it will clock higher but not stable without a voltage increase and i fear for the VRMs
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 863.4 || -|| || - || 955 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo - Debian || -v 2 -w 256 (XFX Radeon HD 5970 Black Edition)
|-
| 6310M || 9.821 || 0.545|| || 18 || 500 || 80 || 2.4 || Integrated/APU || poclbm-gui -v -w128 || HP DM1z 18W TDP is shared with the CPU
|-
| 6450 || 27.0 || 1.5 || - || 18 || 625 || 160 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire HD6450 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| 6450 || 32.6 || 1.918 || - || 17 || 725 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/Phoenix1.75 Windows 7 x64 (no Aero)|| -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Dell OEM HD6450 1gb ddr3 passive cooling/no fan 81C
|-
| 6450 || 37.8 || ? || - || 17 || 850 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Sapphire HD6450 1GB DDR3 passive cooling/no fan 150MHz memory/1000mV VCore
|-
| 6470M || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || guiminer || 
|-
| 6470M || 31.0 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.48 || 
|-
| 6480G || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.75 || 
|-
| 6490M || 15.21 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 VRAM: 256MB
|-
| 6490M || 16.289 || 0.708|| || 23 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm-mod (Mac OS X 10.6.7) || MacBook Pro early 2011
|-
| 6490M || 17.18 || - || ||- || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoneix 1.50 with poclbm, Mac OS X 10.6.7 || MacBook Pro 2,8 VRAM: 256MB. phoenix -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP
|-
| 6490M || 32.1 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || guiminer 2011-07-01 with poclbm (Win7-x64) ||MacBookPro8,2 (WinX64) -v -w128 -f0
|-
| style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6520G || 33.8 || - || || - || 400 || 320 || - || Integrated/APU || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 on Toshiba L775D-S7222
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6530D || 40.5 || - || || - || 444 || 320 || 2.4 || FM-1 || cgminer 2.4.1  || Integrated/APU A6-3500; Linux; Catalyst 11.11; APP-SDK-v2.4 (595.10)
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D(A8 Onboard) || 66.2 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D || 67.6 || -|| || - || 600 || 400 || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f2
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 68.0 || 1.133|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || no extra option for miner . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 82.1 || 1.368|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || -v -w128 . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 86.0 || 1.95 || - || 44 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire Ultimate HD6570 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 112.0 || - || || - || 860 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f1 . Sapphire 6570 Low Profile gddr3 1024mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 114.0 || - || || - || 866 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -f 0 -w128 -a 3 . XFX 6570 Full Profile gddr3 1024mb 64 bit
|-
|  6630M || 48.80 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-06-18 / Mac OS X 10.7 || Mac Mini 2011 MC816D/A
|-
|  6630M || 63.00 || -|| || - || 600 || 480 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner Windows || Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E320 (card overclocked using Sapphire TRIXX)
|-
|  6670 || 102.20 || -|| || - || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Debian sid || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|  6670 || 104.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 820 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -a4 -f15 -d0 -w64
|-
|  6670 || 110.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -f 0 -w 128 -q 6
|-
|  6670 || 111.77 || 1.69 || - || 66 || 910 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.5 || -k phatk2 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=5 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6670 || 120.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || kernel: diablo i:10 core: 900 mem: 750
|-
|  6670 || 124.0 || - || - || 66 || 940 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=128 Sapphire HD6670 Ultimate 1GB DDR5 passive cooling/no fan 300MHz memory/1100mV VCore
|-
|  6750 || 142 || -|| || 150 || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, Gigabyte SL (passive cooler), watts is TDP, card runs very hot (&gt;90°C)
|-
|  6750 || 167.59 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6750 || 172.00 || -|| || - || 860 || 600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) MSI Afterburner 2.2.3 || -v -w128 f-20 Sapphire 6570 GDDR3 1024Mb CCC ver. 11.12 OCL 2.5
|-
|  6750M || 41.48 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || diablominer ||
|-
|  6750M || 60 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || diablominer OSX 10.7 WorkSize=128||
|-
|  6770 || 180 || -|| || - || 850 || 1200 || - || - || guiminer || -v -w128 , this was an XFX (OEM) model, GPU @ 850 MHz, mem @ 1200 MHz; I pushed it up to 190 Mhash/s briefly by overclocking, but it crashed the system above that
|-
|  6770 || 202 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x1,x4,x8,x16 || phoenix 1.48 || Sapphire 6770 (standard) -q2 -k poclbm DEVICE=0 AGGRESSION=10 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP (The PCI-E speed does not affect the mining speed)
|-
|  6770 || 217 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E x16 || Guiminer with phoenix || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 with https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 modification
|-
|  6770 || 221 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || MSI 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770 || 235 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770x2 || 470 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6790 || 220 || 1.467|| || 150 || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS OC'd to 1ghz, underclocked mem to 300, voltage at 1175
|-
|  6790 || 219 || 1.467|| || 150 || 960 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f0 -w128 / GPU OC to 960MHz under Windows7 64bit
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 171.59 || 1.351||1.07 || 127 || 775 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 196 || -|| || - || 850 || 960 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 0
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 220 || 1.236(*)|| || 178(*) || 1000(OC) || 960 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] )
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 234.8 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 236.0 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, Core @ 900MHz, Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 244.2 || ||- || - || 960 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm june-2011 || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 245.1 || ||- || 200 || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer (Phoenix) || Sapphire 6850 (Memory @1000MHz); Win7 64bit; flags: -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 250 || 1.612(*) ||- || 155(*) || 940 (OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || AOCLBF 1.74 (Phoenix 1.5**) @Win7/x64 || XFX 6850 (Memory @840MHz; Vdcc @1.148V; Fan @74%; Temp @70C; System  @39C); flags: -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] / **: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 Tainted Kernel])
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 256.2 || || - || 170 || 980 || 960 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5 / Win7 32bit || -k phatk -VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9, Sapphire VaporX 1GB, mem@250MHz, stock VDDC 1.150V 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 262.5 || || - || - || 965 || 525 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 (HIS 6850 flashed to HIS 6870 BIOS)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 267.2 || ||1.67 || - || 1010(OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.50 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 301.4 || ||1.67 || - ||  ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 2 -w 128 clock @ 985 mem @ 890
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 232.47 || 1.540||1.22 || 151 || 900 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 245|| -|| || - || 900|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.45 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=10
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 264.5 || - || - || - || 980 || 1050 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Stays around 66*C if I keep the side panel off and the room well ventilated. Card is PowerColor branded. Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 with Classic theme. Fan is at 100%. -v -w128 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 271 || 1.807|| || 150 || 940 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || Debian 6.0.1 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 277.47 || -|| || - || 940 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 279 || 1.847(?)|| || 151(?) || 900 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha cat 11.4 sdk 2.4 || -G2 -D stock clocks, debian linux 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 281.7 || 1.172 (stock)|| || - || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer-v2011-06-09 || xfx6870, flags: -v 19 -w 128, win7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 293.13 ||  || ||- || 945 || 1050|| 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Phatk || xfx6870, Catalyst 11.6, 1.5 Phoenix flags: -k phatk FASTLOOP=false DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25860.0 Kernel Patch; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6458.0 Cmd; http://developer.amd.com/tools/gDEBugger/Pages/default.aspx No Crossfire Required; runs faster without crossfire 1% + additional 3% from update
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk || xfx6870, 340MHz memory clock, Catalyst 11.6, flags: BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 985 || 1100|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Diablo || Powercolor branded card, Win 8 x64, -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 295 || 2.02||1.64 || 146 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill latest as of 7/6/11 (ubuntu 11.4) || hashkill-gpu -p bitcoin user:pass:server -D, mem clock 850, voltage @ 1.175, Fan @ 70%, Temp @ 71C.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 297|| -|| || - || 1000|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.62 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || Vectors HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.6.2 phatk2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1038 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat 11.4 || -v -w128 -f1 mem clock 360, fan 100% temp 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300.06 || 1.830|| || 164 || 1020 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 cat 11.4 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 fastloop mem clock 344
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 302 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, -w 256 -I 9, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 307 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1001/\1001 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat11.8 || -v -w128 -f5,85°C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 ||  || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS AMD64) || intensity=13, vectors=2, worksize=128, kernel=diablo, gpu-engine=1000, gpu-memclock=900
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1035 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || -|| || - || 975 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk linuxcoin || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 340MHz, core clock @ 970MHz, flashed bios, 72 degrees w/ fan @ 68%, GIGABYTE SOC
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 312 || -|| || - || 975 || 300|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Windows 7 x64 SP1 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300, Fan @ 45%, Temp @ 62C,  MSI 6870 HAWK.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 314 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 316 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.25, Fan @ 40%, Temp @ 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 320 || - || - || 160 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.1 || Saphire @ GPU 1030 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.25 @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 321|| -|| || - || 1050|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 ||aoclbf 1.7 phoenix 1.50 11.6|| Vectors HD5xxx+ phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256,  Memory=325MHz, Volts=1.3V, Fan~55%, Temps~70C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 322 || 1.882|| || 170 || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 400MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 329 || -|| || - || 1075 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 332 || -||1.74 || - || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-14 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.3, Fan @ 60%, Temp @ 74C, flash and browser hardware acceleration disabled, aero enabled.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 339.25 || - || - || - || 1090 || 1120 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.3 cat 12.1 || Mem @ 350Mhz Clock @ 1090 Voltage 1.337 fan @ 100 Temp @ 75 diapolo's modified phatk kernel -k phatk_dia platform=0 device=0 VECTORS2 AGGRESSION=11 worksize=64 FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 375 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate 32-bit / Guiminer v2011-07-01 / phoenix 1.5 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 1000 MHz / MEM @ 200 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.187 V / FAN @ 40% / Temp @ 72 C / Flags: -k phatk2 platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=6 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false / Using 2 miners with equal settings on 1 GPU
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x2 || 600 || - || - || - || 945 || 330 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit / Phoenix 2 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 945 MHz / MEM @ 330 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.175  / Config: phatk2 VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false GOFFSET=True
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1150|| -|| 1.2 || - || 900|| 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7 (Win7-64bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0-3 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1180 || -|| - || 145 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU default 950 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer).
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1200 || -|| - || 150 || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU overclocked from 950 to 970 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer). Unstable with GPU@975 MHz.
|-
|  6930 || 320|| -|| - || - || 960 || 1200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/phatk || stock voltage, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64. 70C, FAN 80% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 370|| -|| - || - || 980 || 855 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer-2.4.1 || stock voltage (1,160), -I9. 71C, FAN 85% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 372 || -||1.89(?) || - || 1000 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/poclbm || max stable @ 1200 mV, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64
|-
| style="background:#00FFFF;"|6930x2|| 700 ||- || - ||400~|| 940 || 2560 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer || max stable @ 1100mV mem 300, Fan 80-90%, temp 70-75, -v -w64 -f10
|-
|  6950 || 272 || -||0.90 || - || 900 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1150 mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 291 || -|| || - || 920 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1200mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || -|| || - || 930 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1275mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || 1.844(?)|| || 160(?) || 810 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 300 || -|| || - || 940 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1300mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 314 || -|| || - || 800 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-01-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250 Stock Sapphire 6950 1gb
|-
|  6950 || 325 || 1.635(?)|| || 200(?) || 885 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 332 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 333 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.650.9 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 338 || 1.84~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/poclbm kernel || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128; power and MH/J calculated using Power = C*f*v^2 w/ assumption of 175 W at stock settings w/ 100% GPU util. (not measured)
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 895 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -w 128, mem @ 500, 1200 mV, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 800 || 1536 ||(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250,Sapphire 6950 1gb, unlocked shaders
|-
|  6950 || 343 || 2.14 || - || 160 || 840 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 06-27-11 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false, HIS H695FN2G2M 2GB, mem @ 720, Kill-a-Watt measured
|-
|  6950 || 344 || 2.02~ || 1.27~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/20110709 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 344.4 || -|| || - || 800 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 349 || 1.745(?)|| || 200(?) || 800 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128, xfx 6950 xxx 1gb, locked shaders, core 900, mem 650, 79° C
|-
|  6950 || 351 || 1.91~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIminer/poclbm v2011-07-01 || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: -v -w 128 -f 0; (same system as the 338 MH/s result above using Phoenix)
|-
|  6950 || 352.8 || -|| || - || 820 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 360 || 1.8(?)|| || 200(?) || 970 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 360 || -|| || - || 870 || 1375 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || flashed with 6970 BIOS, -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6950 || 365 || -|| || - || 925 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 366.4 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 381 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer/phatk || XFX 6950 2Gb reference @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1100mV 850/1250, +10% powertune, I=5, Fan @ 54% ~3100RPM, temp 73C w128. Windows7x64, Catalyst 13.1 .
|-
|  6950 || 383 || -|| || - || 975 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, voltage 1.274 @72c MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 388.4 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|- 
|  6950 || 389.9 || -|| || - || 950 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.2/Diablo || stock bios, -I 9, VRAM @ 820Mhz, fan @ 100%, voltage 1.250v, temp @ 68c, HIS ICE-Q X 2GB, OCed using MSI Afterburner, Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP 1
|-
|  6950 || 400~ || -|| || - || 895 || 320 || 1536|| PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner 24th Aug 2011  || Sapphire HD6950 Shader unlock mod 1408&gt;1536 / +20% Power control, Fan @ 55%, Flags:-v -f2 -w64 -r5.Note this keeps temps under 80oC which is needed for this to be stable.Moderate fan noise.Power use is ~200W.
|-
|  6950 || 403 || -|| || - || 939 || 685 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk || ASUS EAH6950 ([http://www.techpowerup.com/vgabios/90661/Asus.HD6970.2048.101124.html (Ref. 6950 Flashed -&gt; 6970)]) / +10% overdrive volt., Fan @ 90%, VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13. Overclocked from 880 -&gt; 939 with MSI Aferburner
|-
|  6950 || 408.8 || -|| || - || 925 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.12 || GIGABYTE GV-R695D5-2GD-B @ shadermod on original Bios 6950, mem@625, V=1100mv Fan @ 60%. Windows 7x64, Catalyst 11.9
|-
|  6950 || 410.4 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 417 || 2.085(?)|| || 200(?) || 975 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 77%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1145mV
|-
|  6950 || 418.8 || -|| || - || 940|| 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Gigabyte OC 1GB, shadermod, voltage locked 1.175, mem 450, -w128 -v -f0, ATI Tray Tool
|-
|  6950 || 425.3 || -|| || - || 950/850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk2 (Ubuntu natty) || Asus 1GB DirectCU, shadermod on OEM BIOS, OEM 1.1v, AMDOverdriveCtrl for 950 core 850 mem, 20% overdrive, flags VECTORS2 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6950 || 428 || 2.14(?)|| || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 80%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1160mV
|-
|  6950 || 432 || 2.16(?)||1.44 || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 520, fan @ 80%, temp 76C, -v -w128 -f 2, gpu core @ 1275mV
|-
|  6950 || 432.4 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 440 || || || || 990 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phatk || unlocked shaders, mem @ 1375, VGPU 1.21v, Watercooled (MCW60), temp 54C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 -k phatk
|-
|  6950 || 454.4 || -|| || - || 1050 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 720 || - || - || 400 ~|| 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 69-71C(bottom vga) fan@94% / 77-81C(top vga) fan@99% - 31C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 731 || - || - || 400~ || 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 68C(bottom vga) fan@90% / 73C(top vga) fan@99% - 28C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6950x3 || 1081 || -|| || - || 860 || 1408 || 2.4(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || guiminer/poclbm 07-01 || Sapphire 2GB stock bios, stock voltage, locked shaders: +20% overdrive, mem@650, fan@95%, temp 94C, -v -f0 -w128, 93c
|-
|  6950x4 || 1316 || 1.513|| || 870 || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || locked shaders, default mem 1250, dual fan 75C typical
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 323 || 1.468||0.92 || 220 || 880 || 1536 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 64, SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx.
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 365 || 2.28|| || 160 || 880 || 1536 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phoenix || VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, fan @ 45%, 61C, 1.0 Vcore, 150 MHz mem, TX650w (84%), reference card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 370 || -|| || - || 880 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 372 || 1.691(?)|| || 220(?) || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix (svn trunk 05.14.2011) || clock 900/1375, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128, fan 45% (auto) / temp 90C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 380 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128&lt;br&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 # to reduce poclbm CPU from 100% to 2%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 385 || 1.964|| || 196 || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, memory downclocked to 684Mhz, fan @ 70%/temp 81C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 388 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock voltage of 1.175v
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 403 || -|| || - || MAX || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || clock Max/50%+stock, -v -w128, fan= 100%/temp 72C (Note: Overclocked using CCC utility under Windows 7, Clock set to Max value w/ 50% increase to memory and 5% increase to voltage)
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 406 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/phatk || GPU Overclocked to Max (950MHz) using aticonfig, Memory Underclocked using AMDOverdriveCtrl (850MHz). Temp ~ 82C. VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 407 || -|| || - || 955 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fan 75%/temp 75C, voltage +10%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 414 || -|| || - || 960 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 53%/temp 73C, stock voltage of 1.175v, high air flow case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 420 || -|| || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128 -f0, clocks 975MHz/685MHz MSI Lightning
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 423 || -||1.20 || - || 995 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || ATI Tray Tools, Clocks=995/331.25, WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 VECTORS ,68C @ 65% Fan, HAF932 Case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 431 || -|| - || - || 976 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7/phatk2 || MSI AFTERBURNER, Clocks[976/1000], -k parameters[VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11], Temperatures{CARD}[86C@100% Fan]{ROOM}[27C/81F], 
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 433 || -|| - || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.2/phatk || MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS, GPU 65C@100% Fan, Room 21C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 710 || -|| || - || 900/880 || 1536 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 256
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 828|| -|| || - || 940 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fans 74%/82%, temp 74C/82C, powertune +20% (via CCC), memory underclock 825MHz (via MSI Afterburner), with 'Maj' fix
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x3 || 1243|| -|| || 1000+ || 910 || 1536 || 2.5 || 2x16, 1x8 || phoenix 1.7.0 || fans 100%, temp 88C/84C/69C, GPU 920/ memory 795/ powertune 20%, ATI 11.11, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990 || 670 || 1.94||0.89 || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || Catalyst 11.4 [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=2949.msg106238#msg106238 source].
|-
|  6990 || 704 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.4, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-07)
|-
|  6990 || 708 || 2.05|| || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "default" position 2, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 744 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.6b, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-14)
|-
|  6990 || 746 || 1.82|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 758 || -|| || - || 880 || - || 2.4 || - || Phoenix with Poclbm || Catalyst 11.4, OC switch ON, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990 || 771 || 1.8804|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx. Memory clock @ 1280Mhz.
|-
|  6990 || 772 || 1.8380|| || 420 || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix &amp; Poclbm || OC switch ON + overclocked to 900 mhz, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990 || 790 || -|| || - || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=900,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 900 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 795 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 ||  || Diablo's miner || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; On Windows Vista, Clocks set at  955,1250. Power control at 20.
Diablo's args:  -w 128 -g 5  -v 2  -f 0
|-
|  6990 || 802 || -|| || - || 915 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=915,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 915 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 835 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --adapter=1 --odsc=990,890 and aticonfig --adapter=0 --odsc=960,860" (GPU 0 runs hot). Currently, aticonfig can only underclock RAM to 100mhz below core speed. Command line: phoenix.py -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|  6990 || 852 || -|| || - || 955|| 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || Memory: 830 Mhz, -v 2 -w 128 -I 9, Watercooled, stock voltage. (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|  6990 || 865 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with core 0 at 990/890 engine/mem, core 1 at 960/860 (runs hot).  Watercooled at 65-68C.
|-
|  6990x2 || 1436 || 1.848|| || 777 || 880 || 6144 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x2 || guiminer 2011.05.11 || AUSUM switch set to 1 on both cards; Core left at 880MHz, memory left at 1250MHz; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990x2 || 1640 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || phoenix 1.7.0 || GPU 910MHz, Memory 785MHz, Powertune 20%; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990x2 || 1700 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || guiminer 2011.06.14 || GPU 1010MHz, Memory 900MHz; -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990x2 || 1740 || 2.11 || || 825 || 940 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || cgminer 2.0.8 || GPU0+3 930MHz core/805MHz memory, GPU1+2 940MHz core/815MHz memory; BIOS switch factory setting; Cooled with 7C air from outside; -g4 -I9 -k phatk
|-
|  6990x3 || 2094 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || poclbm || GPU 900MHz, Memory 1250MHz; poclbm.py -f 0 -w 256
|-
|  7750 || 104.15 ||  ||  ||  || 800 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 117.15 ||  ||  ||  || 900 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 125.5 || - || - || - || 830 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 830MHz, Memory: 1125MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 134 || 2.66 || 1.21 || 50 || 880 || 512 || 2.6 (?) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Gentoo Linux AMD64) || factory-overclocked to 880 MHz; power draw measured with a Kill-a-Watt, intensity=13, vectors=1, worksize=128, kernel=diablo
|-
|  7750 || 136.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 900MHz (CCC locked @ 900), Memory: 800MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 140 || - || - || - || 950 || 512 || - || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || bfgminer 3.0.0 || Memory: 900MHz; -I 5 -g 2 -k diablo
|-
|  7770 || 182 || - || - || 83 || 1020 || 640 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Ubuntu 10.04 LTS amd64, GPU: 1020MHz
|-
|  7770 || 213 || - || - || - || 1150 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Win7 32bit, Core2Duo, poclbm guiminer
|-
|  7790 || 313 || - || - || - || 1200 || 896|| - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Saphire Radeon HD 7790 OC (2 fans &amp; heatpipes) GPU 20% OC @ 1200mhz / TEMP 57C / FAN 36%,  Win8 64bit, cgminer, "intensity" : "10", "vectors" : "1", "worksize" : "256", "kernel" : "poclbm", "thread-concurrency" : "8192",
|-
|  7790 || 325 || - || - || - || 1300 || 896 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  MSI Radeon HD 7790 GPU @ 1300mhz/ MEM @ 750mhz/ FAN @ 83 / TEMP 67C Win7 64bit, athlon x2, poclbm guiminer , -v -w 128 -f 1
|-
|  7850 || 287 || 1,91 || 1,1 || 150 || 950 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || GPU:950 MEM:800, Linux 64bit, Intensive 14, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%
|-
|  7850 || 329 || - || - || 150 || 1100 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.4 || Linux 64bit GTK+3, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%, -v 1 -k poclbm -I 6 --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 950
|-
|  7850 || 363 || - || - || - || 1241 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || GPU:1241 MEM:4840 
|-
|  7870 || 405 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || Sapphire 7870 OC , GPU: 1100MHz, Mem: 950 Mhz, GPU temp: 65°C, Fan 36% (1377 RPM).
|-
|  7870 || 406 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Gigabyte GV-R787OC-2GD, GPU: 1200MHz, [cgminer -I 7]
|-
|  7870 || 422 || - || - || - || 1165 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Sapphire 7870 1ghz edition, GPU: 1165MHz, [cgminer.exe -d 0 -l 1 -T -I 8]
|-
|  7870 || 460 || - || - || - || 1250 || 1280 || 2.7? || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || MSI R7870 TFIII/oc, Catalyst 12.11 beta4, 455-460 mhash/s @1250 core, 750 mem, 0% Power limit, 1.218v, Zalman VF3000N = 42C, VRMS = 57C, ambient approx. 17-19C, -v -w128 -f10
|-
| 7870 XT || 485 || 3.09 || 1.8726 || 157 || 1200 || 1280 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 2.0 || cgminer ||7870XT clock/mem - 1200/1600
|-
| 7870xt || 520 || - || - || - || 1200 || 1536 || 2.7? lol || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Guiminer || Sapphire HD7870xt, Catalyst 12.11 beta 4, 515-520 mhash/s @1200/core 750/mem, 0%PL, 1.17v/stock, Zalman vf3000a @60-62C even though its sandwiched between a 7870 and 5850. xD
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 510 || - || - || - || 985 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Windows 8 x64, Asus P8Z77 WS, i7 3rd Gen, Card is XFX brand, Clock 985Mhz, Mem 1100Mhz, -v 1 -w 256
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 512 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x8 || poclbm || GPU: 1000MHz, Memory: 850MHz
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 550 || - || - || - || 1060 || 1792 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Core 1060, Mem 800, -v 1 -w 256 Intesity 7
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 605 || - || - || - || 1150 || 1792 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256

|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 555 || - || - || - || 925 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 925MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 640 || -|| || - || 1070 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1070 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || Diablo|| GPU 1100MHz, Memory 600MHz;
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || cgminer 2.4.1 || Win7 х86, Catalyst 12.3, GPU 1100 MHz, Memory 950 MHz, GPU temp = 68°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 58%, -k poclbm -v 1 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 674 || -|| || - || 1130 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1130 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1150 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1150 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 58%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1177 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1177, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 690 || - || - || - || 1150 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 695 || - || - || - || 1160(core)/1050(mem) || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner (options: -v 1 -w 256) || Asus HD7970-DC2T-3GD5 @ 1.17V; Linux Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit; AMD SDK 2.6; Catalyst 12.3 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 710 || -|| || - || 1200 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner|| GPU 1200MHz, Memory 600MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 714~ || -|| || - || 1210 || 2048 || 2.7 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || MSI HD7970 R7970-2PMD3GD5/OC, core clock - 1210Mhz, memory clock - 685, core voltage (1.149V - MSI Afterburner, ~1.043V - GPU-Z), memory voltage 1.5V, temperature - 75C at mid-day and 65C w/ AC on at 20C, Catalyst 12.8, Windows 8 Release Preview 32-bit, kernel - poclbm, vector - 1, worksize - 64, intensity - 14, fan - 100% 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"|  7970 || 825 || -|| || 214 || 1290 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Bitminter|| Bitminter beta 1.1.1; GPU 1290MHz, Memory 
1375MHz (Trixx = 600); work size 256, "BFI_INT," Device-accessible CPU memory; full watercooled block; power stats from GPU-Z; Driver 11.12
|-
|  7970x3 || 1950 || 2.6 || 1.72 || 750 || 1100 || 2048x3 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || Win8, Catalyst 12.8, driver: 8.982.0.0, E: 1100, M:750, kernel: poclbm, worksize: 256, intensity: 9, gpu-threads: 4, refitted Diamond 7970 HSF with new VRM pads to lower VRM temps ~15C.  Undervolted each card until crash under load, then raised about 0.015v for stability.  Settings using afterburner 2.2.1 with OC unlocked.  Visiontek 7970: $370, Sapphire 7970: $360, Diamond 7970: $400
|-
|  7970x3 || 2050 || 2.41 || 1.22 || 850 || 1150 || 6144 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1150, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256, 850W power consumption measured at the wall
|-
| FirePro V3800 || 69.0 || -|| || - ||  ||  ||  || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BitMinter Client || 
|-
| FirePro V4800 || 79.7 || -|| || - || 775 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || 
|-
| FirePro V8700 || 84.8 || -|| || - || 750 || 800 || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || 

|-
| FirePro M5800 || 61.4 || -|| || - || 650 || - || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || Ubuntu
|-
| FirePro M5800 || 69.3 || -|| || - || 650 || 400 || 2.1 || - || GUIMiner v2011-04-26  || -v -w128, Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro M5950 || 96.7 || -|| || - || 725 || 900 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128 (Windows 7 64 bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 119 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 144 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 161 || -|| || - || 780 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V7750 || 35.7 || -|| || - || - || 320 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || Windows 7 64bit
|-
| FirePro V7800 || 254.85 || -|| || - || - || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 with poclbm || Debian Squeeze
|-
| FirePro M7740  (M97 GL) [DELL] || 63.0 ||  -|| || - || 650 || - || 2.1 || PCIe v2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || Windows 7 64bit / only SDK2.1 works
|-
| FirePro M7820 || 150.0 || -|| || - || 700 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-09 / poclbm || Memory downclocked to 500 from 1000MHz, 169MH/s@800MHz, 181MH/s@860Mhz (max.), only SDK2.1 works, Windows 7 x86
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Nvidia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! Comment
|-
| ION || 1.8 || 0.067 || 27 ||  || 16 || poclbm;  power consumption incl. CPU
|-
| 8200 mGPU || 1.2 || || || 1200 || 16 || 128 MB shared memory, "poclbm -w 128 -f 0"
|-
| 8400 GS || 2.3 || || ||  ||  || "poclbm -w 128"
|-
| 8400 GS || 1.6 || 0.013 || 128 || 1238 ||  || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| 8400M GS || 2.0 || || ||  ||  ||
|-
| 8500GT || 2.4 || || || 918 || 16 || poclbm under GUIMiner
|-
| 8600M GT || 4.93 ||  ||  ||  || 32 ||
|-
| 8600M GT || 3.8 ||  ||  ||  || || Macbook Pro running Diablo
|-
| 8600GT || 5.66 ||  ||  || 1188 ||  32 ||
|-
| 8600GT OC || 7.3 ||  ||  || 1602 || 32 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72833#msg72833 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 25   || 0.24 || 105 || 1300 ||  ||
|-
| 8800GT || 24.5 || 0.23 || 105 || 1300 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 31.1   || 0.296 || 105 || 1855 ||  || Overclocked 715 GPU / 1030 Memory / 1855 Shader; GuiMiner v2011-05-21
|-
| 8800GT || 31.8   || 0.303 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || 713 gpu, 1026 memory. win7x86, phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5
|-
| 8800GT || 34.0   ||       || 105 || 1998 ||     || gpu 756M, mem 1123M, shader 1998M, temp 65C. winXP, phoenix 1.50, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=6 -- same settings get 32.7 MH/s with aggression 2
|-
| 8800GTS || 16.8 || 0.109 || 154 ||  ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source] [http://www.techspot.com/review/79-geforce-8800-gts-512/page11.html source]
|-
| 8800 GTS || 18.7 || 0.124 || 150 || 1200 ||  || poclbm -w 64 no vectors
|-
| 8800 GTS || 33.5 || || 150 || OC ||  || CUDA mining via GUIminer. Win7 64bit. poclbm -v -w128 -f0. OC'd Core@799MHz, Mem@1080MHz, Shader@1905MHz.  Fan 70%, GPU temp @ 66C in comfortable room temp.
|-
| 8800 GTX || 27.5 || || || 1404 || || phoenix 1.48, poclbm, no vectors, 83C with 50C ambient  
|-
| 8800m GTX || 16.3 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda Win7-64
|-
| 9300GE || 1.57 ||  ||  || 1300 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300GS || 1.69 ||  ||  || 1400 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300/nForce 730i || 2.15 ||  ||  || 1200 ||  16 ||
|-
| 9400GT || 3.37 || 0.067 || 50 || 1400 || 16 ||
|-
| 9400M (MacBook) || 1.90 || 0.32 || 6 || 700 ||  || poclbm -f 8 no vectors
|-
| 9500M GS || 3.2 ||  ||  || 950 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9500GT || 6.75 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32 ||
|-
| 9500GT || 7.30 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32|| rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 730 GPU/ 500 Memory / fan 100% 70C solid
|-
| 9500GT || 7.10 || 0.135 || 50 || 1767 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 707 GPU / 500 Memory / fan 100% 73C steady
|-
| 9600GSO || 19.88 || 0.237 || 84 || 1375 || 96 ||
|-
| 9600GSO512 || 11.75 || 0.131 || 90 || 1625 || 48 ||
|-
| 9600GT || 15.66 || 0.165 || 95 || 1625 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT Zotac || 15 ||  ||  || 1650 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT OC || 18.8 || &lt;0.198 || &gt;95 || 1981 || 64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 -f 10 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg74610#msg74610 source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73353#msg73353 source]
|-
| 9600M GS || 4.0 ||  ||  || 1075 || 32 ||  rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT || 30.36 || 0.289 || 105 || 1800 || 112 ||
|-
| 9800GT EE || 19.7 || 0.263 || 75 || 1375 || 112 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT OC || 29.5 || 0.283 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || poclbm.py, no options. Memory underclocked to 850Mhz, GPU overclocked to 733Mhz
|-
| 9800GTX || 32.54 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 32.6 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 || win7x64 275.33 Overclocked to 756/1890/1102 using a CUDA-specific miner (instead of phoenix, yay for ZERO stales!)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 35.39 || 0.251 || 141 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 36 ||  ||  ||  ||  || factory OC ubuntu polclbm.py -w 128 -f 10 -a 10 (DO NOT USE -v)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 37.23 || 0.266 || 140 || 1890 || 128 || win7x64 275.27 phoenix(1.48) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=3 WORKSIZE=64 (may cause 75%+ stale count, in which case use a CUDA-specific miner instead)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 40.20 || 0.287 || 140 || 835 || 128 || lowered memory clock higher core, unstable if going higher
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 57.83 || 0.294 || 197 ||  || 2x128 ||
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 28 || 0.142 || 197 ||  || 2x128 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
| G210 || 3.38 || 0.111 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 ||
|-
| G210 || 3.79 || 0.124 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 || poclbm -f 1
|-
| GT220 || 10.8 || 0.084 || 128 || 1360 || || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1000 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| GT230 || 15.5 || 0.161 || 96 || 650 || 64 || (9600GT rebranded one from in a medion pc)
|-
| GT240 || 19.37 || 0.281 || 69 || 1340 || 96 ||
|-
| GT240 || 21.24 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4291.0 poclbm-mod] -f 0 -v [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73383#msg73383 source]
|-
| GT240 || 28.1 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || poclbm -f0 -v (Gainward GT240 1024DDR5 OC core@670/stockmem@1700/shader@1700 - stable; max.temp=73)
|-
| GT240M || 9.8 || 0.426 || 23 || 550 || 48 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256 
|-
| GT240 OC || 25.6 || 0.365 || 70 || 1765 || 96 || poclbm
|-
| GTS250 || 35.39 || 0.244 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 || 35.2 || 0.243 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 OC || 37 || 0.255 || 145 || 2047 || 128 || 37.2 with the following OC: Core: 775MHz, Shader: 1900MHz, Memory: 1200MHz
|-
| GTX260M || 22.5 ||  || || 500 || 112 || poclbm 4/28/2011 Asus G71GX runs ~90c without cooling pad 
|-
| GTX260 || 35.91 || 0.178 || 202 || 1242 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX260 || 44 || 0.242 || 182 || 1242 || 216 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| GTX260c216 || 40.40 || 0.236 || 171 || 1242 || 216 ||
|-
| GTX260c216 || 47.4 || 0.260 || 182 || 1348 || 216 || poclbm -w 256
|-
| GTX260c216 || 50.00 ||      ||    || 1050 || 216 || m0mchil GPU client, Windows 7 64-bit, x6 @ 3.5ghz
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 52.0 || || || 1461 || 216 || "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 58.9 || || || 756/400 || 216 || Core overclocked, Memory underclocked, Ubuntu 11.04 Classic Session(No Effects) "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 60.1 || || || 1706 || 216 || Core: 364 MHz, Shaders: 1706 MHz, Memory: 594 MHz, VDDC: 1.1800V. "poclbm-mod -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX275 || 50.75 || 0.232 || 219 || 1404 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX275 || 58 || || || 729/1458 || 240 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GTX280 || 46.84 || 0.198 || 236 || 1296 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX280 || 64.34 || 0.289 || 245 || 1296 || 240 || phoenix.exe -k poclbm AGGRESSION=6 WORKSIZE=128 (61*C with Accelero XTREME GTX280)
|-
| GTX285 || 64.8 || || || 1607 || 240 || GuiMiner - Not sure about wattage yet. Still testing. Card runs around 74 C
|-
|-
| GTX285 || 53.35 || 0.262 || 204 || 1476 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 89.78 || 0.311 || 289 || 1242 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 120.70 || 0.418 || 289 || 1242 || 480 || GUIMiner no oc.
|-
| GTX295 || 117.30 || 0.406 || 289 || 1476 || 490 ||
|-
| GT 320M (MacBook Air) || 6.12 ||  ||  || 1212 || 48 ||
|-
| 320M (Mac mini 2010) || 7.0 || 0.35 || 20 || 450 || 32 || poclbm no extra options, windows 7 x64
|-
| GT 325M || 7.5 ||  ||  || 990 || 48 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT 325M || 10.5 ||  ||  || 325/650(mem)/1300(shaders) || || rpcminer-cuda, 71 degrees
|-
| GT 325M || 7.99 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT330 || 21.65 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT 330M || 7.97 ||  ||  || ||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7
|-
| GT 330M || 10.8 ||  ||  ||650MHZ core||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: GUIMiner running in Bootcamp v2011-08-24 / Mac OS X 10.6.8.The GPU was OC'd to 650MHZ core clock,mem clock was the lowest it would go in MSI Afterburner.The Bootcamp OS was Windows 7 x64.MBP Mid 2010.
|-
| GT 330M (Sony Vaio Z) || 7.8 || 0.71 ( 0.3 total) || 11 (26w total) || 1045 || 48 ||
|-
| GT 330M (Samsung R480) || 9.1 || || || 575(GPU)/1265(shader) || ||VRAM 1024MB. pocblm -vectors --verbose. Windows 7 Ultimate x86
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV) || 17.0 || 1.214 || 14 || 1080 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV5) || 20.8 ||  ||  || 1350 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe, OC'd 550/850/1350 73C stable
|-
| GTS 360M || 25.0 || || || || || [toshiba qosmio laptop, ~150-165*F stock fans]
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 20.0 || || || || || everythins is stock, it cannot sustain. it reaches 90 degrees and freezes.
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 27.2 || || || Shader @ 1720, Memory @ 900 || || stock hardware (clean exhaust fan), Afterburner, 72 deg C Stable 
|-
| GT430 || 20.24 || 0.413 || 49 || 1400 || 96 ||
|- 
| GT440 || 20.4 || || || 1645 || 96 || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8; winxp x64 driver 275.33
|-
| GT530 || 17.9 || 0.358 || 50 || 1400 || || BitMinter v1.1.2
|-
| GT520M || 8.9 || || || || ||  rpcminer-cuda, got up 2 10.2MH/s OC'ed
|-
| GT525M || 14.6 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT540M || 16.0 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT550M || 17.08 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8
|-
| GT610M (ASUS K45V) || 9.371 || || || 738 MHz || || 2GB RAM.
|-
| GT650M (rMBP) || 17.8 || || || 900 || 16 || cgminer 2.5.0 on OSX 10.7.4
|-
| GT650M OC || 27.4 || || || || || GUIMiner  
|-
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTS450 (Sparkle One) || 40.0 || || || || || poclbcm git Oct 2012
|-  
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX460SE || 56.39 || 0.376 || 150 || 1300 || 288 ||
|-
| GTX460 || 66.32 ||  ||  || 814 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda 20110605, Graphics Clock @ 814MHz, Memory @ 1555MHz
|-
| GTX460 || 68.31 || 0.427 || 160 || 1350 || 336 ||
|-
| GTX460 768MB || 57.8 ||  || ? || 1350 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 768MB (MSI Cyclone 768D5/OC) || 75.1 ||  || ? || 930 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda on Win7 x64 with ForceWare 275.33. [http://event.msi.com/vga/afterburner/download.htm MSI Afterburner] set to core: 930MHz, shader: 1850MHz, core voltage: 1.087V, memory: 1600MHz. Runs at 58°C with fan at 75% (ambient 25°C).  
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 72.3 || ? || ? || 1672 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 89.5 || ? || ? || 1000 || 336 || guiminer GPU:1000mhz MEM:900
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga FPB ) || 71.4 || -- || -- || 870/1744/1800 || 336 || guiminer-cuda v2012-02-19 FW290.53 Win7x64
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga ) || 83.1 || 0.519 || 160 || 925/1850/900@0.960v || 336 || guiminer (phoenix1.75) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_INT -v WORKSIZE=256 ForceWare 301.42 Win7x64 Runs at 70°C with fan at 100%
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) || 102 || 0.319? || 320? || 1350 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) OC || 127 || 0.374 || 340 || 1620 || 2x 336 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=128 ver.20110227
|-
| GTX460 1GB OC (2x MsiHawksSLI) || 158 || 0.658 || 240w(used kill a watt) || core/shader/ram@vcore 930/1860/1150@1.087v (only vcore raised) || 2x 336 || rpcminer-cuda ver.20110227 -gpugrid=320 -gputhreads=320 -aggression=7 Watercooled stable @ 110°F/43° !!!USE ASUS GPU Tweak with GPU-Z (afterburner v2.2.3 wont OC with NVIDIA driver 306.97) I would need gpu bios mod to get more oc/volt. Setting faster ram did increase Mhash/s versus setting ram=core clock.
|-
| GTX465 || 64.41 || 0.322 || 200 || 1215 || 352 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 81.98 || 0.381 || 215 || 1215 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 94.7 || || || 1414 || ||
|-
| GTX470 || 103.7 || || || 1520 || || memory @ 418MHz, stable @ 72 deg fan @ 90%, puddinpop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhread=128 AGGRESSION=14 GIGABYTE brand card BIOS 70.00.21.00.03 
|-
| GTX470 || 111.9 || 0.520 || 215 || 1650 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 115 || || || 1616 || || phoenix 1.46 poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6
|-
| GTX470x2 || 121 ea. (130 burst ea.) || || || 1700 ||448|| PuddinPop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhreads=128 AGGRESSION=14 (memory 856 Max Temp. 71 deg. F on Water 1.085v+, Stable on Beast 2.0&gt;3 days, no i7 CPU OC, driver 280.26, bios 70.00.21.00.03)
|-
| GTX480 || 101.28 || 0.405 || 250 || 1401 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX480 || 140.43 ||  ||  || 1700 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=512 -gputhreads=480
|-
| GTX480 AMP!Zotac|| 140.1 ||  ||  || 1700|| 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=480 (vCore-1050,Core Clock-851, Shader Clock-1702, Memory Clock-2033, t-79°c, Water 43°c, stable temperature and work)
|-
| GTX550 Ti || 45.0 || ? || ? || ? || ? || EVGA 1GB, WinXP rpcminer, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 67.7 || 0.39  || 170 || 1700 || 384 || standard EVGA 560, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74 || 0.41  || 170 || 822 || 384 || MSI 560Ti HAWK; core 822 Mhz clock (no overclock); rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=4 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; temp - 71°C; Win 7 x64
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74.8 || 0.41  || 180 || 1700 || 384 || gigabyte 900Mhz clock; -w 512 -v
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 81 || 0.45  || 180 || 835 || 384 || Gainward GTX560TI Phantom, default clock, rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 85.1 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41, Intensity: 14
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 100 || 0.5 || 200 || 1000 || 384 || GFX - MSI 560Ti HAWK; rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=8 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; GPU temp - 68°C; OS - Windows 8 x64 .
|-
| GTX 560M || 39.3 || 0.38 || 75 W || 775|| 192 || [http://www.examiner.com/computers-in-denver/toshiba-qosmio-x775-q7380-review-review source1] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-560M.48313.0.html source2] Note: Uses the 295.51 Beta Drivers
|-
| GTX560 OC || 86.7 || &lt;0.51 || &gt;170 || 1800 || 384 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72816#msg72816 source]
|-
| GTX570 || 105.83 || 0.483 || 219 || 1464 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX570 || 140 || 0.639 || 219 || 750 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=10 -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=960; display driver stops working with aggression=11 under win7 x64 driver 270.61
|-
| GTX570 || 157 || 0.717 || 219 || 850 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=11 -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960
|-
| GTX570 || 165 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960; vcore 1.1v; Win7 x64 304.79 Beta; -aggression=11 adds strong lag with minimal increase in hashrate.
|-
| GTX570 || 160 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=104 -gputhreads=832; No desktop lag, very minimal loss in hashrate compared to much laggier settings
|-
| GTX580 || 156.6 || 0.642 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || cgminer 2.11.3 on Win 8-64 with I=6, driver nVidia 314.22
|-
| GTX580x2 || 2x 146 || 0.598 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=1024 
(aggression levels above the default of 6 not recommended; only a gain of ~3MH/s per card, and '''heavy''' lag, GUIMiner v2011-08-24, win7 64bit nVidia 290.36 beta driver)
|-
| GTX590 || 193.1 || --- || --- || 1215 || 2x 512 || poclbm -v -w 256, Win
|-
| GTX590 || 2x 121.48 || --- || --- || 750 || 2x 512 || 
|-
| GTX670 || 112.00 || 1.1 || 100 || 1275 || 1344 || EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB / GPU Clock offset +75Mhz with EVGA Precision X / GUIMiner -f 60 /  Windows 7 64-Bit. (09-13-2012)
|-
| GTX680 || 127.3 || || || 1280 || 1536 || Asus GTX 680 2GB DirectCU II: Windows 7 64 bit: Nvidia 310.90 driver: Offset of 186: Runs at a constant 52C
|-
| GTX680 || 110.00 || || || 1110 || 1536 || RPCMiner with OpenCL or others.  Might crash once mining stops.  No Flags and Stock Settings (GPU Boost @ 1110mhz Core) with EVGA GTX 680, latest version of GUIMiner (2012-2-19) and Windows 7 x64.
|-
| GTX680 || 120.00 || 1.2 || 100 || 1272 || 1536 || Ufasoft Galaxy 4GB (GPU Clock offset +70Mhz with EVGA Precision X) (2012-7-28) and Windows 7 64-Bit.
|-
| Quadro FX 580 || 5.7 || 0.14 || 40 || 1125 || 4 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win, -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=512
|-
| Quadro FX 770M || 5.75 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6, Win
|-
|Quadro FX 770M || 6.39 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6 w 64, Win 7x64
|-
|Quadro FX 880M || 9.6 ||  ||  || || || poclbm/guiminer
|-
| Quadro FX 1600M || 6 || 0.12 || 50 || 625 || 32 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win
|-
| Quadro FX 1800 || 13.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 256.44 Intensity: 4
|-
| Quadro FX 2000M || 23 || 0.397 || 58 || || || phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm, VECTORS, AGGRESION=6, Lenovo W520 platform
|-
| Quadro FX 2800M || 22 || 0.293 || 75 || 600 || 96 ||DiabloMiner, win
|-
| Quadro FX 3000M || 28.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41 Intensity: 3
|-
| Quadro FX 3600M || 36 || 0.514 || 70 || 500 || 96 ||
|-
| Quadro FX 3800 || 33.3 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm/guiminer -f0 -w128
|-
| Quadro NVS 135M || 1.05 || 0.1 || 10 || 800 || 1 || 
|-
| Quadro NVS 295 || 1.7 || 0.07 || 23 || 567 || 8 || phoenix
|-
| Quadro NVS 3100M || 3.6 || 0.257 || 14 || 600 || 16 || rpcminer-cuda, Win, CUDA 3.1.1
|-
| Quadro NVS 4200M || 10.0 ||     ||     ||  810  ||   ||  guiminer, Win7-64
|-
| Quadro 5000 || 67.7 || 0.445 || 152 || 513 || 352 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=7 gpugrid=352 gputhreads=704;
|-
| Tesla C1060 || 52.5 ||  ||  || 1296 || 240 ||  poclbm, Win7x64
|-
| Tesla K20 || 134.8   ||  ||  || 706  || 2496  ||  poclbm, Linux
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 79.8 ||  ||  || 1550 || 448 || DiabloMiner
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 94.5 ||  ||  || 1550 || || poclbm
|-
| Tesla S1070 || 155.2 || || 800 &lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 1440 (GT200b)&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 960&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 3.2, 4 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=3)
|-
| Tesla S2070 || 749.23 || || || 1150&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || 1792&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 4.0, 8 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=7) 
|-
| GTX280x2 || 102.7 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||
|-
|}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'&gt;The S1070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Tesla units (GT200). Technical data taken from [http://www.nvidia.de/object/tesla_s1070_de.html NVIDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'&gt;The S2070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Fermi units (C2070). Technical data taken from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Wikipedia] (Documentation from NVIDIA webpage is confusing)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==CPUs/APUs==

A lot of nice data can be pulled from [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.0 this thread] to seed this section. 

Might you wish to throttle CPU load a bit, so it doesn't reach 100°C, it can be done with Battle Encoder Shirase to a margin, like, -15% of available CPU cycles.

Often, the best combination to be is to throttle CPU miner to -5% '''AND''' set it to least of priority levels, so as not to choke GPU miner up.

===AMD===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! nprocs !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! TDP [W] !! CPU Clock !! Mhash/s CPU !! Mhash/s GPU !! GPU !! GPU Clock !! SP !! Software !! Notes
|-
| 4x Opteron 6174 || 48 || 115 || 0.36 || 320W || 2.2 GHz || 2.4
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer v0.8.1 || --alg 4way --threads 48
|-
| 2x Opteron 6172 || 24 || 55 || 0.24 || 230W || 2.1 GHz || 2.3
|colspan=4|
| cgminer v2.7.6 || --algo 4way -t 24
|-
| 2x Opteron 6128 || 16 || 32.4 || 0.141 || 230W || 2 GHz || 32.4
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19 || -4way
|-
| Athlon XP 2000+ || 2 || 0.62 || 0.009 || 70W || 1.67 GHz || 0.62
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.18/Ubuntu || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source] [http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=914&amp;page=4 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 3500+ || 1 || 1.18 || 0.013 || 89W || 2.54 GHz || 1.18
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.4 || overclocked (originally 2.2 GHz)
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+ || 2 || 1.73 || 0.03 || 65 W || 2.00 GHz || 1.73
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -algo=4way
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4000+ || 2 || 1.9 || 0.02 || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| rpc-miner ||
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4400+ ||   || 2.09 || 0.032 || 65W || 2.3GHz || 2.09
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19/Win x64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6000+ || 2 || 2.81 || 0.02 || 125W || 3 GHz || 2.81
|colspan=4|
| || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg22881#msg22881 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition || 2 || 2.9 || 0.023 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 2.9
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.20.2 BETA/Win 7 x64 || -4way
|-
| Athlon II X2 240e || 2 || 2.71 || 0.06 || 45W || 2.81 GHz || 2.71
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Athlon II X2 250 || 2 || 5.6 || 0.09 || 65W || 3.01GHz || 5.6
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.11 ||
|-
| Athlon II X4 630 || 4 || 10.7 || 0.11 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 10.7
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.4 || 
|-
| Opteron 8220 x16 || 16 || 25 || || || 2.8Ghz || 1.5 
|colspan=4| 
| ufasoft / OpenSuse 64bit || running default, but had to copy 32bit binaries over to get curl and ufasoft running. might be better when using native 32bit system w/o other users on the machine ||
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 3.8 || 0.04 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 3.8
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.1x/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom X4 9950 BE || 4 || 9.3 || 0.07 || 126W || 2.6 GHz || 2.32
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 7.2 || 0.08 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 7.2
|colspan=4|
| cpu-miner 0.2.1/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 5.0 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 9.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 10.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.10 ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 11.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| cgminer  1.5.3 || "cgminer 1.5.3 --algo 4way" on Ubuntu 11.10 alpha 2 (64 bit), built by GCC 4.6.1 with "-O3 -Wall -march=native" 
|-
| Phenom II X4 955 || 4 || 11 || 0.09 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 965 || 4 || 12 || 0.09 || 140W || 3.4 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 15.84 || 0.13 || 125W || 2.82 GHz || 15.84 
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 23.6 || || 95W || 3.50 GHz || 23.6 
|colspan=4|
| [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.2 || --algo=sha256d
|-
| Phenom II X6 1075T || 6 || 21.3 || || 125W||  ||
|colspan=4|
| minerd || Ubuntu 11.04 amd64 runlevel=1 -algo=4way -threads=6
|-
| Phenom II X6 1090T || 6 || 18|| || 141W|| 3.50 GHz || 3
|colspan=4|
| minerd || 
|-
| Phenom II X6 1100T || 6 || 22 || 0.176 || 125W || 3.82 GHz || 22
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner || Aciid#bitcoin-dev
|-
| Sempron 3000+ || 2 || 0.8 ||  || 62W || 1.6 GHz || 0.8
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Turion X2 RM-70 || 2 || 1.9 ||  || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 11 || 0.615 || 18W || 1.6 Ghz || 1.231 || 9.831 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 + Ufasoft 0.7 || stock speeds
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 12
|colspan=2|
| 1.648 Ghz || 1.252 || 10.87 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 || "autotune" speed with ASUS EFI BIOS
|-
| Ontario C-50 || 2 || 6.2 || 0.68 || 9W || 1.0 Ghz || 1.200 || 6.2 || HD6250M || 277 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 -f5 -r5 || 
|-
| A4-3400 || 2 || 23.2 || || || 75W || 2.4 Ghz || || 23.2 || 6350 || stock || || GUIminer || ||
|-
| A8-3850 || 4 || 60 ||   ||  100W || Stock ||   || 60 ||  HD6550D || Stock || 400 || poclbm.exe, Win7-32, 4GB RAM || All running at stock speeds, and set to auto in BIOS.
|
|-
| A8-3870K || 4 || 95 ||   || 100W (@stock)  || 3.3 Ghz ||   || 95 ||  HD6550D || 900MHz || 400 || phoenix.exe -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=4 WORKSIZE=128, Win7-64, 8GB RAM 1667MHz || M/B ASUS F1 A75-M Pro, CPU/GPU BIOS overclocked
|-
| A10-5800K || 4 || 105 ||  || 100W || 3.8 Ghz ||   || 105 || HD7660D || 800MHz || 384 || cgminer Intensity=7 || Linux 64bit (Ubuntu 12.10), AMD-APP-SDK-v2.7-RC-lnx64, stock speeds *not* overclocked
|}

===ARM===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ /€  !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| ARM926EJ-S || 1 || 0.187 || ? || ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer || Seagate Dockstar [http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv5/seagate-dockstar ArchLinux]
|-
| Marvel Feroceon (88FR131) || 1 || 0.195 || 0.224 ||&lt;0.01|| 0.87 W || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer  git (2011-06-15) || Marvell SheevaPlug, Debian, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1136EJ-S || 1 || 0.11 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.528 GHz || cpuminer git || T-Mobile Pulse, inside Debian chroot, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.119 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.412 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || iPhone 3G, 'sha256d' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.2 || ? || ? || 3.75W || 800 Mhz || cgminer 2.5.0 || RaspberryPi Model B, SoC BCM2835, Debian Squezee 19-04-2012, Overclocked Cpu 800mhz
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.36 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'cryptopp'
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.2 || 0.57 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.365 || ? || ? || ? || 0.6 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] || BeagleBoard: 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.435 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.44 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 (-mfpu=neon) || EfikaMX (iMX.51), CRUX ARMHF, cpuminer -a sha256d
|-
| AllWinner A10(A8) || 1 || 0.568 || ? ||  ? || &lt;2.5W || 1.0 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || -a sha256d #Native Lubuntu armhf build 
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 0.57||  1.14 ||&lt;0.01 || 0.5 W || 1.0 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-24) || Toshiba AC100, ubuntu, 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 1.3 || ? ||  ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon"
|}

===Intel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash / $&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt;/€&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'/&gt; !! ACP [W] !! Clock [GHz] !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Pentium III (Coppermine) || 2 || 0.39 || 0.008 |||| TDP 2× 26.1 W || 1 || Ufasoft 0.32 (compiled from source), Debian Squeeze || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessors#.22Coppermine.22_.28180_nm.29 source]
|-
| Pentium III mobile ? || 1 || 0.3 || 0.014 |||| 21 || 1.07 || 0.3.1x/Win2K || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source] [http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=27380 source]
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.4 || || ||  || 1.6 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.62 || || ||  || 1.6 || Ufasoft 0.20 || Windows XP Professional
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.71 || || ||  || 1.6 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux
|-
| Pentium M 1.73ghz || 1 || 0.5 || || ||  || 1.73 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Old Xeon 512k (Dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.0 || || ||  || 3.0 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || HT disabled, algo=4way (twice as fast as the 2nd best algo)
|-
| Pentium 4 2.0A || 1 || 0.85 || || || || 2.0 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft-0.4]/WinXP || -g no -t 2
|-
| Pentium 4 630 || 1/2 || 1.29 || || || || 3.0 || ufasoft 0.23 || Windows XP
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 1.75 || || || || 2.0 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.1 || || || || 2.0 || cpuminer || sse2_64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.5 || || || || 2.0 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E5400 || 2/2 || 2.27 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.7 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Celeron E330 || 2/2 || 2.2  || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.5 || 0.3.19/Ubuntu10.04 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
|-
| Celeron E3400 || 2/2 || 5.9 || - || - || - || 2.6 || Ufasoft v0.13 / GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || WinXP 32 bit, SSE2, Flags "-g no" 
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 4/4 || 11.0 || || 0.02/0.06 || 105 || 2.40 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q8200 || 4/4 || 10.9 ||    || 0.06/0.10 ||  || 2.33 || Ufasoft 0.14 || -g no -l yes -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9400 || 4/4 || 11 || 0.046 || 0.06/0.07 || 95 || 2.66 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9650 || 4/4 || 18.67 || || 0.05/0.06 || 95 || 4.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 530 || 2/4 || 8.31 || 0.10 || 0.06/0.10  || 80 || 3.66 || Ufasoft 0.7 || -v -a5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 M350 || 2/4 || 1.48 || 0.04 || || 35 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core i3-2100 || 2/4 || 8.28 || || || || 3.1 || ufasoft v0.20 ||   
|-
| Core i5 M450 || 2/4 || 1.8  || 0.05 || || 35 || 1.2  || 0.3.17/Win7-54 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source]
|- 
| Core i5-650  || 2/4 || 5.1 || 0.04 ? || 0.02/0.03 ||  || 3.2 || cpuminer-0.7 || -4way
|-
| Core i5-750  || 4/4 || 14 || || 0.06/0.10  ||  || 3.2 || bitcoin-miner 0.11 || -a 5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i5 ?  || 4/? || 6.5 || || ||  ||  || client from svn || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37621#msg37621 source]
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 4.5 || 0.05 || 0.02/0.03 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-01-22) || cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 14 || 0.15 || 0.07/0.09 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || sse2_64
|-
| Core i5-2400S || 4/4 || 16.6 || || || 65 || 2.5 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Linux Mint 13
|-
| Core i5 2500K || 4/4 || 20.6 || ||0.10/0.12 || || 4.2 || bitcoin-miner || -g no
|-
| Core i5 2600K || 4/8 || 17.3 || || || 75 || 3.4 || bitcoin-miner || -g no. 75W for the whole System without monitor (MSI Board). CPU underclocked to 3,4Ghz and undervolted to 1,012Vcore. Passive Cooling! 3.6ghz results in 18,4 Mhash/s
|-
| Core i7 2600K || 4/8 || 18.6 || || || 95 W max. || 3.4 || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner 0.20 || -g no -t 8  CPU @ 3.511Ghz 1.176V
|-
| Core i7 2600 || 4/8 || 23.9 || || ||  || 3.4 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Ubuntu Linux 11.10
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 1.888 || || || || 2.66 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 4GB
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.5 || || || || 3.33 || This is achieved by running RPC 4 way miner in VMware Fusion 4 (running win 7 in the VM) while in Mac OSX / Mac OS X 10.6.8 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 8GB.The CPU appears to turbo boost to 3.33GHz in this way from 2.67GHz when running it in this way.The MBP gets very hot and uses a lot of energy though so watch those temps.It'll throttle after a while unless you keep the air vents clear underneath (ie don't put int in your lap,etc).
|-
| Core i7 720QM   || 4/8 || 7.9 || ?|| || 45 || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] ||  stream processors overclocked from 1.6 GHz; Dell Precision M6500, Win7-64, 8GB DDR3
|-
| Core i7 820   || 4/8 || 13.8 || || || || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -t 8
|-
| Core i7 920   || 4/8 || 19.2 || 0.10 || || 195 || 4.0 (x21) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -a 5
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 5.88 || 0.039 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || bitcoin-0.3.20.2 Win7-64 ||
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 18.9 || 0.126 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 ||
|-
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 19.2 || 0.15 || || 130 || 4.4 (x33) || cpuminer/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 8.7 || ||  ||  || 3.9 (x27) || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 990x   || 6/12 || 33.3 || ||  ||  || 4.5 (x32) || ufasoft/Win2008 R2-64 || Ram - 12Gb, Rampage III BlackEdition, Water cooling
|- 
| Core i7 2635QM   || 4/8 || 2.93 || || || || 2.00 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 RAM: 4GB
|- 
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.3 || 0.18 || || 35 || 2.66 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 || 
|-
| Core i7 2600k   || 4/4 || 6.7 || || ||  || 4.00 || phoenix 0.48 ||
|-
| Core i7 3770k   || 4/8 || 5.2 || || || || 4.4 || Guiminer v2012-12-03 || Windows 7 x64 : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 5.0 to 5.2
|-
| Core i7 3930k   || 6/12 || 66.6 || || ||  || 4.625 (125 x 37) || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner v0.28 || Windows 7 x64, uses ~190watts : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 36.0 to 66.6
|-
| Core 2 Duo U7600 || 1 || 1.1 || || ||  || 1.2 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Core 2 Duo E5200 || 2/2 || 6.2 || 0.086 || || 72 || 2.76 || Ufasoft/Win7-64 || TDP is 65W + 7W overclock
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6550 || 1/2 || 2.45 || || ||  || 2.33 || cpuminer 0.7.1 (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6850 || 2/2 || 6.75 || 0.10 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft-0.3 ||
|- 
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 7.76 || 0.11 || || 70 || 3.33 || ufasoft-0.3 || uncertain of overclock; miner optimized for Intel Core
|-
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 2.52 || 0.04 || || 65 || 2.66 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8200 || 2/2 || 2.3 || 0.035 || || 65 || 2.66 || rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8400 || 2/2 || 6.9 || 0.106 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 7/64bit (-t 2)
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 1/2 || 3.6 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo P8700 || 2/2 || 5.9 || || || || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.21 || windows 7/64bit 
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5450 || 2/2 || 2.5 || 0.07 || || 35  || 1.63 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5500 || 2/2 || 4.3 ||  ||  ||  || 1.66 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux (amd64)
|-
| Core 2 Duo T6400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || 0.12 || || 35  || 2.00 || cpuminer git (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7250 || 2/2 || 4.5 || 0.13 || || 35  || 2.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7450 || 2/2 || 3.7 || 0.10 || || 35  || 2.13 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T9400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || || ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.13 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 2.37 || || || || 2.8 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 6.2 || || || || 2.8 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.2 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64 Overclocked from 2.8 GHz to 3.2 GHz
|-
| Xeon 2.8 || 2/2 || 0.8 || || || || 2.8 || cpuminer || cryptopp_asm32 
|-
| Xeon 3060 || 1/2 || 2.03 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2. || cpuminer 0.8.1 (Linux) || --algo=cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Xeon Prestonia 2.4 (dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.16 || 0.017 || || 130 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.4 || 
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 10.13 || 0.16 || || 120 || 2.6 || bitcoind || Roughly the same speed as the "c" algo in cpuminer
|-
| Xeon E3-1230 V2 (quad) || 4/8 || 19.7 || ? || ? || ? || 3.70 || cgminer 2.8.3 || -O2 -march=core-avx-i algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 22.76 || 0.09 || || 120 || 2.6 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -O2 -march=core2, algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5365 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 26.00 || ? || || ? || 3.0 || cpuminer git (2011-06-15) || algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5650 || 2x6/24 || 28.6 || ? || ? || ? || 2.67 || cpuminer 1.0.2 || --algo 4way
|-
| Xeon x5680 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 48 || ? || ? || ? || 3.33GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon x5690 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 52 || ? || ? || ? || 3.46GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon E5-2690 (dual) || 2x8/32 || 66 || ? || ? || 2x135W || 2.9GHz || Ufasoft 64-bit 0.31 || Windows Server 2008R2 x64
|-
| Xeon E5335 || 4/4 || 9.35 || 0.12 || || 80 || 2.00 || ufasoft v0.11 || Vista-32
|-
| Xeon E5410 || 4/4 || 9.8 || ? || || 80 || 2.33|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5440 || 4/8 || 7.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.66|| Kiv's poclbm-gui || FIXME: Either wrong model # or wrong threads/speed info
|-
| Xeon E5506 || 4/4 || 9.6 || ? || || 80 || 2.13|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5520 || 4/8 || 6.5 || 0.08 || || 80 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5530 || 4/8 || 7.14 || 0.09 || || 80 || 2.4 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5620 || 4/8 || 11.2 || ? || || 80 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.10 -t 4 || CentOS 5.5 x64 Hyper-Threading is off
|-
| Xeon E5630 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 8 || 0.1 || || 80 || 2.53 || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
| Xeon E6520 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 24.7 || ||  ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon E7220 || 2/2 || 6.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.93|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E7320 (dual) || 2x2 || 1.5 || || ||  || 2.8 || cgminer v1.2.8 || 2x2.8ghz dual core running Ubuntu 11.04 x86 (individual cores get 0.4 MH/s)
|-
| Xeon E7450 (quad) || 4x6/24 || 60 || ||  ||  || 2.40 || ufasoft v0.13 || -t 24
|-
| Xeon E7520 (dual) || 2x4/16 || 18 || ||  || 95 || 1.87 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon W3680 || 6/12 || 18 ||  || || 130 || 3.33 || cpuminer v1.0.2 --algo=4way || Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| Atom Z520 || 1/2 || 1.20 || || || 2 || 1.7 || ufasoft 1.18 || Asus Eee 1101HA with overclocking capabilities
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.375 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-cpu || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.245 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-4way || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.97 || || || 4 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N270 || 1/2 || 1.19 || 0.24 || || 5 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N450 || 1/2 || 1.60 || 0.31 || || 6.5 || 2.06 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N550 || 2/4 || 1.97 || || || || 1.5 || ufasoft v0.21 || Windows 7/64 bit
|-
| Atom 330 || 2/4 || 1.80 ||  || || 8 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.13  || -t 4
|-
| Atom D510 || 2/4 || 1.00 || || || || 1.6 || cpuminer w cryptopp_asm32 || debian linux 6.0, headless system, 2 GB RAM, running from usb-flash
|-
| Atom D510 || 4/4 || 2.3 || 0.07 || || 30  || 1.6 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04 Server
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'&gt;€ Prices from http://geizhals.at/eu on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.35 || 0.07 || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Total power usage of PS3 fat is 120W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| Cell || 7 || 26.6 || ? || ? || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Running with 7th spu enabled and both ppe cores.
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.7 || 0.07 || 35W || 3.2 GHz || cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (SLIM): Total power usage of PS3 slim is 70W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| MIPS || 1 || 0.026 || ? || ? || ? || 200 MHz || cpuminer || ASUS WL-500G Deluxe Router Running [http://openwrt.org/ OpenWrt]
|-
| VIA Eden || 1 || 1.3 || 0.17 || || 8W || 1600 MHz || cpuminer || VIA Eden w/ padlock
|-
| PowerPC 7447A || 1 || 0.53 || || || || 1420 MHz || cpuminer ||
|-
| PowerPC 7450 (G4e) || 1 || 1.29 || || || || 1670 MHz || cgminer 2.0.7 || PowerBook5,6; Mac OS X 10.5.8; Altivec
|-
| PowerPC 750 (G3) || 1 || 0.140 || || || || 600 MHz || cpuminer || iBook G3 600 w/ Cryptopp
|-
| IBM POWER4+ 2/way || 2/1 || 0.58 || || || || 1450 MHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 || CRUX PPC (64bit), cpuminer -a sha256d -t 1
|-
| IBM Power7 (PowerPC) || || 7.6 ||   ||   || || 3.5 Ghz || cgminer || IBM Power7 770, SuSE Linux 11.1, 4 cores, OpenCL, YASM, Altivec
|-
| Google App Engine || 1 || 0.144 || || || 0W || || pyminer || Modified version of [https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer pyminer] for GAE.
|-
| Open Shift || 1 || 0.059 || || || 0W || || pyminer || 
|}

&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

==See Also==
* [[TP's Bitcoin Calculator]]
* [[Mining rig]]
* [[ZTEX FPGA Boards for Bitcoin Mining]]
* [[Generation Calculator]]
* [[Power Calc]]
* [[OpenCL miner]]
* [http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=745 ATI Stream vs. NVIDIA CUDA - GPGPU computing battle royale] 
* [http://bitminer.info/ Bitminer.info] 
* [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison Bitcoin Mining Performance Compared]
** [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Mining-Update-Power-Usage-Costs-Across-United-States Bitcoin Mining Power Costs Compared]

[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Hardware]]</text>
      <sha1>tpsxluv3pv8i7jrpxjz25nk94bruz6n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136</id>
      <parentid>135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T03:24:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tradus si formatul.</comment>
      <origin>136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="147676" sha1="k80bi3111er2mrw0rzinj8ch58un2x4" xml:space="preserve">Mai jos găsiţi o statistică detaliată asupra performanţei de minat a diferitelor hardware-uri folosite într-un [[rig de minat]](mining rig).

'''Notes:''' 
* Mhash/s = millions hashes per second (raw speed performance; may not be very energy efficient with some models)
* Mhash/J = millions hashes per joule (energy efficiency; 1 joule of energy is 1 watt during 1 second: 1 J = 1 W*s)
* W = watt (maximum power consumption, i.e. energy per unit of time: 1 W = 1 J/s)

== ASIC ==

'''Note that products which have not shipped, especially by new vendors, may be scams! Be sure to research any of these intensely before giving them any money.'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Product !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! Watts !! Price !! Shipping !! Comm ports
|-  
| Avalon ASIC #1
| 66,300&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt; || 107 || 52.34 || 620&lt;ref&gt;http://garzikrants.blogspot.com/2013/02/avalon-miner-power-usage.html&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,299&lt;ref name="avalon"&gt;[http://shop.avalon-asic.com/catalog/product/view/id/1 "Avalon ASIC"]. Avalon. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #2
| 82,000&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || 117 || 54.70 || 700 || 1,499&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt; || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| Avalon ASIC #3&lt;ref name="avalon" /&gt;
|  ||  || || || || {{Nu}} ||
|-
| Axon Synapse Terra-1 &lt;ref name="Axon Terra-1"&gt;[http://www.axonlabs.net "Axon Synapse Terra-1"] Axon Synapse Terra-1&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,000,000 || 1350 || || || 9,999 || {{Nu|2014}} || Ethernet
|-
| [[BitForce]] SC 5Gh/s
| 5,000&lt;ref name="jap"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/5-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 5 GH/s SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved November 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 18.24 || 30 || 274&lt;ref name="jap" /&gt; || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 10 Gh/s
| 10,000 &lt;ref name="bf10"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/10-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 10 GH/s Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved December 24, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ?? || 27 || ?? || 374&lt;ref name="bf10" /&gt; || {{Da}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 25 Gh/s
| 25,000 &lt;ref name="bf25"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/25-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 25 GH/s Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved December 14, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 20.00 || 150|| 1,249&lt;ref name="bf25" /&gt; || {{Da}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Little Single
| 30,000&lt;ref name="ls" /&gt; || || 46.22 || || 649&lt;ref name="ls"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/pre-order-form-bitforce-little-single-sc/ "Pre Order Form – BitForce 'Little' Single SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| BitForce SC 50 Gh/s
| 50,000 &lt;ref name="bf50"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/50-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 50 GH/s Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved November 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 166 || 20.00 || 300|| 2,499&lt;ref name="bf50" /&gt; || {{Da}} || USB
|-
| BitForce Single 'SC'
| 60,000&lt;ref name="sc"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sc-single "Pre Order Form – BitForce Single 'SC' "]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 250 || 46.18 || 240 || 1,299&lt;ref name="sc" /&gt; || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| 250 GH/s Rack Mount Bitcoin Miner
| 250,000&lt;ref name="bf250"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/250-gh-s-rack-mount-bitcoin-miner.html "250 GH/s Rack Mount Bitcoin Miner"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved December 14, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ?? || 21 || ??|| $11,875&lt;ref name="bf250" /&gt; || {{Nu|Jan 2014}} || USB
|-
| BitForce 500 GH/s Mini Rig SC
| 500,000&lt;ref name="bf500"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage/500-gh-s-bitcoin-miner.html "BitForce 500 GH/s Mini Rig SC"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved November 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 185 || ?? || 2700 || 22,484 || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || 
|-
| [[BitFury]]'s
| 120,000 || 705 || 56 || 170 || 2,160&lt;ref&gt;Actual costs higher outside Russia&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Nu}} || 
|-
| [[Bitmine.ch]] Avalon Clone 85GH
| 85,000 || ??? || 13 || 650 || 6,489&lt;ref&gt;Depends on user configuration available from http://www.bitmine.ch&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Nu|2013 Aug}} || Ethernet, Wifi, USB
|-
| Black Arrow Prospero X-1
| 64,000 || 1777 || 267&lt;ref name="blackarrowx1"&gt;[http://www.blackarrowsoftware.com/store/prospero-x-1.html "Black Arrow Official Website - X1"]. Retrieved September 21, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 36 || 239&lt;ref name="blackarrowx1"/&gt; || {{Nu|2014 Feb}} || Ethernet
|-
| Black Arrow Prospero X-3
| 1,344,000 || 1792 || 336&lt;ref name="blackarrowx3"&gt;[http://www.blackarrowsoftware.com/store/prospero-x-3.html "Black Arrow Official Website - X3"]. Retrieved September 21, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 750 || 3999&lt;ref name="blackarrowx3"/&gt; || {{Nu|2014 Feb}} || Ethernet
|-
| Blue Fury
| 2,500 || 1000 || 17.8 || 2.5 || 140 || {{Da}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Blade
| 10,752 || 129 || 28&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 83 || 350&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Da}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Cube
| 30,000 || 150 || 55 || 200 || 550&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || {{Da}} || Ethernet
|-
| Block Erupter Emerald
| 336 || ??? || n/a || ??? || Promo || {{Nu}} || USB
|-
| Block Erupter Sapphire
| 333 || 130 || 17&lt;ref name="bcprice"/&gt; || 2.55 || 20&lt;ref name="bcprice"&gt;Actual price is in bitcoins. USD value estimated.&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || USB
|-
| CoinTerra TerraMiner IV
| 2,000,000 ||  || 333.3 ||  || 5,999 || {{Nu|2014 Apr}} || 
|-
| [[HashBlaster]] "I" – 20nm
| 3,300,000&lt;ref name="HBB1"&gt;[https://www.hashblaster.com/ "HashBlaster - Bitcoin ASIC Mining Hardware"]. HashBlaster. Retrieved December 10, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1818 || 375|| 1815&lt;ref name="HBB1"/&gt; || 8,799&lt;ref name="HBB1"/&gt; || {{Nu|2014 Jan}} || Ethernet, Wifi
|-
| [[HashFast]] Baby Jet – First Batch Backorder
| 400,000&lt;ref name="HFBJ1"&gt;[https://hashfast.com/shop/babyjet/ "Baby Jet"]. HashFast. Retrieved October 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1143 || 71|| 350&lt;ref name="HFBJ1"/&gt; || 5,600&lt;ref name="HFBJ1"/&gt; || {{Nu}} || Ethernet, USB
|-
| [[HashFast]] Baby Jet – Second Batch
| 400,000&lt;ref name="HFBJ2"&gt;[https://hashfast.com/shop/baby-jet-second-batch/ "Baby Jet Second Batch]. HashFast. Retrieved October 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1143 || 145|| 350&lt;ref name="HFBJ2"/&gt;  || 2,760&lt;ref name="HFBJ2"/&gt; || {{Nu}} || Ethernet, USB
|-
| [[HashFast]] Sierra - Second Batch
| 1,200,000&lt;ref name="HFSB2"&gt;[https://hashfast.com/shop/sierra-2/ "Second Batch Sierra"]. HashFast. Retrieved October 4, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1143 || 169|| 1050&lt;ref name="HFSB2"/&gt;  || 7,080&lt;ref name="HFSB2"/&gt; || {{Nu}} || Ethernet, USB
|-
| [[KnCMiner]] Mercury
| 100,000 || ??? || 50.04 || 250 || 1,995 || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnC Saturn &lt;ref name="KNCMiner"&gt;[https://www.kncminer.com/categories/miners "KNC Mining Hardware"] KNC Miner&lt;/ref&gt;
| 250,000 || 400|| 66 || 300&lt;ref name="nopsu"&gt;Power supply not included&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,995 || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || Ethernet
|-
| KnC Jupiter &lt;ref name="KNCMiner"/&gt;
| 500,000 || 400|| 80 || 600&lt;ref name="nopsu"/&gt; || 4,995 || {{Nu|Discontinued}} || Ethernet
|-
|  KnC Neptune &lt;ref name="KnC Neptune"&gt;[https://www.kncminer.com/categories/miners "KnC Neptunes 3TH first ever 20nm Chip"] KNC Miner&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,000,000 || 1429 || 231 || 2100 || 12,995 &lt;ref name="KnC Neptune"&gt;[https://www.kncminer.com/products/neptune "Neptune Online Store"] KnC Miner&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{Nu|2014}} || Ethernet
|-
| Monarch BPU 300 C &lt;ref name="Monarch300"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/300-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html/ "300 GH Bitcoin Mining Card"]. Butterfly Labs.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 300,000 || 1714 || 107 || 175 || 2,800 || {{Nu|2014}} || PCIe, USB
|-
| Monarch BPU 600 C &lt;ref name="Monarch600"&gt;[https://products.butterflylabs.com/homepage-new-products/600-gh-bitcoin-mining-card.html/ "600 GH Bitcoin Mining Card"]. Butterfly Labs.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 600,000 || 1714 || 128 || 350 || 4,680 || {{Nu|2014}} || PCIe, USB
|-
| [[TerraHash]] Klondike 16 &lt;ref name="Klondike16"&gt;[https://terrahash.com/product/4-5-ghsec-module/ "4.5 GH/sec Modular Board (Klondike 16)"].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 4,500 || 140 || 18 || 32|| 250 || {{Nu}} || USB
|-
| TerraHash Klondike 64 &lt;ref name="Klondike64"&gt;[https://terrahash.com/product/18-ghsec-modular-board/ "18 GH/sec Modular board (Klondike 64)"].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 18,000 || 140 || 20 || 127 || 900 || {{Nu}} || USB
|-
| TerraHash DX Mini (full)
| 90,000 || 140 || 15 || 640 || 6,000 || {{Nu}} || USB
|-
| TerraHash DX Large (full)
| 180,000 || 140 || 17.14 || 1,280 || 10,500 || {{Nu}} || USB
|-	
| [[Xtreme Miners Leopard]] 2.5 Th	
| 2,500,000&lt;ref name="xmle"&gt;[http://www.xtrememiners.net/#!products/cngp "Xtreme Miners The Leopard 2.5 TH"] &lt;/ref&gt; || ? || 431.03 || 750 || 5,800&lt;ref name="xmle" /&gt; || {{Nu|Mar 2014}} || WiFi, Ethernet, USB	
|-	
| [[Xtreme Miners Tiger]] 5 Th
| 5,000,000&lt;ref name="xmt"&gt;[http://www.xtrememiners.net/#!products/cngp "Xtreme Miners The Tiger 5 TH"] &lt;/ref&gt; || ? || 500 || 1500 || 10,000&lt;ref name="xmt" /&gt; || {{Nu|Feb 2014}} || WiFi, Ethernet, USB 
|-
| [[Xtreme Miners Lion]] 7.5 Th	
| 7,500,000&lt;ref name="xml"&gt;[http://www.xtrememiners.net/#!products/cngp "Xtreme Miners The Lion 7.5 TH"] &lt;/ref&gt; || ? || 517.24 || 2250 || 14,500&lt;ref name="xml" /&gt; || {{Nu|Feb 2014}} || WiFi, Ethernet, USB	
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

== FPGA ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Product !! Hash rate&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/J] !! Efficiency&lt;br /&gt;[Mhash/s/$] !! Power&lt;br /&gt;[W] !! Price&lt;br /&gt;[$]
|-
! Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T Development Kit
| 100&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 19, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.0 "Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.10 ||  || 995&lt;ref&gt;[http://avnetexpress.avnet.com/store/em/EMController?action=products&amp;catalogId=500201&amp;storeId=500201&amp;N=0&amp;langId=-1&amp;slnk=b&amp;term=AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G&amp;hrf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.avnet.com%2Fen-us%2Fdesign%2Fdrc%2FPages%2FXilinx-Spartan-6-FPGA-LX150T-Development-Kit.aspx&amp;intcmp=EMA-BUY-AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G "AES-S6DEV-LX150T-G Parts"]. Avnet Express. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Bitcoin Dominator X5000
| 100&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 14.7 || 0.22 || 6.8&lt;ref name="bd" /&gt; || 440&lt;ref name="bd"&gt;NewMeat1 (August 18, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=37904.0 "Custom FPGA Board for Sale!"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! BitForce SHA256 Single
| 832&lt;ref name="single"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/product-details/ "BitForce SHA256 Single – Technical Specifications"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 10.4 || 1.38 || 80&lt;ref name="single" /&gt; || 599&lt;ref name="single" /&gt;
|-
! Butterflylabs Mini Rig
| 25,200&lt;ref name="mini"&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20120514032732/http://www.butterflylabs.com/products "Products"]. Butterfly Labs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20.16 || 1.64 || 1,250&lt;ref name="mini" /&gt; || 15,295&lt;ref name="mini2"&gt;[http://www.butterflylabs.com/order-form-bitforce-sha256-mini-rig/ "Order Form – BitForce SHA256 – Mini Rig"]. Butterfly Labs. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Digilent Nexys 2 500K
| 5&lt;ref&gt;The Seven (June 3, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9047.msg164438#msg164438 "Re: Official Open Source FPGA Bitcoin Miner (Smaller Devices Now Supported!)"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.03 ||  || 149&lt;ref name="dig"&gt;[http://www.digilentinc.com/Products/Detail.cfm?Prod=NEXYS2 "Nexys™2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board"]. Digilent. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Icarus
| 380&lt;ref name="ica"&gt;Nzghang (November 9, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=51371.0 "FPGA development board 'Icarus' – DisContinued/ important announcement"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 19.79 || 0.66 || 19.2&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt; || 569&lt;ref name="ica" /&gt;
|-
! KnCMiner Mars
| 6,000 || ??? || 2.15 || ??? || 2,795
|-
! Lancelot&lt;ref name="lan"&gt;Nzghang (May 6, 2012). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=79835.0 "FPGA development board "Lancelot" - accept bitsteam developer's orders."]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 400&lt;ref name="lan1"&gt;Black Arrow (Jun 11, 2013). [https://www.cardreaderfactory.com/shop/lancelot.html "Lancelot - Heavy Duty Dual Spartan6 Bitcoin Mining Device"]. cardreaderfactory.com. Retrieved Jun 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || ||  || 26 || 350&lt;ref name="lan1"&gt;Black Arrow (Jun 11, 2013). [https://www.cardreaderfactory.com/shop/lancelot.html "Lancelot - Heavy Duty Dual Spartan6 Bitcoin Mining Device"]. cardreaderfactory.com. Retrieved Jun 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ModMiner Quad 
| 800&lt;ref name="mmq"&gt;[http://www.btcfpga.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=50 "ModMiner Quad"]. BTCFPGA. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; || 20 || 0.75 || 40&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt; || 1,069&lt;ref name="mmq" /&gt;
|-
! Terasic DE2-115
| 80&lt;ref&gt;Fpgaminer (May 4, 2011). [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5379.msg105544#msg105544 "Re: FPGA mining"]. Bitcointalk.org. Retrieved February 7, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || 0.13 ||  || 595&lt;ref name="de2"&gt;[http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?No=502 "Altera DE2-115 Development and Education Board"]. Terasic. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! X6500 FPGA Miner 
| 400&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 23.25 || 0.72 || 17.2&lt;ref name="x65" /&gt; || 550&lt;ref name="x65"&gt;[http://store.fpgamining.com/ "FPGA Mining Store"]. FPGA Mining. Retrieved January 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15b
| 90&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.27 ||  || 325&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=62&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15x
| 215&lt;ref name="miner" /&gt; || || 0.52 ||  || 406&lt;ref&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=66&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! ZTEX USB-FPGA Module 1.15y
| 860&lt;ref name="miner"&gt;http://www.ztex.de/btcminer/&lt;/ref&gt; || || 0.65 || || 1,304&lt;ref name="1.15y"&gt;http://shop.ztex.de/product_info.php?cPath=21&amp;products_id=74&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;references/&gt;

==Graphics cards==
Practically no one GPU mines Bitcoin anymore as the hashrate of any GPU is so low compared to the network today that the amount of Bitcoin earned is uselessly small and the power consumed is greater than the worth of the coins. This information is preserved for historical interest but does not include most GPUs released after the time mining ASICs started shipping in volume.

===AMD (ATI)===
Stream SDK 2.5 seems to have resolved many of the problems with earlier versions.  Everyone's setups will be unique so this should only be a guide or starting point, not an absolute.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt; !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! SDK !! Slot !! Miner !! Notes 
|-
| 3410 || 0.89 || 0.074 || ? || 12(?) || 222 || 40 || 1.4 beta || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || A custom Brook+ miner || Using 16,384 length streams
|-
| 3XXX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported
|-
| 42XX || || || || || || || || || || OpenCL Not Supported (integrated/mobile GPU)
|-
| 4350 || 6.93 || 0.346 ||0.16 || 20 || 575 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4350 || 7.2 || || || || 600 || || 1.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer/Linux || default settings
|-
| 4350 || 8.14 || -|| 0.19 || - || 730 || 80 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 32. Model: Asus EAH4350 Silent. Memory at 400MHz. Runs at 60°C with ambient at 25°C.
|-
| 4350 || 10.7 || -|| - || - || 730 || - || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || CGMiner/Windows7 || -v -w 64 Voltage set at 0.900 core set at 800MHZ and memory set to 200MHZ
|-
| 4550 || 7.23 || 0.289 ||0.13 || 25 || 600 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4550 || 7.8 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer /phoenix || worksize=64 VECTORS 
|-
| 4570M || 8.02 || 0.297 || ? || 27 || 680 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW
|-
| 4570M || 9.6 || 0.300|| ? || 32 || 825(OC) || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo/Windows7 || -w 64, SDK 2.4, Cat 11.4. Model: Sony Vaio NW. OC core 680-&gt;825. U/C memory 800-&gt;500.
|-
| 4650 || 31.33 || 0.653||  0.44 || 48 || 650 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 36.14 || 0.613|| 0.34 || 59 || 750 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 32, don't use vectors
|-
| 4670 || 40.11 || 0.679|| 0.38 || 59 || 800 || 320 || - || AGP x8 || poclbm/Ubuntu 10.10 w/ H == 0 mod || -w 32 -f 0, don't use vectors [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.msg85236#msg85236 source]
|-
| 4670 || 50 || - || 0.47 || 60 || 800 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || 2 miners set up i7 920 (130W), CPU: Ufasoft, GPU: OpenCL; the CPU is getting about 40 Mhash/s while the GPU goes from 10-20 Mhash/s
|-
| 4730 || 72.29 || 0.657|| ? || 110 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4770 || 72.29 || 0.904|| 0.72 || 80 || 750 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 55.42 || 0.583|| || 95 || 575 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4830 || 61.7 || - || || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 64.9 || - || - || - || 700 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod || Fedora 14
|-
| 4830 || 66.12 || 0.503|| || 105 || 700 || 1005 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - ||
|-
| 4850 || 75.30 || 0.685 || || 110 || 625 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4850 || 84.3 || 0.766 ||  || 110 || 725 || 300 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || -w64 fan at 70% temp 73C, stock voltage -gui miner
|-
| 4850 || 87.4 || 0.79 || - || 110 || 785 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || Phoenix; -k poclbm
|-
| 4850 || 90.1 || 0.819 || || 110 || 800 || 500 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 30; Tried phoenix and phatk, got same max
|-
| 4850 || 101 || 0.918 || || 110 || 817 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer || -f 0, core 817mhz(default 625)@1.123v , mem downclock to 500mhz (default 993) [http://www.smpake.com/?p=6 source]
|-
| 4850x2 || 150.60 || 0.602 || || 250 || 625 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4860 || 67.47 || 0.519||  || 130 || 700 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 78 || 0.520||  || 150 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Vista 64bit || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source]
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 88 || ||  || 140 || std || 800 || 12.3.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / 64bit OS X pyopencl / poclbm || Standard Mac Pro 3,1 with Apple HD4870 upgrade. Flags: FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5 (don't use vectors, and hash rate drops to 60-70 if browser windows are visible, speeds up to 88 if you hide them!
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 90.36 || 0.602||  || 150 || 750 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 92.84 || 0.6189333(?)||  || 150(?) || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm AGGRESSION=5 (Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU OC 750-&gt;830MHz, VRAM UC 900-&gt;450MHz, BIOS modded)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 96 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / phoenix 1.50 / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -k phatk bfi_int=false FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 104 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Smartcoin r657s / DiabloMiner / Linuxcoin 0.2b final || Powercolor @ GPU 830 MHz/ MEM 200 Mhz @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.2 || ?||  || ? || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 200 MHz By MSI AfterBurner. Card: Gainward Golden Sample. @70%Fan we have 55 GPU temp.
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870 || 104.6 || 0.872||  || 120 || 830(OC) || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -w 256 -f 1, Windows 7 64-Bit, GPU Core OC to 830 MHz, GPU Memory UC to 190 MHz (saves 30 watts at outlet)
|-
|style="background:#F8F8F8;"| 4870 || 112 || ||  || 140 || 750 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BAMT 0.5c / cgminer || Powercolor @ GPU 875 MHz/ MEM 300 Mhz/ 1,25VDC @ 100% FAN @ 65 temp @ Flags: -v 1 -w 256 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.6||   0.632|| || 286 || 800 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#F8F8FF;"| 4870x2 || 180.72||    0.632|| || 286 || 750 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4870x2 || 203 || || ||  || 850(OC) || 1600 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod ver. 20 april 2011|| Gainward / Win7 x64 / -w 256 -f 1 / 850MHz GPU - 300MHz Mem - 1,262V - 100% fun : 72C
|-
| 4890 || 97.1 || 0.511|| || 190 || 870(OC) || 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-01-21 Solo settings || Sapphire fab. No flags options helped. Close all browsers and do full restart of GUIMiner and then Bitcoin via GUIMiner server starter or the browsers GPU accl. will limit to 56~ ish Mhash/s - I can now start browser without slowdowns
|-
| 4890 || 102.41 || 0.539|| || 190 || 850 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 108.3 || 0.57|| || 190 || 975 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || - || 
|-
| 4890 || 121.5 || -||  || 190 || 1025 (OC) || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || no flags, Vcore 1.4 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 11.99||   0.631|| || 19 || 650 || 80 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 13.74|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linuxcoin v0.2 || -v -w128 tried several options, seems to work best.
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 14.12|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/Linuxcoin v0.2 || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64" Kernel: "phatk"
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 15.36|| || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || Flags: "DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_ING WORKSIZE=128" Kernel: "phatk" - MagicSata
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5450 || 18.10|| || - || - || 774 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 1 774.66MHz/300.37MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFF8EF;"| 5470 || 17.10|| || - || - || - || - || - || - || poclbm || -v -w 128 MobileGPU
|-
| 5550 || 40.59 || 1.041||  || 39 || 550 || 320 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5550 || 62.10 || - || - || - || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix || 700MHz core 800MHz ram, phatk mod, Flags: "-k phatk worksize=128 vectors aggression=4 bfi_int"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 59.96 || 1.538|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 62 || 1.59|| || 39 || 650 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 64 || 1.641|| || 39 || 650 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 73 || 1.872|| || 39 || 700 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=4 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 86.3 || 2.397|| || 36 || 775 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 (no Aero) ||-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v  WORKSIZE=256 Fan 100% 86C Undervolted @ 0.96v using Sapphire Trixx
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 94 || stock || || || 880 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUI Miner 02-12/Windows 7 x86 || -v -w128 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5570 || 102 || 1.46(+)|| || 75(-) || 950 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Windows 7 x86 (no Aero) || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 -v FASTLOOP BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 (Reference Sapphire card, 2 additional 120mm coolers, temperature is 79-82C)
|-
| 5650 || 48 || 1.37|| || 35(?) || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/ATI-Mobility-Radeon-HD-5650.23697.0.html source] -- not TDP but load
|-
| 5650 || 61.2 || || || 35 || || || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Windows 7 x64 || -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=9
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 71.49 || 1.117|| || 64 || 775 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 72 || 1.64|| || 44 || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm-mod (Win7-64) || Sapphire 100287VGAL card is low power
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 85|| || - || - || 900 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 91|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 poclbm catalyst 11.2 win7 x86 || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 100|| || - || - || 890 || 400 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 1.5.6 || GPU/Mem 890/800 temp 72C
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 103 || -|| || - || 900/275 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 11.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / small fan, under 50 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#EEFFEE;"| 5670 || 127.8|| || - || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Windows 7 (64bit) Phoenix 2.0 || Aggression=11 Worksize=128 Fastloop=False Opencl
|-
| 5750 || 105 || - || - || - ||  - || - || - || - || poclbm || Apple iMac 27inch (Mid 2010), Mac OSX 10.7 Lion 
|-
| 5750 || 116.24 || 1.352|| || 86 || 700 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
| 5750 || 137 || ||- || - || 710 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 using stock memory and GPU clocks
|-
| 5750 || 146.4 || || - || - || 775 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || -v -w128, AMD Catalyst overclock (775MHz GPU / 1225 MHz Memory)
|-
| 5750 || 154.56 || 1.45|| || 106 || 830 || 720 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || -v -w128 -f20 underclocked memory clocks from 1150MHz to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 170 || - || || - || 870 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 patched BIOS to underclock memory to 300MHz
|-
| 5750 || 173 || - || ||- || 875 || 720 || - || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || phoenix || 875/300 w/MSI Afterburner, BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE -k phatk
|-
| 5750 || 177 || - || ||- || 910/575 || 720 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.5.6 || PowerColor GoGreen+fan, MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=FALSE WORKSIZE=64
|-
| 5750 || 190 || - || ||- || 930/290 || - || atistream sdk || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || poclbm || 930gpu / 290mem (O.S. Ubuntu 10.10 x64, overclock gpu &amp; underclock mem) with poclbm options -v -f 0 -w 256
|-
| 5750 Vapor-X || 195 || - || - || 125 || 975/300 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || (O.S. Ubuntu 12.01 AMD64 dedicated) cgminer options -Q 0 -I 9 -g 2 -w 256 --auto-fan --temp-target 65 --gpu-vddc 1.075 (Fan speed 60~65%)
|-
| 5750x2 CF || 356 || - || ||- || 870 || 720x2 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=28402.0 cgminer v1.5.1] (Win7 64bit) || 870MHz GPU / -I 8 / 2x [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3402#sp GIGABYTE GV-R575SL-1GI] cards + [http://www.gigabyte.com/products/product-page.aspx?pid=3258#sp GIGABYTE GA-790FXTA-UD5] MB + 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=9&amp;lng=en 80mm], 1x [http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=productview&amp;products_id=16&amp;lng=en 90mm] Noctua coolers
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 156.83 || 1.452|| || 108 || 850 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 171.12 || - || - || - || - || stock || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.3/debian gnu/linux 6 squeeze || -k phatk2 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 180 || 1.406(*)|| || 128(*) || 950(OC) || 800 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here])
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 Hawk || 182 || ||- || - || 875 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || -v -w 128 (875MHz is stock for 5770 Hawk)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 185 || - || ||- || 850 || 1200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 205.58 || - || ||- || 935 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.5 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/GUIMiner/Win7-64 || mem underclocked 300 mhz, 1.1vcore, 950mhz core, @69°C/57%FAN VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 214.7 || 1.95(-)|| || 108(+) || 950 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / win7x86 || mem underclocked 309 mhz, -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 216.5 || -|| || - || 955 || || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 /phatk || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 218.35 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1401 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 128 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1Ghz core with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 223 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 227 || -|| || - || 1030 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || -w 256 -v 2 (Overclocked to 1030 core/300 mem with 1.2 voltage and Scythe Setsugen 2 cooling system)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 233 || 2.23(-)|| || 100(+) || 1050 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 [http://www.smpake.com/?p=59 source]
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 236 || -|| || - || 1033/275 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 / big fans, under 75 deg C, no voltage tweaks... catfish
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 240.61 || 2.3632(-)|| || 100(+) || 1080 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || phoenix 1.48 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC'd and OV'd 1080/300 1.25v)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 241 || - || - || 100(+) || 1045 || 250 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk WORKSIZE=256 (OC 1020/300) XFX@1.1 volts. +Kernel function improve 5%
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770 || 244 || -|| || - || 1050 || 300 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.75 /phatk2 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=23067.0 Modified phatk kernel] and stock voltage for Sapphire (1.125V) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=9, Temp 75C, FAN 100% (manual)
|-
|style="background:#FFFFEF;"| 5770x2 || 425 || - || - || 225(+) || 960 || 800x2 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w128 (OC 960/1200)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830M || 120 || -|| || - || 570|| 120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 OpenCL/Win7 x64|| -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 244 || 1.36|| || 179 || 800 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 245 || 1.28|| || 192 || 880 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) || -v -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 248 || 1.29|| || 192 || 880 || 500 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.46 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 256 || -|| || - || 900 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 || -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=7
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 267 || -|| || - || 875 || 1000 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.48 OpenCL/Linux x86_64 || -k phatk DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=6 -v FASTLOOP WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 272 || 1.52|| || 179 || 875 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / LinuxCoin || 275Mhz Memory clock, 1.125 V (from 1.163), VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 275 || 1.5714|| || 175 || 900 || 500 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm (guiminer) Win7x64 || -v -w64 -f10, XFX stock w/ v2.4 SDK = 230Mh/s, v2.1 SDK = +10Mh/s, overclocking core clock by 100 = +30Mh/s, underclocking memory to 500 (ran cooler), and changing workload to -w64 = +5Mh/s.
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 285 || - ||1.58 || - || 960 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 930 || - || 2.2 || PCI-E x16/x4/x1 || GUIMiner / phoenix  1.5 / POCLBM / Win 7 64 || POCLBM VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false / Memory 300Mhz, VCore standard
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 290 || -||  || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / poclbm / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 295 || -|| || - || 980 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win XP 32 || Extra flags -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 297 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 44% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 960|| 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner / poclbm / Win 7 64 || Extra flags -v -w 256 (Sapphire Extreme 71 degrees @ 52% fan)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.47 / pheonix 1.48 / Win7 64 || (sapphire xtreme) VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 300 || -|| || - || 970 || 1120 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 305 || -|| || - || 984 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 / phatk / Win7 32 || 400Mhz Memory clock, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || -|| || - || 996 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 307 || 2.25 || 2.55 || 125 || 965 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.0.5 / Win7 64 || Mem @ 300/Stock voltage/Entire system 200W
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / poclbm / Xubuntu 11.04 x64 || VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 308 || -|| || - || 990 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 black || 310 || ||- || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || LinuxCoin 0.2b, phoenix/phatk || (XFX Brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 311 || -|| || - || 1000 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 315 || -|| || - || 970 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.1 / phatk2 / CrunchBang Linux || memory @ 300mhz VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 316 || ||- || - || 1015 || 375 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 32 || @ stock voltage VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 319 || -|| 1.77 || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Xp 64 || 1.2v 355Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 321 || -||  || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Linux || 1000Mhz GPU, 350Mhz RAM, 1.15V, 90% fan, ~60c Temp, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; phatk kernel found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 323 || || ||  || 900 (OC) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.5 Win7x64 || (500Mhz RAM), ~61c Temp, 57% fan, BFI_INT  FASTLOOP=false VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 -v WORKSIZE=64
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 (127$) || 325 || 1.98 || 2.57Mh/$ || 165W || 1040MHz || 200MHz || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Guiminer/phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] w7 64bit  || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS2 WORKSIZE=128 stock volt, watercooled 53C
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 328 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix / phatk || 1.195 V, RAM @ 325 Mhz, fan @90%, no case, extra 10K RPM fan (62 deg.C in full-load); options: -k phatk DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; brand: Sapphire Xtreme; bord is stable up to 1060 Mhz ~ 335 MHash, but produces some visual artefacts;
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 331 || - || 4.14 || - || 1010 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || WinXP 32 / Phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 || Stock Voltage, RAM 300, 64C, Fan 67%, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false (+6Mh w/ Phoenix 1.7.5 over 1.6.2)
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 333 || - || - || - || 1040 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || LinuxCoin 0.2.1b / phoenix-1.50 / phatk-[http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 mod] || + ~5 Mhash increase using the modified phatk from the user above. I am the same guy with 330 @ 1040 MHz Sapphire Xtreme, all other settings the same, board stable, no increase in rejected
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1040 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 208Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 334 || -|| || - || 1030 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk 2.0 / Win7 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT  -- (upped from 330 achieved with diapolo mod [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25135.0 here]), now using phatk 2.0 found [http://forum.bitcoin.org/?topic=7964.0 here]
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830 || 342 || - || - || - || 1045 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk 2.2 / WinSvr 2008 R2 64 || Stock voltage, 385Mhz Memory, VECTORS VECTORS4 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 BFI_INT -k phatk-2.2
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 CF || 480 || -|| || - || 800 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit |Guiminer || -v -f70 -w128
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 570 || -|| || - || 950 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || Guiminer/ - / Win7 64bit poclbm || poclbm -v -w256 -f10 MEMORYCLOCK 300MHZ GPUCLOCK 950MHZ FAN 52% 72°C 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x2 || 608 || -|| || - || 990 || - || - || 2x PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 2.0/ phatk2 / Win7 32bit || Stock voltage, 300Mhz Memory, VECTORS GOFFSET AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FAN 51% 69°C (Open ATX case) 
|-
|style="background:#FFFDDD;"| 5830x6 || 1967 || 1.62 || 1.97 || - || 1020/340 || 1120x6 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.7.5/phatk2/BAMT Linux || 100% fan @65C / 1.162V / CCC 11.6 / BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 240.77 || 1.595|| 1.49 || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || - || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 250.26 || 1.657|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || opencl client || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 252 || 1.575|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 255.3 || 1.593|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-01-25 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 264 || 1.748|| || 151 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || guiminer-20110501 || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || 1.75|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || with BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 280 || - || ||- || 725 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50 / Fedora 14 || -v -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=true
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 282.75 ||style="background:#EFEFFF;"| 3.06|| - || 92.25|| 666 (UC) || 1440|| 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix/WinXP || undervolted to 0.95V; phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256; driver 10.12; [http://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=9982.0 clocktweak] for setting values; [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=40056 thread]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 292 || 1.825|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 298 || 1.8620|| || 160 || 765 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 2011-04-28 -v -f 1 -w 64 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 300 || 1.5460|| || 194 || 925(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 304 || - || || - || 725 (stock) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer.exe -v 2 -I 8 -w 256 --gpu-memclock 275 || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 314 || 1.8362|| || 171 || 820(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 328 || - || || - || 875 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || 70C @42% fan, mem @ 500mhz; -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 330 || - || ||- || 850 @ Stock voltage || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || EAH5850, miner arguments: -k poclbm DEVICE=1 VECTORS AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 331 || - || ||- || 725 (Stock) ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits||  Sapphire 5850 Xtreme, Arguments: -v 2 -w 192 (by Swapper 2011-07-05)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 335 || 1.8611|| || 180 || 890(OC) || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || poclbm || -v -w128, Memory downclocked to 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 344 || 1.8594|| || 185 || 890(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 347 || -|| || - || 876 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 50% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 354 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || diablo -v 2 -w 128 || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=9239.0 Headless], catalyst 11.5, memory downclocked to 300mhz, stock voltage. flashed with atiflash [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9AxNmOy6_0 video]
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk || Ubuntu 11.04 64-bit, Memory downclocked to 200MHz, VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 355 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 60% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 356 || -|| || - || 870 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 359 || -|| || - || 900 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 11.04 x64 || 300Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 365 || -|| || - || 920 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E x16 || phoenix 1.48 / phatk / Win7 64 || 300Mhz memory clock VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 367.5 || -|| || - || 900(OC) || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || diablo with bitless's hack, -v 2 -w 128 || RHEL 5U5 x86_64, catalyst 11.5, Sapphire HD 5850 Xtreme, Memory downclocked to 300MHz, core voltage 1.145V, BIOS modded with RBE
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 369.4 || -|| || - || 930 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix / phatk / Win7 32 || Catalyst 11.5, XFX HD5850, Memory downclocked to 322MHz, -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 372 || 1.68 || - || 220 @ Wall || 900 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.1 x8 || cgminer 2.3.1 from source / Ubuntu 11.11 x86_64 || -I 8 -v 2 -w 256 --- hex-core opteron cpu w/ 12GB RAM and cgminer CPU bug in linux makes power usage a little high ~210w in windows 7 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 375 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Ubuntu 10.04 || 300Mhz memory clock  VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 381 || -|| || - || 940 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1.0 x16 || phoenix / phatk / Win7 x64 / Catalyst 11.6 || MSI Afterburner 500MHz memory clock,-k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 382 || 1.8454|| || 207 || 995(OC) || 1440 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || phoenix || OC 1.177v on core
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || - || - || 180 || 725 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.2 || ASUS DirectCU @ GPU 960 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.2 @ 70% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2,1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 391 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenix 1.5 / phatk / Win7 64 || Mem @ 280, fan @ 100%, Temp @ 71, 1.163 V core, -v -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, The name is Mautobu
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 392 || -||2.43 || - || 990 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-svn (AUR) / phatk / Arch Linux || Memory: 180MHz, -v -q 1 -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 397 || -|| || - || 950 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 2.2 / Win7 64, catalyst 11.6 || Mem speed 350Mhz, Fan 85%, 70C, 1.083 Vcore, -k phatk  VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 400 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 x64 || Memory 600MHz, Vcore 1.225, 73C, -k phatk WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 404 || -|| || - || 965 || 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16(@x8) || phoenixsvn / phatk2 / Ubuntu 11.04 / catalyst 11.8 || 5870 bios flash, Mem @322, fan@55%, Temp@83oC, 1.163Vcore, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 408 || -|| - || - || 999/275 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk-mod / Ubuntu 10.04 || Fan 70%, temp &lt; 60 deg C, Sapphire 5 heatpipe card, same flags as above/below (edit1- oops, no voltage tweaks... edit2- wow, phatk-mod makes a difference... catfish)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 412 || -|| || - || 1010 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.5 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 -k phatk 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 414.8 || -|| || - || 1018 || 450 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || GUIMiner / Win7 64 11.7 || I use Sapphire HD5850 Toxic 2GB and for OC TRIXX Sapphire Tweak Utility v4.0.2. 72 deg C, fan 100%, core 1018mhz, mem 450Mhz, stock voltage (1.163). proof: http://img23.imageshack.us/img23/2367/414upload.png GUIMiner parameters: -v -w256 -f1  
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 420 || -|| || - || 1055 || 300 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 1x&gt;16x || phoenix 1.5 / phatk 3% mod / Win7 64 11.6 || Fan 80%, 66C, 1.250 Vcore, -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 And proof: http://i.imgur.com/s9hqs.png
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 431 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 4x&gt;16x || phoenix-svn / phatk kernel / Debian Wheezy AMD64 + fglrx 11.6 || fan 100%, vcore 1.1750 V, 72C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=15 FASTLOOP=false -k phatk, proof: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/199/431u.png/
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850 || 432.15 || -|| || - || 1040 || 500 || 2.5.793.1 || PCI-E 2.0 16x || phoenix 1.7.5 / phatk2 kernel / Win7 x64 SP1 || fan 100%, vcore 1.212 V, 69C, VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=64 -k phatk2, proof: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18704286/mining%205850.png/ ... Card is REF HIS 5850 ... i mining at this speed for stable but... max unstable (if i play video/flashvideo it will crash) is 436.48Mhash/sec with core 1051 mem 500 vcore 1.237 (same other settings) it's too hot in VRM that not sound good to me... i don't want to kill it for my fun mining ... - Nito Niwatori 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 620 || - || || - || 800 || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer ( cl miner )  v2012-02-19 Win7 x64 || MSI OC-Edition, -v -w 128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 702 || - || - || - || 905 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 (x2) || phoenix 2.0.0 / Win 7 x32 || ASUS DirectCU: 304Mhz Memory clock, 66% fan-speed, Voltage Tweak, AGGRESSION=13 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256 (https://www.dropbox.com/s/9u6f2jz3sz1poxb/5850.jpg)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x2 || 720 || -|| || - || 875 (OC)|| 1440 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 / Win 7 x64 || 302Mhz Memory clock, 85% fan-speed, Stock Voltage,  -I 6 -v 2 -w 256 (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x3 || 1,010 || -|| || - || 850 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 (x3) || GUIMiner || -v -w128 | MSI Afterburner settings: 850MHz core clock and 500MHz memory clock 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x4 || 1360 || 1.94|| || 700@wall || 900 ||  ||  ||  || poclbm|| 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  5850x6 || 2,135 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 (6 total, 4 full length, 2 @ PCIE1x with risers || GUIMiner 24/8/2011 - poclbm || -v -f1 -w128 | Win 7 64Bit, Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD5 motherboard, 4gb ram, AM3 cpu, Kingston SSD, Catalyst 11.8 drivers, guiminer switches: -v -f1 -w128, MSI Afterburner settings: 900MHz core clock and 1000MHz memory clock, cable risers required to fit all 6 cards, fans 100% Proof: http://i.imgur.com/6s7zv.jpg 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 152.5 || -|| || - || 750(OC) || 1000 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || gui-miner (win-7) ||
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"| 5870M || 189.2 || -|| || - || 850(OC) || 1000 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Wins 7 64/gui-miner (win-7) ||  -v -w128 -f0 Graphics Overdrive setting 700-&gt;850 core clock &amp; 900-&gt;1030memory clock . +35mhs over stock settings
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313 || 1.665|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 313.65 || 1.668||1.65 || 188 || 850 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 340 || 1.809|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 343 || 1.824|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 355 || 1.888|| || 188 || 900? || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Linux || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 360 || 1.6822|| || 214 || 970 || 700 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || m0mchil's OpenCL w7-64 || -f 0 -v -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=6144.msg91959#msg91959 source]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 379 || 2.015|| || 188 || 850 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 397 || -|| || - || 930 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 400 || 1.9047|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Phoenix 1.3 || -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=7 FASTLOOP BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 408 || 1.8888|| || 216 || 980 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Win7x64 || -f 20 -v -w 128, BIT_ALIGN, BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 414 || 1.9255|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/w7x64 || -k poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 VECTORS BITALIGN BFI_INT -- Memory Clock 300
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 420 || 2.0000|| || 210 || 950 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421 || 1.9581|| || 215 || 975 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.47 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 -k phatk
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 421.5 || 2.007|| || 201 || 950 || 1600 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha || -D -G2 (GPU OC to 900, memory downclocked to 900)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 430 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 432 || || || || 985 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.73/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 Memory Clock=900Mhz Asus 76C Fan=60% 65F ambient
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 435 || -|| || - || 990 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || LinuxCoin v0.2b phoenix/phatk || (Powercolor brand) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOPS=false
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 437 || || 1.90|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk || Card is clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 438 || 1.9819|| || 221 || 1000(OC) || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Linux || -v -w 64 -f 1
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 440 || 2.0000|| || 220 || 995 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix || 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 445 || 2.28||2.34 || 195 || 1005 || 335 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Ubuntu 11.04 phoenix/phatk || (Asus brand, volts = 1'072) -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 AGGRESSION=12 FASTLOOPS=false -a 7 (-a 10)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 453 || || || || 980 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 catalyst 11.6 phatk 2.2 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOPS=false -- Memory Clock 350Mhz Vcore 1.163v
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 458 || -|| || - || 1040 || 1600 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm/Windows 7 64 || -v -w 256 -f 1 Crossfired, Water cooled, 916 Mhash/s total. Best dual gpu setup me thinks? The name is Mautobu.
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=256 -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 460 || || || || 1020 || 1600 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/Windows 7 64 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 -k phatk -- Memory Clock 300Mhz vcore @ 1225mV, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 461 || || || || 1000 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, Memory Clock=213, stock voltage
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870 || 481 || || || || 1050 || 1600 || 2.5 || PCI-E 1x || phoenix 1.75/Windows 7 64 || -k phatk2 (phatk 2.2) VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=20 [MSI HD 5870 Ref Design vs Zalman VF3000A 1200mv Mem 600MHz]
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (CF) || 864 || -|| || - || 900 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -k phatk VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=7 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 (Same flags per GPU)
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 620 || -|| || - || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 0.751|| || 1100 || 950 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.4 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 826 || 1.18|| || 700 || 935 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 w/ Phatk || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false, memory @ 319 MHz, Windows 7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x2 (Ares) || 878 || 0.585|| || 1500 || 1000 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7 w/ Phtak || AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x4 || 1784 || || 1.29|| || 960 || - || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || phoenix 1.50 + phatk + [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=7964.0 Version 2.2 Improvement] || Cards are clocked with BIOS flash @ 960Mhz Core and 300Mhz Memory. More information and pictures: http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=7216.msg324521#msg324521 
|-
|style="background:#EFFFEF;"|  5870x6 || 2568 || -|| || 1200 || 970 || -|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit  || -v -w128, voltage default, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 80-90% (+ 4x12cm fun 1900rpm), Temp 6x 70-75C. Whole computer comsumpts 1280Watt. Using PCI-E risers 16x-16x to use 6 GPU cards
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 530 || 1.803||0.53 ? || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.4.595.10 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/201103.beta3/Windows || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 535.06 || 1.820|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 560 || 1.905|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 565 || 1.922|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine2 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 604 || 2.054|| || 294 || 725 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 645 || 1.875|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || -f1, Debian 6, fglrx-driver 10.9.3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 739 || || || || 795 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || -I 9 -k phatk -w 256 -v 2, memory clock @ 265MHz, Debian Squeeze, fglrx-driver 12.1.1, performance scales linearly with engine clock as long as memory clock is 1/3
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 740 || 2.1511|| || 344 || 850 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix/1.3 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 755 || 2.2076|| || 342 || 848 || 3200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm 28-04-11 || -f 1 -w 256 -v, Ubuntu 10.10, fglrx 11.4, memory clock @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 802 || 2.31|| || 347 || 850 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix poclbm Ubuntu 11.04 || -q 6 -k AGGRESSION=19 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, fglrx 11.4, mem clock @ 1000MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 820 || ??? || || ??? || 910 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x1 || Phoenix 1.5 Win7 || AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS -k phatk, 11.5, Mem @ 300MHz, 1.110v, 3% phatk mod
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 822.2 || -|| || - || 950 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix win7 || -k phatk -q 6 AGGRESSION=20 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT VECTORS, but with this increasing difficulty mining becomes pretty pointless
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 833 || -|| || - || 930 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5, win7 x64, catalyst 11.7 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256 BFI_INT VECTORS fastloops=false. memory@300mhz, 1.125v, fan 100%, 73C core temp, 95c voltage controllers. it will clock higher but not stable without a voltage increase and i fear for the VRMs
|-
|style="background:#FFEFEF;"|  5970 || 863.4 || -|| || - || 955 || 3200 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo - Debian || -v 2 -w 256 (XFX Radeon HD 5970 Black Edition)
|-
| 6310M || 9.821 || 0.545|| || 18 || 500 || 80 || 2.4 || Integrated/APU || poclbm-gui -v -w128 || HP DM1z 18W TDP is shared with the CPU
|-
| 6450 || 27.0 || 1.5 || - || 18 || 625 || 160 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire HD6450 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| 6450 || 32.6 || 1.918 || - || 17 || 725 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer/Phoenix1.75 Windows 7 x64 (no Aero)|| -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Dell OEM HD6450 1gb ddr3 passive cooling/no fan 81C
|-
| 6450 || 37.8 || ? || - || 17 || 850 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=64 Sapphire HD6450 1GB DDR3 passive cooling/no fan 150MHz memory/1000mV VCore
|-
| 6470M || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || guiminer || 
|-
| 6470M || 31.0 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.48 || 
|-
| 6480G || 24.1 || - || ||- || - || - || 2.1 || Integrated/APU || phoenix 1.75 || 
|-
| 6490M || 15.21 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 VRAM: 256MB
|-
| 6490M || 16.289 || 0.708|| || 23 || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm-mod (Mac OS X 10.6.7) || MacBook Pro early 2011
|-
| 6490M || 17.18 || - || ||- || - || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoneix 1.50 with poclbm, Mac OS X 10.6.7 || MacBook Pro 2,8 VRAM: 256MB. phoenix -k poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP
|-
| 6490M || 32.1 || - || ||- || - || - || - || - || guiminer 2011-07-01 with poclbm (Win7-x64) ||MacBookPro8,2 (WinX64) -v -w128 -f0
|-
| style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6520G || 33.8 || - || || - || 400 || 320 || - || Integrated/APU || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 on Toshiba L775D-S7222
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6530D || 40.5 || - || || - || 444 || 320 || 2.4 || FM-1 || cgminer 2.4.1  || Integrated/APU A6-3500; Linux; Catalyst 11.11; APP-SDK-v2.4 (595.10)
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D(A8 Onboard) || 66.2 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f60
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"| 6550D || 67.6 || -|| || - || 600 || 400 || 2.5 || FM-1 || guiminer 2011-07-01 with OpenCL (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f2
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 68.0 || 1.133|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || no extra option for miner . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 82.1 || 1.368|| || 60 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer 2011-05-21 with poclbm (Win7-32bit) || -v -w128 . Sapphire 6570 gddr5 512mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 86.0 || 1.95 || - || 44 || 650 || 480 || 2.4 || PCI-E x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w128 Sapphire Ultimate HD6570 1gb ddr3 Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 112.0 || - || || - || 860 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -w128 -f1 . Sapphire 6570 Low Profile gddr3 1024mb
|-
|style="background:#FFDD00;"|  6570 || 114.0 || - || || - || 866 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) || -v -f 0 -w128 -a 3 . XFX 6570 Full Profile gddr3 1024mb 64 bit
|-
|  6630M || 48.80 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-06-18 / Mac OS X 10.7 || Mac Mini 2011 MC816D/A
|-
|  6630M || 63.00 || -|| || - || 600 || 480 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner Windows || Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E320 (card overclocked using Sapphire TRIXX)
|-
|  6670 || 102.20 || -|| || - || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/Debian sid || -v -f 0 -w 128
|-
|  6670 || 104.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 820 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -a4 -f15 -d0 -w64
|-
|  6670 || 110.00 || - || 1.0 || - || 850 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer(poclbm)/Win 7|| -v -f 0 -w 128 -q 6
|-
|  6670 || 111.77 || 1.69 || - || 66 || 910 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.5 || -k phatk2 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=5 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6670 || 120.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 480 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || kernel: diablo i:10 core: 900 mem: 750
|-
|  6670 || 124.0 || - || - || 66 || 940 || 800 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix2.0.0 Windows 8 x64 || -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 -v WORKSIZE=128 Sapphire HD6670 Ultimate 1GB DDR5 passive cooling/no fan 300MHz memory/1100mV VCore
|-
|  6750 || 142 || -|| || 150 || 700 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, Gigabyte SL (passive cooler), watts is TDP, card runs very hot (&gt;90°C)
|-
|  6750 || 167.59 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6750 || 172.00 || -|| || - || 860 || 600 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2012-02-19/poclbm (Win7-64bit) MSI Afterburner 2.2.3 || -v -w128 f-20 Sapphire 6570 GDDR3 1024Mb CCC ver. 11.12 OCL 2.5
|-
|  6750M || 41.48 || -|| || - || 870 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || diablominer ||
|-
|  6750M || 60 || -|| || - || - || - || - || - || diablominer OSX 10.7 WorkSize=128||
|-
|  6770 || 180 || -|| || - || 850 || 1200 || - || - || guiminer || -v -w128 , this was an XFX (OEM) model, GPU @ 850 MHz, mem @ 1200 MHz; I pushed it up to 190 Mhash/s briefly by overclocking, but it crashed the system above that
|-
|  6770 || 202 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x1,x4,x8,x16 || phoenix 1.48 || Sapphire 6770 (standard) -q2 -k poclbm DEVICE=0 AGGRESSION=10 VECTORS WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT FASTLOOP (The PCI-E speed does not affect the mining speed)
|-
|  6770 || 217 || -|| || - || 960 || 800 || - || PCI-E x16 || Guiminer with phoenix || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 with https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 modification
|-
|  6770 || 221 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || MSI 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770 || 235 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6770x2 || 470 || -|| || - || 1010 || 300 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8  || Phoenix 1.50 || Sapphire 6770 -k phatk PLATFORM=0 DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=256 FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 3% mod https://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 and AS5 paste on core w/ external 12" fan 50C full load. Stock voltage.
|-
|  6790 || 220 || 1.467|| || 150 || 800 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 || -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=12 VECTORS OC'd to 1ghz, underclocked mem to 300, voltage at 1175
|-
|  6790 || 219 || 1.467|| || 150 || 960 || - || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer || -v -f0 -w128 / GPU OC to 960MHz under Windows7 64bit
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 171.59 || 1.351||1.07 || 127 || 775 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || clmine || 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 196 || -|| || - || 850 || 960 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 0
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 220 || 1.236(*)|| || 178(*) || 1000(OC) || 960 || 2.4RC1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w 128 -f 30 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] )
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 234.8 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 236.0 || ||- || - || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 || -k phatk AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT, Core @ 900MHz, Memory @ 300MHz
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 244.2 || ||- || - || 960 || 960 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm june-2011 || -v -w 128
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 245.1 || ||- || 200 || 940 || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer (Phoenix) || Sapphire 6850 (Memory @1000MHz); Win7 64bit; flags: -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=14 WORKSIZE=128 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 250 || 1.612(*) ||- || 155(*) || 940 (OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || AOCLBF 1.74 (Phoenix 1.5**) @Win7/x64 || XFX 6850 (Memory @840MHz; Vdcc @1.148V; Fan @74%; Temp @70C; System  @39C); flags: -k phatk BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 (*: Overclocked wattage calculated [http://bakkap.free.fr/Misc/wCalc.html here] / **: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=22965.0 Tainted Kernel])
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 256.2 || || - || 170 || 980 || 960 || 2.7 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7.5 / Win7 32bit || -k phatk -VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=9, Sapphire VaporX 1GB, mem@250MHz, stock VDDC 1.150V 
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 262.5 || || - || - || 965 || 525 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 0 -w 128 (HIS 6850 flashed to HIS 6870 BIOS)
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 267.2 || ||1.67 || - || 1010(OC) || 960 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / phoenix 1.50 || -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#EFEFFF;"|  6850 || 301.4 || ||1.67 || - ||  ||  || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || guiminer / poclbm || -v -f 2 -w 128 clock @ 985 mem @ 890
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 232.47 || 1.540||1.22 || 151 || 900 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 245|| -|| || - || 900|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.45 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=10
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 264.5 || - || - || - || 980 || 1050 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Stays around 66*C if I keep the side panel off and the room well ventilated. Card is PowerColor branded. Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 with Classic theme. Fan is at 100%. -v -w128 
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 271 || 1.807|| || 150 || 940 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm -v -w 128 || Debian 6.0.1 x86_64
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 277.47 || -|| || - || 940 || 1120 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.3 || AGGRESSION=8 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 279 || 1.847(?)|| || 151(?) || 900 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill-0.2.5 alpha cat 11.4 sdk 2.4 || -G2 -D stock clocks, debian linux 64bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 281.7 || 1.172 (stock)|| || - || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer-v2011-06-09 || xfx6870, flags: -v 19 -w 128, win7 32-bit
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 293.13 ||  || ||- || 945 || 1050|| 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.5 Phatk || xfx6870, Catalyst 11.6, 1.5 Phoenix flags: -k phatk FASTLOOP=false DEVICE=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=25860.0 Kernel Patch; http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=6458.0 Cmd; http://developer.amd.com/tools/gDEBugger/Pages/default.aspx No Crossfire Required; runs faster without crossfire 1% + additional 3% from update
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 980 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk || xfx6870, 340MHz memory clock, Catalyst 11.6, flags: BFI_INT VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 294 ||  || ||- || 985 || 1100|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || Diablo || Powercolor branded card, Win 8 x64, -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 295 || 2.02||1.64 || 146 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || hashkill latest as of 7/6/11 (ubuntu 11.4) || hashkill-gpu -p bitcoin user:pass:server -D, mem clock 850, voltage @ 1.175, Fan @ 70%, Temp @ 71C.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 297|| -|| || - || 1000|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || ph rising 1.62 phoenix 1.50 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || Vectors HD5xxx+ Fastloop phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.6.2 phatk2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1038 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat 11.4 || -v -w128 -f1 mem clock 360, fan 100% temp 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 300.06 || 1.830|| || 164 || 1020 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.4 cat 11.4 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=8 fastloop mem clock 344
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 302 || - || || - || 940 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || xfx6870 Black Edition, 340MHz Memory Clock, Catalyst 11.6, -w 256 -I 9, Debian Linux 64-Bit, Fan @ 50%, Temp @ 75C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 307 || 1.72 || - || 174 || 1001/\1001 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm windows7x86 cat11.8 || -v -w128 -f5,85°C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 ||  || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS AMD64) || intensity=13, vectors=2, worksize=128, kernel=diablo, gpu-engine=1000, gpu-memclock=900
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || - || - || - || 1035 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 310 || -|| || - || 975 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix phatk linuxcoin || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128, mem clock @ 340MHz, core clock @ 970MHz, flashed bios, 72 degrees w/ fan @ 68%, GIGABYTE SOC
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 312 || -|| || - || 975 || 300|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Windows 7 x64 SP1 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 300MHz, voltage @ 1.300, Fan @ 45%, Temp @ 62C,  MSI 6870 HAWK.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 314 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50 / phatk / Linux || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 316 || -|| || - || 1030 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-09 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.25, Fan @ 40%, Temp @ 73C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 320 || - || - || 160 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate x64 / DiabloMiner / Catalyst 12.1 || Saphire @ GPU 1030 MHz / MEM 300 Mhz @ Voltage 1.25 @ 80% FAN @ 69 temp @ Flags: -v 2 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 321|| -|| || - || 1050|| 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x8 ||aoclbf 1.7 phoenix 1.50 11.6|| Vectors HD5xxx+ phatk AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=256,  Memory=325MHz, Volts=1.3V, Fan~55%, Temps~70C
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 322 || 1.882|| || 170 || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.47 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=12 WORKSIZE=256, mem clock @ 400MHz
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 329 || -|| || - || 1075 || 1120|| 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48 phatk 11.5 sdk 2.4 || BFI_INT VECTORS FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=256
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 332 || -||1.74 || - || 1050 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer 2011-06-14 using phoenix (Win7-32bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false, mem clock @ 228MHz, voltage @ 1.3, Fan @ 60%, Temp @ 74C, flash and browser hardware acceleration disabled, aero enabled.
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 339.25 || - || - || - || 1090 || 1120 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.7.3 cat 12.1 || Mem @ 350Mhz Clock @ 1090 Voltage 1.337 fan @ 100 Temp @ 75 diapolo's modified phatk kernel -k phatk_dia platform=0 device=0 VECTORS2 AGGRESSION=11 worksize=64 FASTLOOP=false BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870 || 375 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1120 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Win 7 Ultimate 32-bit / Guiminer v2011-07-01 / phoenix 1.5 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 1000 MHz / MEM @ 200 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.187 V / FAN @ 40% / Temp @ 72 C / Flags: -k phatk2 platform=0 device=0 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=6 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false / Using 2 miners with equal settings on 1 GPU
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x2 || 600 || - || - || - || 945 || 330 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Ubuntu 12.04 32-bit / Phoenix 2 / phatk2 / Catalyst 11.9 ||  XFX / GPU @ 945 MHz / MEM @ 330 Mhz / Voltage  @ 1.175  / Config: phatk2 VECTORS4 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=12 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false GOFFSET=True
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1150|| -|| 1.2 || - || 900|| 1050 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix 1.7 (Win7-64bit) || -k phatk platform=0 device=0-3 VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 worksize=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1180 || -|| - || 145 || 950 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU default 950 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer).
|-
|style="background:#FFFF00;"|  6870x4 || 1200 || -|| - || 150 || 970 || 1120 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/debian32bit || -v -w128, Gigabyte SOC. voltage 1.175 (default), GPU overclocked from 950 to 970 MHz, Mem downclocked to 300 MHz, Fan 4x100% (+ 2x12cm fun 1300rpm), Temp 4x75C (in summer). Unstable with GPU@975 MHz.
|-
|  6930 || 320|| -|| - || - || 960 || 1200 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/phatk || stock voltage, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64. 70C, FAN 80% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 370|| -|| - || - || 980 || 855 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer-2.4.1 || stock voltage (1,160), -I9. 71C, FAN 85% (HIS brand)
|-
|  6930 || 372 || -||1.89(?) || - || 1000 || 900 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.75/poclbm || max stable @ 1200 mV, BFI_INT FASTLOOP VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=64
|-
| style="background:#00FFFF;"|6930x2|| 700 ||- || - ||400~|| 940 || 2560 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Guiminer || max stable @ 1100mV mem 300, Fan 80-90%, temp 70-75, -v -w64 -f10
|-
|  6950 || 272 || -||0.90 || - || 900 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1150 mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 291 || -|| || - || 920 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1200mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || -|| || - || 930 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1275mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 295 || 1.844(?)|| || 160(?) || 810 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 300 || -|| || - || 940 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || max stable @ 1300mV, AGGRESSION = 7, BFI_INT, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 314 || -|| || - || 800 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-01-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250 Stock Sapphire 6950 1gb
|-
|  6950 || 325 || 1.635(?)|| || 200(?) || 885 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 332 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 333 || 1.95~ || 1.2~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.650.9 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 2011-06-14 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 338 || 1.84~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix 1.50/poclbm kernel || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128; power and MH/J calculated using Power = C*f*v^2 w/ assumption of 175 W at stock settings w/ 100% GPU util. (not measured)
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 895 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -w 128, mem @ 500, 1200 mV, MSI 6950
|-
|  6950 || 340 || - || ||- || 800 || 1536 ||(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128 default mem 1250,Sapphire 6950 1gb, unlocked shaders
|-
|  6950 || 343 || 2.14 || - || 160 || 840 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 06-27-11 || VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false, HIS H695FN2G2M 2GB, mem @ 720, Kill-a-Watt measured
|-
|  6950 || 344 || 2.02~ || 1.27~ || 170~ || 840 || 1408 || 2.5.684.212 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm/20110709 || -v -w 128 -f 0, WinXP x86, Cat11.6b, desktop on IGP, Sapphire 1GB w/ HW locked BIOS, +40MHz GPU OC, 160W ACP + 5% OC = 170W new estimated ACP
|-
|  6950 || 344.4 || -|| || - || 800 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 349 || 1.745(?)|| || 200(?) || 800 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm 05-21-11 || -v -f30 -w128, xfx 6950 xxx 1gb, locked shaders, core 900, mem 650, 79° C
|-
|  6950 || 351 || 1.91~ || - || 184~ || 860 || 1408 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIminer/poclbm v2011-07-01 || Sapphire 2GB card w/ HW locked BIOS; Cat 11.6, Win7 x64; core @ 860MHz &amp; 1087mV (OC + undervolt), mem @ 860MHz; cmd line args: -v -w 128 -f 0; (same system as the 338 MH/s result above using Phoenix)
|-
|  6950 || 352.8 || -|| || - || 820 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 360 || 1.8(?)|| || 200(?) || 970 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || unlocked shaders, default mem 1250
|-
|  6950 || 360 || -|| || - || 870 || 1375 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || flashed with 6970 BIOS, -v -f30 -w128
|-
|  6950 || 365 || -|| || - || 925 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 366.4 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 381 || -|| || - || 850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer/phatk || XFX 6950 2Gb reference @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1100mV 850/1250, +10% powertune, I=5, Fan @ 54% ~3100RPM, temp 73C w128. Windows7x64, Catalyst 13.1 .
|-
|  6950 || 383 || -|| || - || 975 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || stock bios, -v -f0 -w128, voltage 1.274 @72c MSI twinfrozr III 2GB
|-
|  6950 || 388.4 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|- 
|  6950 || 389.9 || -|| || - || 950 || 1408 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.2/Diablo || stock bios, -I 9, VRAM @ 820Mhz, fan @ 100%, voltage 1.250v, temp @ 68c, HIS ICE-Q X 2GB, OCed using MSI Afterburner, Windows 7 Professional 64-bit SP 1
|-
|  6950 || 400~ || -|| || - || 895 || 320 || 1536|| PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner 24th Aug 2011  || Sapphire HD6950 Shader unlock mod 1408&gt;1536 / +20% Power control, Fan @ 55%, Flags:-v -f2 -w64 -r5.Note this keeps temps under 80oC which is needed for this to be stable.Moderate fan noise.Power use is ~200W.
|-
|  6950 || 403 || -|| || - || 939 || 685 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk || ASUS EAH6950 ([http://www.techpowerup.com/vgabios/90661/Asus.HD6970.2048.101124.html (Ref. 6950 Flashed -&gt; 6970)]) / +10% overdrive volt., Fan @ 90%, VECTORS BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13. Overclocked from 880 -&gt; 939 with MSI Aferburner
|-
|  6950 || 408.8 || -|| || - || 925 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.12 || GIGABYTE GV-R695D5-2GD-B @ shadermod on original Bios 6950, mem@625, V=1100mv Fan @ 60%. Windows 7x64, Catalyst 11.9
|-
|  6950 || 410.4 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 417 || 2.085(?)|| || 200(?) || 975 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 77%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1145mV
|-
|  6950 || 418.8 || -|| || - || 940|| 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Gigabyte OC 1GB, shadermod, voltage locked 1.175, mem 450, -w128 -v -f0, ATI Tray Tool
|-
|  6950 || 425.3 || -|| || - || 950/850 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix-1.50/phatk2 (Ubuntu natty) || Asus 1GB DirectCU, shadermod on OEM BIOS, OEM 1.1v, AMDOverdriveCtrl for 950 core 850 mem, 20% overdrive, flags VECTORS2 BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6950 || 428 || 2.14(?)|| || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 1250, fan @ 80%, temp 64C, -v -w128, gpu core @ 1160mV
|-
|  6950 || 432 || 2.16(?)||1.44 || 200(?) || 1000 || 1536 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || unlocked shaders, +20% overdrive, mem @ 520, fan @ 80%, temp 76C, -v -w128 -f 2, gpu core @ 1275mV
|-
|  6950 || 432.4 || -|| || - || 1000 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|  6950 || 440 || || || || 990 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phatk || unlocked shaders, mem @ 1375, VGPU 1.21v, Watercooled (MCW60), temp 54C, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 -k phatk
|-
|  6950 || 454.4 || -|| || - || 1050 || 1536 || - || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || Powercolor 6950 @ shadermod on original Bios 6950 / 1000mV 850/730, +20% powertune, Fan @ 60%, -v -w128 -f1.
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 720 || - || - || 400 ~|| 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 69-71C(bottom vga) fan@94% / 77-81C(top vga) fan@99% - 31C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT
|-
|style="background:#FFAFAF;"|  6950x2 CF || 731 || - || - || 400~ || 900 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-07-01 || MSI Afterburner - gpu @ 900 (870 stock), mem @ 900 (1250 stock), temp 68C(bottom vga) fan@90% / 73C(top vga) fan@99% - 28C enviornment, -v -f 1 -w 128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6950x3 || 1081 || -|| || - || 860 || 1408 || 2.4(?) || PCI-E 2.1 x8 || guiminer/poclbm 07-01 || Sapphire 2GB stock bios, stock voltage, locked shaders: +20% overdrive, mem@650, fan@95%, temp 94C, -v -f0 -w128, 93c
|-
|  6950x4 || 1316 || 1.513|| || 870 || 840 || 1408 || 2.4.595.0 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || m0mchil/poclbm 03-07-11 || locked shaders, default mem 1250, dual fan 75C typical
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 323 || 1.468||0.92 || 220 || 880 || 1536 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 64, SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx.
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 365 || 2.28|| || 160 || 880 || 1536 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/phoenix || VECTORS AGGRESSION=9 WORKSIZE=128, fan @ 45%, 61C, 1.0 Vcore, 150 MHz mem, TX650w (84%), reference card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 370 || -|| || - || 880 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock card
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 372 || 1.691(?)|| || 220(?) || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix (svn trunk 05.14.2011) || clock 900/1375, VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128, fan 45% (auto) / temp 90C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 380 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128&lt;br&gt;export GPU_USE_SYNC_OBJECTS=1 # to reduce poclbm CPU from 100% to 2%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 385 || 1.964|| || 196 || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, memory downclocked to 684Mhz, fan @ 70%/temp 81C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 388 || -|| || - || 900 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 50%/temp 72C, stock voltage of 1.175v
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 403 || -|| || - || MAX || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || clock Max/50%+stock, -v -w128, fan= 100%/temp 72C (Note: Overclocked using CCC utility under Windows 7, Clock set to Max value w/ 50% increase to memory and 5% increase to voltage)
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 406 || -|| || - || 950 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.50/phatk || GPU Overclocked to Max (950MHz) using aticonfig, Memory Underclocked using AMDOverdriveCtrl (850MHz). Temp ~ 82C. VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 407 || -|| || - || 955 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fan 75%/temp 75C, voltage +10%
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 414 || -|| || - || 960 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128, fan @ 53%/temp 73C, stock voltage of 1.175v, high air flow case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 420 || -|| || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || guiminer/poclbm || -v -w128 -f0, clocks 975MHz/685MHz MSI Lightning
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 423 || -||1.20 || - || 995 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.48/poclbm || ATI Tray Tools, Clocks=995/331.25, WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11 VECTORS ,68C @ 65% Fan, HAF932 Case
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 431 || -|| - || - || 976 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.7/phatk2 || MSI AFTERBURNER, Clocks[976/1000], -k parameters[VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=11], Temperatures{CARD}[86C@100% Fan]{ROOM}[27C/81F], 
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970 || 433 || -|| - || - || 975 || 1536 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix 1.6.2/phatk || MSI Afterburner 2.2Beta, -k phatk AGGRESSION=11 WORKSIZE=128 VECTORS, GPU 65C@100% Fan, Room 21C
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 710 || -|| || - || 900/880 || 1536 || 2.2 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -w 256
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x2 || 828|| -|| || - || 940 || 1536 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128, fans 74%/82%, temp 74C/82C, powertune +20% (via CCC), memory underclock 825MHz (via MSI Afterburner), with 'Maj' fix
|-
|style="background:#F0FF0F;"|  6970x3 || 1243|| -|| || 1000+ || 910 || 1536 || 2.5 || 2x16, 1x8 || phoenix 1.7.0 || fans 100%, temp 88C/84C/69C, GPU 920/ memory 795/ powertune 20%, ATI 11.11, -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990 || 670 || 1.94||0.89 || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || poclbm || Catalyst 11.4 [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=2949.msg106238#msg106238 source].
|-
|  6990 || 704 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.4, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-07)
|-
|  6990 || 708 || 2.05|| || 346 || 830 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "default" position 2, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 744 ||  ||  ||  || 830 || 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Diablo Win7 64bits || Catalyst 11.6b, Arguments: -v 2  -w 128 (by Swapper 2011-07-14)
|-
|  6990 || 746 || 1.82|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 758 || -|| || - || 880 || - || 2.4 || - || Phoenix with Poclbm || Catalyst 11.4, OC switch ON, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990 || 771 || 1.8804|| || 410 || 880 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || SDK 2.1 not supported on 69xx. Memory clock @ 1280Mhz.
|-
|  6990 || 772 || 1.8380|| || 420 || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || Phoenix &amp; Poclbm || OC switch ON + overclocked to 900 mhz, VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990 || 790 || -|| || - || 900 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=900,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 900 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 795 || -|| || - || - || - || 2.4 ||  || Diablo's miner || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; On Windows Vista, Clocks set at  955,1250. Power control at 20.
Diablo's args:  -w 128 -g 5  -v 2  -f 0
|-
|  6990 || 802 || -|| || - || 915 || 3072 || 2.3 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || mrb's hdminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --odsc=915,1260" to further overclock the GPU to 915 MHz and mem to 1260 MHz, see [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2949 source]
|-
|  6990 || 835 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || phoenix || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with "aticonfig --adapter=1 --odsc=990,890 and aticonfig --adapter=0 --odsc=960,860" (GPU 0 runs hot). Currently, aticonfig can only underclock RAM to 100mhz below core speed. Command line: phoenix.py -k poclbm VECTORS AGGRESSION=13 WORKSIZE=128 BFI_INT
|-
|  6990 || 852 || -|| || - || 955|| 3072 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer 2.1.2 || Memory: 830 Mhz, -v 2 -w 128 -I 9, Watercooled, stock voltage. (2012-02 by Swapper)
|-
|  6990 || 865 || -||1.11 || - || 890/860 || 3072 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || cgminer || BIOS switch at "overclocked" position 1; with core 0 at 990/890 engine/mem, core 1 at 960/860 (runs hot).  Watercooled at 65-68C.
|-
|  6990x2 || 1436 || 1.848|| || 777 || 880 || 6144 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x2 || guiminer 2011.05.11 || AUSUM switch set to 1 on both cards; Core left at 880MHz, memory left at 1250MHz; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  6990x2 || 1640 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || phoenix 1.7.0 || GPU 910MHz, Memory 785MHz, Powertune 20%; VECTORS AGGRESSION=12 BFI_INT WORKSIZE=128 FASTLOOP=false
|-
|  6990x2 || 1700 || 1.416|| || 1200 || 1010 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || guiminer 2011.06.14 || GPU 1010MHz, Memory 900MHz; -k phatk2 VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP=false WORKSIZE=128 AGGRESSION=13
|-
|  6990x2 || 1740 || 2.11 || || 825 || 940 || 3072 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x16 || cgminer 2.0.8 || GPU0+3 930MHz core/805MHz memory, GPU1+2 940MHz core/815MHz memory; BIOS switch factory setting; Cooled with 7C air from outside; -g4 -I9 -k phatk
|-
|  6990x3 || 2094 || -|| || - || 900 || - || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || poclbm || GPU 900MHz, Memory 1250MHz; poclbm.py -f 0 -w 256
|-
|  7750 || 104.15 ||  ||  ||  || 800 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 117.15 ||  ||  ||  || 900 ||   || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || phoenix || worksize=128 VECTORS FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=10 WORKSIZE=128
|-
|  7750 || 125.5 || - || - || - || 830 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 830MHz, Memory: 1125MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 134 || 2.66 || 1.21 || 50 || 880 || 512 || 2.6 (?) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 3.1.0 (Gentoo Linux AMD64) || factory-overclocked to 880 MHz; power draw measured with a Kill-a-Watt, intensity=13, vectors=1, worksize=128, kernel=diablo
|-
|  7750 || 136.1 || - || - || - || 900 || 512 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x8 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 900MHz (CCC locked @ 900), Memory: 800MHz; -v 1 -w 256 [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=64241.msg816946#msg816946 source]
|-
|  7750 || 140 || - || - || - || 950 || 512 || - || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || bfgminer 3.0.0 || Memory: 900MHz; -I 5 -g 2 -k diablo
|-
|  7770 || 182 || - || - || 83 || 1020 || 640 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Ubuntu 10.04 LTS amd64, GPU: 1020MHz
|-
|  7770 || 213 || - || - || - || 1150 || 640 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || Win7 32bit, Core2Duo, poclbm guiminer
|-
|  7790 || 313 || - || - || - || 1200 || 896|| - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  Saphire Radeon HD 7790 OC (2 fans &amp; heatpipes) GPU 20% OC @ 1200mhz / TEMP 57C / FAN 36%,  Win8 64bit, cgminer, "intensity" : "10", "vectors" : "1", "worksize" : "256", "kernel" : "poclbm", "thread-concurrency" : "8192",
|-
|  7790 || 325 || - || - || - || 1300 || 896 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm ||  MSI Radeon HD 7790 GPU @ 1300mhz/ MEM @ 750mhz/ FAN @ 83 / TEMP 67C Win7 64bit, athlon x2, poclbm guiminer , -v -w 128 -f 1
|-
|  7850 || 287 || 1,91 || 1,1 || 150 || 950 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || GPU:950 MEM:800, Linux 64bit, Intensive 14, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%
|-
|  7850 || 329 || - || - || 150 || 1100 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.4 || Linux 64bit GTK+3, GPU temp = 60°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 60%, -v 1 -k poclbm -I 6 --gpu-engine 1100 --gpu-memclock 950
|-
|  7850 || 363 || - || - || - || 1241 || 1024 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || GPU:1241 MEM:4840 
|-
|  7870 || 405 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || Sapphire 7870 OC , GPU: 1100MHz, Mem: 950 Mhz, GPU temp: 65°C, Fan 36% (1377 RPM).
|-
|  7870 || 406 || - || - || - || 1100 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Gigabyte GV-R787OC-2GD, GPU: 1200MHz, [cgminer -I 7]
|-
|  7870 || 422 || - || - || - || 1165 || 1280 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer || Sapphire 7870 1ghz edition, GPU: 1165MHz, [cgminer.exe -d 0 -l 1 -T -I 8]
|-
|  7870 || 460 || - || - || - || 1250 || 1280 || 2.7? || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Guiminer || MSI R7870 TFIII/oc, Catalyst 12.11 beta4, 455-460 mhash/s @1250 core, 750 mem, 0% Power limit, 1.218v, Zalman VF3000N = 42C, VRMS = 57C, ambient approx. 17-19C, -v -w128 -f10
|-
| 7870 XT || 485 || 3.09 || 1.8726 || 157 || 1200 || 1280 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 2.0 || cgminer ||7870XT clock/mem - 1200/1600
|-
| 7870xt || 520 || - || - || - || 1200 || 1536 || 2.7? lol || PCI-E 2.0 x4 || Guiminer || Sapphire HD7870xt, Catalyst 12.11 beta 4, 515-520 mhash/s @1200/core 750/mem, 0%PL, 1.17v/stock, Zalman vf3000a @60-62C even though its sandwiched between a 7870 and 5850. xD
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 510 || - || - || - || 985 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Windows 8 x64, Asus P8Z77 WS, i7 3rd Gen, Card is XFX brand, Clock 985Mhz, Mem 1100Mhz, -v 1 -w 256
|-  
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 512 || - || - || - || 1000 || 1792 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x8 || poclbm || GPU: 1000MHz, Memory: 850MHz
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 550 || - || - || - || 1060 || 1792 || 2.8 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || Diablo || Core 1060, Mem 800, -v 1 -w 256 Intesity 7
|-
|style="background:#00FFFF;"| 7950 || 605 || - || - || - || 1150 || 1792 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256

|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 555 || - || - || - || 925 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 925MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 640 || -|| || - || 1070 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1070 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 x8 x4 || Diablo|| GPU 1100MHz, Memory 600MHz;
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 650 || -|| || - || 1100 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x1 || cgminer 2.4.1 || Win7 х86, Catalyst 12.3, GPU 1100 MHz, Memory 950 MHz, GPU temp = 68°C, Room temp = 25°C, Fan = 58%, -k poclbm -v 1 -w 128
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 674 || -|| || - || 1130 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1130 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 57%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1150 core/1000 mem || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 3.0 x16 || cgminer 2.6.5 || MSI R7970 Lightning Win7 х64, Catalyst 12.8, GPU 1150 MHz, Memory 1000 MHz, GPU temp = 72°C, Room temp = 28°C, Fan = 58%, cgminer -k diablo -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 685 || -|| || - || 1177 || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1177, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 690 || - || - || - || 1150 || 2048 || 2.6 (10.0.898.1) || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner || GPU: 1150MHz, Memory: 1375MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 695 || - || - || - || 1160(core)/1050(mem) || 2048 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner (options: -v 1 -w 256) || Asus HD7970-DC2T-3GD5 @ 1.17V; Linux Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit; AMD SDK 2.6; Catalyst 12.3 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 710 || -|| || - || 1200 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || DiabloMiner|| GPU 1200MHz, Memory 600MHz; -v 1 -w 256
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"| 7970 || 714~ || -|| || - || 1210 || 2048 || 2.7 || PCI-E 1.1 x16 || cgminer 2.7.4 || MSI HD7970 R7970-2PMD3GD5/OC, core clock - 1210Mhz, memory clock - 685, core voltage (1.149V - MSI Afterburner, ~1.043V - GPU-Z), memory voltage 1.5V, temperature - 75C at mid-day and 65C w/ AC on at 20C, Catalyst 12.8, Windows 8 Release Preview 32-bit, kernel - poclbm, vector - 1, worksize - 64, intensity - 14, fan - 100% 
|-
|style="background:#FF0000;"|  7970 || 825 || -|| || 214 || 1290 || 2048 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Bitminter|| Bitminter beta 1.1.1; GPU 1290MHz, Memory 
1375MHz (Trixx = 600); work size 256, "BFI_INT," Device-accessible CPU memory; full watercooled block; power stats from GPU-Z; Driver 11.12
|-
|  7970x3 || 1950 || 2.6 || 1.72 || 750 || 1100 || 2048x3 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.7.5 || Win8, Catalyst 12.8, driver: 8.982.0.0, E: 1100, M:750, kernel: poclbm, worksize: 256, intensity: 9, gpu-threads: 4, refitted Diamond 7970 HSF with new VRM pads to lower VRM temps ~15C.  Undervolted each card until crash under load, then raised about 0.015v for stability.  Settings using afterburner 2.2.1 with OC unlocked.  Visiontek 7970: $370, Sapphire 7970: $360, Diamond 7970: $400
|-
|  7970x3 || 2050 || 2.41 || 1.22 || 850 || 1150 || 6144 || 2.6 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || cgminer 2.3.1 || Win7, Catalyst 12.3, driver: 2.95, E: 1150, M:685, -k diakgcn -v 2 -w 256, 850W power consumption measured at the wall
|-
| FirePro V3800 || 69.0 || -|| || - ||  ||  ||  || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || BitMinter Client || 
|-
| FirePro V4800 || 79.7 || -|| || - || 775 || 400 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || 
|-
| FirePro V8700 || 84.8 || -|| || - || 750 || 800 || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || 

|-
| FirePro M5800 || 61.4 || -|| || - || 650 || - || - || - || poclbm-mod.03.24.2011 || Ubuntu
|-
| FirePro M5800 || 69.3 || -|| || - || 650 || 400 || 2.1 || - || GUIMiner v2011-04-26  || -v -w128, Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro M5950 || 96.7 || -|| || - || 725 || 900 || 2.5 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || poclbm || -v -w128 (Windows 7 64 bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 119 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || Windows 7 32bit
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 144 || -|| || - || 690 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V5800 || 161 || -|| || - || 780 || 800 || - || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-01 || -v -w128 (Windows 7 32bit)
|-
| FirePro V7750 || 35.7 || -|| || - || - || 320 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-05-21 || Windows 7 64bit
|-
| FirePro V7800 || 254.85 || -|| || - || - || 1440 || 2.4 || PCI-E 2.0 x16 || Phoenix 1.48 with poclbm || Debian Squeeze
|-
| FirePro M7740  (M97 GL) [DELL] || 63.0 ||  -|| || - || 650 || - || 2.1 || PCIe v2.0 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || Windows 7 64bit / only SDK2.1 works
|-
| FirePro M7820 || 150.0 || -|| || - || 700 || 800 || 2.1 || PCI-E 2.1 x16 || GUIMiner v2011-06-09 / poclbm || Memory downclocked to 500 from 1000MHz, 169MH/s@800MHz, 181MH/s@860Mhz (max.), only SDK2.1 works, Windows 7 x86
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Nvidia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Watts !! Clock !! SP !! Comment
|-
| ION || 1.8 || 0.067 || 27 ||  || 16 || poclbm;  power consumption incl. CPU
|-
| 8200 mGPU || 1.2 || || || 1200 || 16 || 128 MB shared memory, "poclbm -w 128 -f 0"
|-
| 8400 GS || 2.3 || || ||  ||  || "poclbm -w 128"
|-
| 8400 GS || 1.6 || 0.013 || 128 || 1238 ||  || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| 8400M GS || 2.0 || || ||  ||  ||
|-
| 8500GT || 2.4 || || || 918 || 16 || poclbm under GUIMiner
|-
| 8600M GT || 4.93 ||  ||  ||  || 32 ||
|-
| 8600M GT || 3.8 ||  ||  ||  || || Macbook Pro running Diablo
|-
| 8600GT || 5.66 ||  ||  || 1188 ||  32 ||
|-
| 8600GT OC || 7.3 ||  ||  || 1602 || 32 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72833#msg72833 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 25   || 0.24 || 105 || 1300 ||  ||
|-
| 8800GT || 24.5 || 0.23 || 105 || 1300 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| 8800GT || 31.1   || 0.296 || 105 || 1855 ||  || Overclocked 715 GPU / 1030 Memory / 1855 Shader; GuiMiner v2011-05-21
|-
| 8800GT || 31.8   || 0.303 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || 713 gpu, 1026 memory. win7x86, phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=5
|-
| 8800GT || 34.0   ||       || 105 || 1998 ||     || gpu 756M, mem 1123M, shader 1998M, temp 65C. winXP, phoenix 1.50, -k poclbm WORKSIZE=64 AGGRESSION=6 -- same settings get 32.7 MH/s with aggression 2
|-
| 8800GTS || 16.8 || 0.109 || 154 ||  ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg25069#msg25069 source] [http://www.techspot.com/review/79-geforce-8800-gts-512/page11.html source]
|-
| 8800 GTS || 18.7 || 0.124 || 150 || 1200 ||  || poclbm -w 64 no vectors
|-
| 8800 GTS || 33.5 || || 150 || OC ||  || CUDA mining via GUIminer. Win7 64bit. poclbm -v -w128 -f0. OC'd Core@799MHz, Mem@1080MHz, Shader@1905MHz.  Fan 70%, GPU temp @ 66C in comfortable room temp.
|-
| 8800 GTX || 27.5 || || || 1404 || || phoenix 1.48, poclbm, no vectors, 83C with 50C ambient  
|-
| 8800m GTX || 16.3 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda Win7-64
|-
| 9300GE || 1.57 ||  ||  || 1300 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300GS || 1.69 ||  ||  || 1400 ||  8 ||
|-
| 9300/nForce 730i || 2.15 ||  ||  || 1200 ||  16 ||
|-
| 9400GT || 3.37 || 0.067 || 50 || 1400 || 16 ||
|-
| 9400M (MacBook) || 1.90 || 0.32 || 6 || 700 ||  || poclbm -f 8 no vectors
|-
| 9500M GS || 3.2 ||  ||  || 950 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9500GT || 6.75 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32 ||
|-
| 9500GT || 7.30 || 0.135 || 50 || 1400 || 32|| rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 730 GPU/ 500 Memory / fan 100% 70C solid
|-
| 9500GT || 7.10 || 0.135 || 50 || 1767 || 32 || rpcminer-cuda, Overclocked 707 GPU / 500 Memory / fan 100% 73C steady
|-
| 9600GSO || 19.88 || 0.237 || 84 || 1375 || 96 ||
|-
| 9600GSO512 || 11.75 || 0.131 || 90 || 1625 || 48 ||
|-
| 9600GT || 15.66 || 0.165 || 95 || 1625 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT Zotac || 15 ||  ||  || 1650 || 64 ||
|-
| 9600GT OC || 18.8 || &lt;0.198 || &gt;95 || 1981 || 64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1334.0 poclbm] -w 128 -f 10 [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg74610#msg74610 source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73353#msg73353 source]
|-
| 9600M GS || 4.0 ||  ||  || 1075 || 32 ||  rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT || 30.36 || 0.289 || 105 || 1800 || 112 ||
|-
| 9800GT EE || 19.7 || 0.263 || 75 || 1375 || 112 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| 9800GT OC || 29.5 || 0.283 || 105 || 1836 || 112 || poclbm.py, no options. Memory underclocked to 850Mhz, GPU overclocked to 733Mhz
|-
| 9800GTX || 32.54 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 32.6 || 0.232 || 140 || 1688 || 128 || win7x64 275.33 Overclocked to 756/1890/1102 using a CUDA-specific miner (instead of phoenix, yay for ZERO stales!)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 35.39 || 0.251 || 141 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 36 ||  ||  ||  ||  || factory OC ubuntu polclbm.py -w 128 -f 10 -a 10 (DO NOT USE -v)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 37.23 || 0.266 || 140 || 1890 || 128 || win7x64 275.27 phoenix(1.48) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=3 WORKSIZE=64 (may cause 75%+ stale count, in which case use a CUDA-specific miner instead)
|-
| 9800GTX+ || 40.20 || 0.287 || 140 || 835 || 128 || lowered memory clock higher core, unstable if going higher
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 57.83 || 0.294 || 197 ||  || 2x128 ||
|-
|style="background-color:#FFEFEF"| 9800GX2 || 28 || 0.142 || 197 ||  || 2x128 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
| G210 || 3.38 || 0.111 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 ||
|-
| G210 || 3.79 || 0.124 || 30.5 || 1402 || 16 || poclbm -f 1
|-
| GT220 || 10.8 || 0.084 || 128 || 1360 || || DiabloMiner -w 128 -f 1000 [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/User:Knightmb source]
|-
| GT230 || 15.5 || 0.161 || 96 || 650 || 64 || (9600GT rebranded one from in a medion pc)
|-
| GT240 || 19.37 || 0.281 || 69 || 1340 || 96 ||
|-
| GT240 || 21.24 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4291.0 poclbm-mod] -f 0 -v [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg73383#msg73383 source]
|-
| GT240 || 28.1 ||  ||  ||  || 96 || poclbm -f0 -v (Gainward GT240 1024DDR5 OC core@670/stockmem@1700/shader@1700 - stable; max.temp=73)
|-
| GT240M || 9.8 || 0.426 || 23 || 550 || 48 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256 
|-
| GT240 OC || 25.6 || 0.365 || 70 || 1765 || 96 || poclbm
|-
| GTS250 || 35.39 || 0.244 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 || 35.2 || 0.243 || 145 || 1836 || 128 ||
|-
| GTS250 OC || 37 || 0.255 || 145 || 2047 || 128 || 37.2 with the following OC: Core: 775MHz, Shader: 1900MHz, Memory: 1200MHz
|-
| GTX260M || 22.5 ||  || || 500 || 112 || poclbm 4/28/2011 Asus G71GX runs ~90c without cooling pad 
|-
| GTX260 || 35.91 || 0.178 || 202 || 1242 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX260 || 44 || 0.242 || 182 || 1242 || 216 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| GTX260c216 || 40.40 || 0.236 || 171 || 1242 || 216 ||
|-
| GTX260c216 || 47.4 || 0.260 || 182 || 1348 || 216 || poclbm -w 256
|-
| GTX260c216 || 50.00 ||      ||    || 1050 || 216 || m0mchil GPU client, Windows 7 64-bit, x6 @ 3.5ghz
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 52.0 || || || 1461 || 216 || "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 58.9 || || || 756/400 || 216 || Core overclocked, Memory underclocked, Ubuntu 11.04 Classic Session(No Effects) "poclbm -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX260c216 OC || 60.1 || || || 1706 || 216 || Core: 364 MHz, Shaders: 1706 MHz, Memory: 594 MHz, VDDC: 1.1800V. "poclbm-mod -w 256 -f 1"
|-
| GTX275 || 50.75 || 0.232 || 219 || 1404 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX275 || 58 || || || 729/1458 || 240 || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GTX280 || 46.84 || 0.198 || 236 || 1296 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX280 || 64.34 || 0.289 || 245 || 1296 || 240 || phoenix.exe -k poclbm AGGRESSION=6 WORKSIZE=128 (61*C with Accelero XTREME GTX280)
|-
| GTX285 || 64.8 || || || 1607 || 240 || GuiMiner - Not sure about wattage yet. Still testing. Card runs around 74 C
|-
|-
| GTX285 || 53.35 || 0.262 || 204 || 1476 || 240 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 89.78 || 0.311 || 289 || 1242 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX295 || 120.70 || 0.418 || 289 || 1242 || 480 || GUIMiner no oc.
|-
| GTX295 || 117.30 || 0.406 || 289 || 1476 || 490 ||
|-
| GT 320M (MacBook Air) || 6.12 ||  ||  || 1212 || 48 ||
|-
| 320M (Mac mini 2010) || 7.0 || 0.35 || 20 || 450 || 32 || poclbm no extra options, windows 7 x64
|-
| GT 325M || 7.5 ||  ||  || 990 || 48 || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT 325M || 10.5 ||  ||  || 325/650(mem)/1300(shaders) || || rpcminer-cuda, 71 degrees
|-
| GT 325M || 7.99 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT330 || 21.65 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm -f 0 -w 256
|-
| GT 330M || 7.97 ||  ||  || ||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 DiabloMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7
|-
| GT 330M || 10.8 ||  ||  ||650MHZ core||48|| Model: MacBookPro6,2 VRAM: 512MB Software: GUIMiner running in Bootcamp v2011-08-24 / Mac OS X 10.6.8.The GPU was OC'd to 650MHZ core clock,mem clock was the lowest it would go in MSI Afterburner.The Bootcamp OS was Windows 7 x64.MBP Mid 2010.
|-
| GT 330M (Sony Vaio Z) || 7.8 || 0.71 ( 0.3 total) || 11 (26w total) || 1045 || 48 ||
|-
| GT 330M (Samsung R480) || 9.1 || || || 575(GPU)/1265(shader) || ||VRAM 1024MB. pocblm -vectors --verbose. Windows 7 Ultimate x86
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV) || 17.0 || 1.214 || 14 || 1080 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe
|-
| GTS 350M (Toshiba A665-3DV5) || 20.8 ||  ||  || 1350 ||  || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe, OC'd 550/850/1350 73C stable
|-
| GTS 360M || 25.0 || || || || || [toshiba qosmio laptop, ~150-165*F stock fans]
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 20.0 || || || || || everythins is stock, it cannot sustain. it reaches 90 degrees and freezes.
|-
| GTS 360M (ASUS G60jx) || 27.2 || || || Shader @ 1720, Memory @ 900 || || stock hardware (clean exhaust fan), Afterburner, 72 deg C Stable 
|-
| GT430 || 20.24 || 0.413 || 49 || 1400 || 96 ||
|- 
| GT440 || 20.4 || || || 1645 || 96 || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8; winxp x64 driver 275.33
|-
| GT530 || 17.9 || 0.358 || 50 || 1400 || || BitMinter v1.1.2
|-
| GT520M || 8.9 || || || || ||  rpcminer-cuda, got up 2 10.2MH/s OC'ed
|-
| GT525M || 14.6 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT540M || 16.0 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GT550M || 17.08 || || || || || rpcminer-cuda -aggression=8
|-
| GT610M (ASUS K45V) || 9.371 || || || 738 MHz || || 2GB RAM.
|-
| GT650M (rMBP) || 17.8 || || || 900 || 16 || cgminer 2.5.0 on OSX 10.7.4
|-
| GT650M OC || 27.4 || || || || || GUIMiner  
|-
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTS450 (Sparkle One) || 40.0 || || || || || poclbcm git Oct 2012
|-  
| GTS450 || 45.28 || 0.427 || 106 || 1566 || 192 ||
|-
| GTX460SE || 56.39 || 0.376 || 150 || 1300 || 288 ||
|-
| GTX460 || 66.32 ||  ||  || 814 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda 20110605, Graphics Clock @ 814MHz, Memory @ 1555MHz
|-
| GTX460 || 68.31 || 0.427 || 160 || 1350 || 336 ||
|-
| GTX460 768MB || 57.8 ||  || ? || 1350 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 768MB (MSI Cyclone 768D5/OC) || 75.1 ||  || ? || 930 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda on Win7 x64 with ForceWare 275.33. [http://event.msi.com/vga/afterburner/download.htm MSI Afterburner] set to core: 930MHz, shader: 1850MHz, core voltage: 1.087V, memory: 1600MHz. Runs at 58°C with fan at 75% (ambient 25°C).  
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 72.3 || ? || ? || 1672 || 336 || rpcminer-cuda -gputhreads=320 -gpugrid=336
|-
| GTX460 1GB DirectCU || 89.5 || ? || ? || 1000 || 336 || guiminer GPU:1000mhz MEM:900
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga FPB ) || 71.4 || -- || -- || 870/1744/1800 || 336 || guiminer-cuda v2012-02-19 FW290.53 Win7x64
|-
| GTX460 1GB ( evga ) || 83.1 || 0.519 || 160 || 925/1850/900@0.960v || 336 || guiminer (phoenix1.75) -k poclbm AGGRESSION=8 FASTLOOP BFI_INT -v WORKSIZE=256 ForceWare 301.42 Win7x64 Runs at 70°C with fan at 100%
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) || 102 || 0.319? || 320? || 1350 ||  || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26363#msg26363 source]
|-
| GTX460 (2 cards) OC || 127 || 0.374 || 340 || 1620 || 2x 336 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=128 ver.20110227
|-
| GTX460 1GB OC (2x MsiHawksSLI) || 158 || 0.658 || 240w(used kill a watt) || core/shader/ram@vcore 930/1860/1150@1.087v (only vcore raised) || 2x 336 || rpcminer-cuda ver.20110227 -gpugrid=320 -gputhreads=320 -aggression=7 Watercooled stable @ 110°F/43° !!!USE ASUS GPU Tweak with GPU-Z (afterburner v2.2.3 wont OC with NVIDIA driver 306.97) I would need gpu bios mod to get more oc/volt. Setting faster ram did increase Mhash/s versus setting ram=core clock.
|-
| GTX465 || 64.41 || 0.322 || 200 || 1215 || 352 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 81.98 || 0.381 || 215 || 1215 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 94.7 || || || 1414 || ||
|-
| GTX470 || 103.7 || || || 1520 || || memory @ 418MHz, stable @ 72 deg fan @ 90%, puddinpop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhread=128 AGGRESSION=14 GIGABYTE brand card BIOS 70.00.21.00.03 
|-
| GTX470 || 111.9 || 0.520 || 215 || 1650 || 448 ||
|-
| GTX470 || 115 || || || 1616 || || phoenix 1.46 poclbm VECTORS BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6
|-
| GTX470x2 || 121 ea. (130 burst ea.) || || || 1700 ||448|| PuddinPop rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=96 -gputhreads=128 AGGRESSION=14 (memory 856 Max Temp. 71 deg. F on Water 1.085v+, Stable on Beast 2.0&gt;3 days, no i7 CPU OC, driver 280.26, bios 70.00.21.00.03)
|-
| GTX480 || 101.28 || 0.405 || 250 || 1401 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX480 || 140.43 ||  ||  || 1700 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=512 -gputhreads=480
|-
| GTX480 AMP!Zotac|| 140.1 ||  ||  || 1700|| 480 || rpcminer-cuda -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=480 (vCore-1050,Core Clock-851, Shader Clock-1702, Memory Clock-2033, t-79°c, Water 43°c, stable temperature and work)
|-
| GTX550 Ti || 45.0 || ? || ? || ? || ? || EVGA 1GB, WinXP rpcminer, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 67.7 || 0.39  || 170 || 1700 || 384 || standard EVGA 560, no overclock
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74 || 0.41  || 170 || 822 || 384 || MSI 560Ti HAWK; core 822 Mhz clock (no overclock); rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=4 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; temp - 71°C; Win 7 x64
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 74.8 || 0.41  || 180 || 1700 || 384 || gigabyte 900Mhz clock; -w 512 -v
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 81 || 0.45  || 180 || 835 || 384 || Gainward GTX560TI Phantom, default clock, rpcminer-cuda
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 85.1 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41, Intensity: 14
|-
| GTX560 Ti || 100 || 0.5 || 200 || 1000 || 384 || GFX - MSI 560Ti HAWK; rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=8 -gpugrid=64 -gputhreads=384; GPU temp - 68°C; OS - Windows 8 x64 .
|-
| GTX 560M || 39.3 || 0.38 || 75 W || 775|| 192 || [http://www.examiner.com/computers-in-denver/toshiba-qosmio-x775-q7380-review-review source1] [http://www.notebookcheck.net/NVIDIA-GeForce-GTX-560M.48313.0.html source2] Note: Uses the 295.51 Beta Drivers
|-
| GTX560 OC || 86.7 || &lt;0.51 || &gt;170 || 1800 || 384 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=2444.0 rpcminer-cuda] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4967.msg72816#msg72816 source]
|-
| GTX570 || 105.83 || 0.483 || 219 || 1464 || 480 ||
|-
| GTX570 || 140 || 0.639 || 219 || 750 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=10 -gpugrid=480 -gputhreads=960; display driver stops working with aggression=11 under win7 x64 driver 270.61
|-
| GTX570 || 157 || 0.717 || 219 || 850 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=11 -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960
|-
| GTX570 || 165 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=120 -gputhreads=960; vcore 1.1v; Win7 x64 304.79 Beta; -aggression=11 adds strong lag with minimal increase in hashrate.
|-
| GTX570 || 160 || ||  || 925 || 480 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=104 -gputhreads=832; No desktop lag, very minimal loss in hashrate compared to much laggier settings
|-
| GTX580 || 156.6 || 0.642 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || cgminer 2.11.3 on Win 8-64 with I=6, driver nVidia 314.22
|-
| GTX580x2 || 2x 146 || 0.598 || 244 || 1544 || 512 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=1024 
(aggression levels above the default of 6 not recommended; only a gain of ~3MH/s per card, and '''heavy''' lag, GUIMiner v2011-08-24, win7 64bit nVidia 290.36 beta driver)
|-
| GTX590 || 193.1 || --- || --- || 1215 || 2x 512 || poclbm -v -w 256, Win
|-
| GTX590 || 2x 121.48 || --- || --- || 750 || 2x 512 || 
|-
| GTX670 || 112.00 || 1.1 || 100 || 1275 || 1344 || EVGA GTX670FTW 2GB / GPU Clock offset +75Mhz with EVGA Precision X / GUIMiner -f 60 /  Windows 7 64-Bit. (09-13-2012)
|-
| GTX680 || 127.3 || || || 1280 || 1536 || Asus GTX 680 2GB DirectCU II: Windows 7 64 bit: Nvidia 310.90 driver: Offset of 186: Runs at a constant 52C
|-
| GTX680 || 110.00 || || || 1110 || 1536 || RPCMiner with OpenCL or others.  Might crash once mining stops.  No Flags and Stock Settings (GPU Boost @ 1110mhz Core) with EVGA GTX 680, latest version of GUIMiner (2012-2-19) and Windows 7 x64.
|-
| GTX680 || 120.00 || 1.2 || 100 || 1272 || 1536 || Ufasoft Galaxy 4GB (GPU Clock offset +70Mhz with EVGA Precision X) (2012-7-28) and Windows 7 64-Bit.
|-
| Quadro FX 580 || 5.7 || 0.14 || 40 || 1125 || 4 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win, -gpugrid=128 -gputhreads=512
|-
| Quadro FX 770M || 5.75 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6, Win
|-
|Quadro FX 770M || 6.39 ||  ||  || 500 || 32 || DiabloMiner-Windows.exe BFI_INT FASTLOOP AGGRESSION=6 w 64, Win 7x64
|-
|Quadro FX 880M || 9.6 ||  ||  || || || poclbm/guiminer
|-
| Quadro FX 1600M || 6 || 0.12 || 50 || 625 || 32 ||rpcminer-cuda, Win
|-
| Quadro FX 1800 || 13.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 256.44 Intensity: 4
|-
| Quadro FX 2000M || 23 || 0.397 || 58 || || || phoenix 1.48, -k poclbm, VECTORS, AGGRESION=6, Lenovo W520 platform
|-
| Quadro FX 2800M || 22 || 0.293 || 75 || 600 || 96 ||DiabloMiner, win
|-
| Quadro FX 3000M || 28.6 || -  || - || - || - || cgminer 2.5.0, linux 32bit, nvidia 295.41 Intensity: 3
|-
| Quadro FX 3600M || 36 || 0.514 || 70 || 500 || 96 ||
|-
| Quadro FX 3800 || 33.3 ||  ||  ||  ||  || poclbm/guiminer -f0 -w128
|-
| Quadro NVS 135M || 1.05 || 0.1 || 10 || 800 || 1 || 
|-
| Quadro NVS 295 || 1.7 || 0.07 || 23 || 567 || 8 || phoenix
|-
| Quadro NVS 3100M || 3.6 || 0.257 || 14 || 600 || 16 || rpcminer-cuda, Win, CUDA 3.1.1
|-
| Quadro NVS 4200M || 10.0 ||     ||     ||  810  ||   ||  guiminer, Win7-64
|-
| Quadro 5000 || 67.7 || 0.445 || 152 || 513 || 352 || rpcminer-cuda.exe -aggression=7 gpugrid=352 gputhreads=704;
|-
| Tesla C1060 || 52.5 ||  ||  || 1296 || 240 ||  poclbm, Win7x64
|-
| Tesla K20 || 134.8   ||  ||  || 706  || 2496  ||  poclbm, Linux
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 79.8 ||  ||  || 1550 || 448 || DiabloMiner
|-
| Tesla M2050 || 94.5 ||  ||  || 1550 || || poclbm
|-
| Tesla S1070 || 155.2 || || 800 &lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 1440 (GT200b)&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || 960&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 3.2, 4 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=3)
|-
| Tesla S2070 || 749.23 || || || 1150&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || 1792&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'/&gt; || rpcminer-cuda, Linux, CUDA 4.0, 8 instances (-gpu=0 through -gpu=7) 
|-
| GTX280x2 || 102.7 ||  ||  ||  ||   ||
|-
|}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S1070'&gt;The S1070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Tesla units (GT200). Technical data taken from [http://www.nvidia.de/object/tesla_s1070_de.html NVIDIA]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='nvidia_S2070'&gt;The S2070 is a dedicated supercomputing platform that features four Fermi units (C2070). Technical data taken from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Wikipedia] (Documentation from NVIDIA webpage is confusing)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==CPUs/APUs==

A lot of nice data can be pulled from [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.0 this thread] to seed this section. 

Might you wish to throttle CPU load a bit, so it doesn't reach 100°C, it can be done with Battle Encoder Shirase to a margin, like, -15% of available CPU cycles.

Often, the best combination to be is to throttle CPU miner to -5% '''AND''' set it to least of priority levels, so as not to choke GPU miner up.

===AMD===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! nprocs !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! TDP [W] !! CPU Clock !! Mhash/s CPU !! Mhash/s GPU !! GPU !! GPU Clock !! SP !! Software !! Notes
|-
| 4x Opteron 6174 || 48 || 115 || 0.36 || 320W || 2.2 GHz || 2.4
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer v0.8.1 || --alg 4way --threads 48
|-
| 2x Opteron 6172 || 24 || 55 || 0.24 || 230W || 2.1 GHz || 2.3
|colspan=4|
| cgminer v2.7.6 || --algo 4way -t 24
|-
| 2x Opteron 6128 || 16 || 32.4 || 0.141 || 230W || 2 GHz || 32.4
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19 || -4way
|-
| Athlon XP 2000+ || 2 || 0.62 || 0.009 || 70W || 1.67 GHz || 0.62
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.18/Ubuntu || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source] [http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=914&amp;page=4 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 3500+ || 1 || 1.18 || 0.013 || 89W || 2.54 GHz || 1.18
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.4 || overclocked (originally 2.2 GHz)
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+ || 2 || 1.73 || 0.03 || 65 W || 2.00 GHz || 1.73
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -algo=4way
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4000+ || 2 || 1.9 || 0.02 || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| rpc-miner ||
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 4400+ ||   || 2.09 || 0.032 || 65W || 2.3GHz || 2.09
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.19/Win x64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37592#msg37592 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6000+ || 2 || 2.81 || 0.02 || 125W || 3 GHz || 2.81
|colspan=4|
| || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg22881#msg22881 source]
|-
| Athlon 64 X2 6400+ Black Edition || 2 || 2.9 || 0.023 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 2.9
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.20.2 BETA/Win 7 x64 || -4way
|-
| Athlon II X2 240e || 2 || 2.71 || 0.06 || 45W || 2.81 GHz || 2.71
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Athlon II X2 250 || 2 || 5.6 || 0.09 || 65W || 3.01GHz || 5.6
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.11 ||
|-
| Athlon II X4 630 || 4 || 10.7 || 0.11 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 10.7
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.4 || 
|-
| Opteron 8220 x16 || 16 || 25 || || || 2.8Ghz || 1.5 
|colspan=4| 
| ufasoft / OpenSuse 64bit || running default, but had to copy 32bit binaries over to get curl and ufasoft running. might be better when using native 32bit system w/o other users on the machine ||
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 3.8 || 0.04 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 3.8
|colspan=4|
| 0.3.1x/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom X4 9950 BE || 4 || 9.3 || 0.07 || 126W || 2.6 GHz || 2.32
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Phenom II X3 720 || 3 || 7.2 || 0.08 || 95W || 2.8 GHz || 7.2
|colspan=4|
| cpu-miner 0.2.1/WinXP || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source]
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 5.0 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 9.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 10.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| ufasoft v0.10 ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 810 || 4 || 11.5 ||   || 95W || 2.8 GHz ||
|colspan=4|
| cgminer  1.5.3 || "cgminer 1.5.3 --algo 4way" on Ubuntu 11.10 alpha 2 (64 bit), built by GCC 4.6.1 with "-O3 -Wall -march=native" 
|-
| Phenom II X4 955 || 4 || 11 || 0.09 || 125W || 3.2 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X4 965 || 4 || 12 || 0.09 || 140W || 3.4 GHz || 11
|colspan=4|
| rpcminer-4way ||
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 15.84 || 0.13 || 125W || 2.82 GHz || 15.84 
|colspan=4|
| bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Phenom II X6 1055T || 6 || 23.6 || || 95W || 3.50 GHz || 23.6 
|colspan=4|
| [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.2 || --algo=sha256d
|-
| Phenom II X6 1075T || 6 || 21.3 || || 125W||  ||
|colspan=4|
| minerd || Ubuntu 11.04 amd64 runlevel=1 -algo=4way -threads=6
|-
| Phenom II X6 1090T || 6 || 18|| || 141W|| 3.50 GHz || 3
|colspan=4|
| minerd || 
|-
| Phenom II X6 1100T || 6 || 22 || 0.176 || 125W || 3.82 GHz || 22
|colspan=4|
| bitcoin-miner || Aciid#bitcoin-dev
|-
| Sempron 3000+ || 2 || 0.8 ||  || 62W || 1.6 GHz || 0.8
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Turion X2 RM-70 || 2 || 1.9 ||  || 65W || 2.1 GHz || 1.9
|colspan=4|
| cpuminer || --alg 4way
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 11 || 0.615 || 18W || 1.6 Ghz || 1.231 || 9.831 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 + Ufasoft 0.7 || stock speeds
|-
| Zacate E-350 || 2 || 12
|colspan=2|
| 1.648 Ghz || 1.252 || 10.87 || HD6310M || 492 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w 256 -f 1 || "autotune" speed with ASUS EFI BIOS
|-
| Ontario C-50 || 2 || 6.2 || 0.68 || 9W || 1.0 Ghz || 1.200 || 6.2 || HD6250M || 277 Mhz || 80 || poclbm -v -w128 -f5 -r5 || 
|-
| A4-3400 || 2 || 23.2 || || || 75W || 2.4 Ghz || || 23.2 || 6350 || stock || || GUIminer || ||
|-
| A8-3850 || 4 || 60 ||   ||  100W || Stock ||   || 60 ||  HD6550D || Stock || 400 || poclbm.exe, Win7-32, 4GB RAM || All running at stock speeds, and set to auto in BIOS.
|
|-
| A8-3870K || 4 || 95 ||   || 100W (@stock)  || 3.3 Ghz ||   || 95 ||  HD6550D || 900MHz || 400 || phoenix.exe -k phatk VECTORS BFI_INT AGGRESSION=4 WORKSIZE=128, Win7-64, 8GB RAM 1667MHz || M/B ASUS F1 A75-M Pro, CPU/GPU BIOS overclocked
|-
| A10-5800K || 4 || 105 ||  || 100W || 3.8 Ghz ||   || 105 || HD7660D || 800MHz || 384 || cgminer Intensity=7 || Linux 64bit (Ubuntu 12.10), AMD-APP-SDK-v2.7-RC-lnx64, stock speeds *not* overclocked
|}

===ARM===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ /€  !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| ARM926EJ-S || 1 || 0.187 || ? || ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer || Seagate Dockstar [http://archlinuxarm.org/platforms/armv5/seagate-dockstar ArchLinux]
|-
| Marvel Feroceon (88FR131) || 1 || 0.195 || 0.224 ||&lt;0.01|| 0.87 W || 1.2 GHz || cpuminer  git (2011-06-15) || Marvell SheevaPlug, Debian, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1136EJ-S || 1 || 0.11 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.528 GHz || cpuminer git || T-Mobile Pulse, inside Debian chroot, 'c' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.119 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.412 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || iPhone 3G, 'sha256d' algo
|-
| ARM1176JZ(F)-S || 1 || 0.2 || ? || ? || 3.75W || 800 Mhz || cgminer 2.5.0 || RaspberryPi Model B, SoC BCM2835, Debian Squezee 19-04-2012, Overclocked Cpu 800mhz
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.36 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'cryptopp'
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.2 || 0.57 || &lt;0.01 || 0.35 W || 0.6 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || Nokia N900: 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.365 || ? || ? || ? || 0.6 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] || BeagleBoard: 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.435 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || 'sha256d' algo
|-
| Cortex-A8 || 1 || 0.44 || ? ||  ? || ? || 0.8 GHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 (-mfpu=neon) || EfikaMX (iMX.51), CRUX ARMHF, cpuminer -a sha256d
|-
| AllWinner A10(A8) || 1 || 0.568 || ? ||  ? || &lt;2.5W || 1.0 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || -a sha256d #Native Lubuntu armhf build 
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 0.57||  1.14 ||&lt;0.01 || 0.5 W || 1.0 GHz || cpuminer git (2011-03-24) || Toshiba AC100, ubuntu, 'c' algo
|-
| Cortex-A9 || 2 || 1.3 || ? ||  ? || ? || 1.2 GHz || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Samsung Galaxy S II - CFLAGS="-O3 -mfpu=neon"
|}

===Intel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash / $&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'/&gt;/€&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'/&gt; !! ACP [W] !! Clock [GHz] !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Pentium III (Coppermine) || 2 || 0.39 || 0.008 |||| TDP 2× 26.1 W || 1 || Ufasoft 0.32 (compiled from source), Debian Squeeze || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_microprocessors#.22Coppermine.22_.28180_nm.29 source]
|-
| Pentium III mobile ? || 1 || 0.3 || 0.014 |||| 21 || 1.07 || 0.3.1x/Win2K || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg24699#msg24699 source] [http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=27380 source]
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.4 || || ||  || 1.6 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.62 || || ||  || 1.6 || Ufasoft 0.20 || Windows XP Professional
|-
| Pentium M 1.6ghz || 1 || 0.71 || || ||  || 1.6 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux
|-
| Pentium M 1.73ghz || 1 || 0.5 || || ||  || 1.73 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Old Xeon 512k (Dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.0 || || ||  || 3.0 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || HT disabled, algo=4way (twice as fast as the 2nd best algo)
|-
| Pentium 4 2.0A || 1 || 0.85 || || || || 2.0 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft-0.4]/WinXP || -g no -t 2
|-
| Pentium 4 630 || 1/2 || 1.29 || || || || 3.0 || ufasoft 0.23 || Windows XP
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 1.75 || || || || 2.0 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.1 || || || || 2.0 || cpuminer || sse2_64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E2180 || 2/2 || 4.5 || || || || 2.0 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Pentium Dual-Core E5400 || 2/2 || 2.27 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.7 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Celeron E330 || 2/2 || 2.2  || 0.03 || || 65 || 2.5 || 0.3.19/Ubuntu10.04 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37620#msg37620 source]
|-
|-
| Celeron E3400 || 2/2 || 5.9 || - || - || - || 2.6 || Ufasoft v0.13 / GUIMiner v2011-06-14 || WinXP 32 bit, SSE2, Flags "-g no" 
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q6600 || 4/4 || 11.0 || || 0.02/0.06 || 105 || 2.40 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q8200 || 4/4 || 10.9 ||    || 0.06/0.10 ||  || 2.33 || Ufasoft 0.14 || -g no -l yes -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9400 || 4/4 || 11 || 0.046 || 0.06/0.07 || 95 || 2.66 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core 2 Quad Q9650 || 4/4 || 18.67 || || 0.05/0.06 || 95 || 4.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || -a 60 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 530 || 2/4 || 8.31 || 0.10 || 0.06/0.10  || 80 || 3.66 || Ufasoft 0.7 || -v -a5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i3 M350 || 2/4 || 1.48 || 0.04 || || 35 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core i3-2100 || 2/4 || 8.28 || || || || 3.1 || ufasoft v0.20 ||   
|-
| Core i5 M450 || 2/4 || 1.8  || 0.05 || || 35 || 1.2  || 0.3.17/Win7-54 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg26292#msg26292 source]
|- 
| Core i5-650  || 2/4 || 5.1 || 0.04 ? || 0.02/0.03 ||  || 3.2 || cpuminer-0.7 || -4way
|-
| Core i5-750  || 4/4 || 14 || || 0.06/0.10  ||  || 3.2 || bitcoin-miner 0.11 || -a 5 -g no -t 4
|-
| Core i5 ?  || 4/? || 6.5 || || ||  ||  || client from svn || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg37621#msg37621 source]
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 4.5 || 0.05 || 0.02/0.03 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-01-22) || cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Core i5-2400 || 4/4 || 14 || 0.15 || 0.07/0.09 || 95 || 3.1 || cpuminer git (2011-03-26) || sse2_64
|-
| Core i5-2400S || 4/4 || 16.6 || || || 65 || 2.5 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2.3 || Linux Mint 13
|-
| Core i5 2500K || 4/4 || 20.6 || ||0.10/0.12 || || 4.2 || bitcoin-miner || -g no
|-
| Core i5 2600K || 4/8 || 17.3 || || || 75 || 3.4 || bitcoin-miner || -g no. 75W for the whole System without monitor (MSI Board). CPU underclocked to 3,4Ghz and undervolted to 1,012Vcore. Passive Cooling! 3.6ghz results in 18,4 Mhash/s
|-
| Core i7 2600K || 4/8 || 18.6 || || || 95 W max. || 3.4 || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner 0.20 || -g no -t 8  CPU @ 3.511Ghz 1.176V
|-
| Core i7 2600 || 4/8 || 23.9 || || ||  || 3.4 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Ubuntu Linux 11.10
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 1.888 || || || || 2.66 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 4GB
|-
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.5 || || || || 3.33 || This is achieved by running RPC 4 way miner in VMware Fusion 4 (running win 7 in the VM) while in Mac OSX / Mac OS X 10.6.8 || Model: MacBookPro6,2 RAM: 8GB.The CPU appears to turbo boost to 3.33GHz in this way from 2.67GHz when running it in this way.The MBP gets very hot and uses a lot of energy though so watch those temps.It'll throttle after a while unless you keep the air vents clear underneath (ie don't put int in your lap,etc).
|-
| Core i7 720QM   || 4/8 || 7.9 || ?|| || 45 || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] ||  stream processors overclocked from 1.6 GHz; Dell Precision M6500, Win7-64, 8GB DDR3
|-
| Core i7 820   || 4/8 || 13.8 || || || || 2.8 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -t 8
|-
| Core i7 920   || 4/8 || 19.2 || 0.10 || || 195 || 4.0 (x21) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] || -a 5
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 5.88 || 0.039 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || bitcoin-0.3.20.2 Win7-64 ||
|-
| Core i7 950   || 4/8 || 18.9 || 0.126 || || 150 || 3.83 (x23) || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 ||
|-
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 19.2 || 0.15 || || 130 || 4.4 (x33) || cpuminer/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 980x   || 6/12 || 8.7 || ||  ||  || 3.9 (x27) || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || 
|- 
| Core i7 990x   || 6/12 || 33.3 || ||  ||  || 4.5 (x32) || ufasoft/Win2008 R2-64 || Ram - 12Gb, Rampage III BlackEdition, Water cooling
|- 
| Core i7 2635QM   || 4/8 || 2.93 || || || || 2.00 || [http://forum.bitcoin.org/index.php?topic=8994.0 RPCMiner GUI] v2011-05-22 / Mac OS X 10.6.7 || Model: MacBookPro8,2 RAM: 4GB
|- 
| Core i7 620M   || 2/4 || 6.3 || 0.18 || || 35 || 2.66 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=3486.0 ufasoft] v0.4 || 
|-
| Core i7 2600k   || 4/4 || 6.7 || || ||  || 4.00 || phoenix 0.48 ||
|-
| Core i7 3770k   || 4/8 || 5.2 || || || || 4.4 || Guiminer v2012-12-03 || Windows 7 x64 : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 5.0 to 5.2
|-
| Core i7 3930k   || 6/12 || 66.6 || || ||  || 4.625 (125 x 37) || Ufasoft bitcoin-miner v0.28 || Windows 7 x64, uses ~190watts : -v argument increased Mhash/s from 36.0 to 66.6
|-
| Core 2 Duo U7600 || 1 || 1.1 || || ||  || 1.2 || minerd (jgarzik's 1.0) || cryppto, Windows 7
|-
| Core 2 Duo E5200 || 2/2 || 6.2 || 0.086 || || 72 || 2.76 || Ufasoft/Win7-64 || TDP is 65W + 7W overclock
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6550 || 1/2 || 2.45 || || ||  || 2.33 || cpuminer 0.7.1 (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo E6850 || 2/2 || 6.75 || 0.10 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft-0.3 ||
|- 
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 7.76 || 0.11 || || 70 || 3.33 || ufasoft-0.3 || uncertain of overclock; miner optimized for Intel Core
|-
| Core 2 Duo E7300 || 2/2 || 2.52 || 0.04 || || 65 || 2.66 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8200 || 2/2 || 2.3 || 0.035 || || 65 || 2.66 || rpcminer-cpu ||
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8400 || 2/2 || 6.9 || 0.106 || || 65 || 3.0 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 7/64bit (-t 2)
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 1/2 || 3.6 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo E8500 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.16 || guiminer v2011-06-14 || windows vista 32bit
|-
| Core 2 Duo P8700 || 2/2 || 5.9 || || || || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.21 || windows 7/64bit 
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5450 || 2/2 || 2.5 || 0.07 || || 35  || 1.63 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T5500 || 2/2 || 4.3 ||  ||  ||  || 1.66 || [http://github.com/pooler/cpuminer pooler's cpuminer] 2.2 || Gentoo Linux (amd64)
|-
| Core 2 Duo T6400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || 0.12 || || 35  || 2.00 || cpuminer git (Linux) || --algo=sse2_64
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7250 || 2/2 || 4.5 || 0.13 || || 35  || 2.00 || bitcoin-miner 0.13/WinXP || No GPU
|-
| Core 2 Duo T7450 || 2/2 || 3.7 || 0.10 || || 35  || 2.13 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04
|-
| Core 2 Duo T9400 || 2/2 || 4.2 || || ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.13 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 2.37 || || || || 2.8 || rpcminer-cpu || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 6.2 || || || || 2.8 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64
|-
| Core 2 Extreme X9000 || 2/2 || 7.2 || || || || 3.2 || ufasoft v0.11 || Win7-64 Overclocked from 2.8 GHz to 3.2 GHz
|-
| Xeon 2.8 || 2/2 || 0.8 || || || || 2.8 || cpuminer || cryptopp_asm32 
|-
| Xeon 3060 || 1/2 || 2.03 || 0.03 || || 65 || 2. || cpuminer 0.8.1 (Linux) || --algo=cryptopp_asm32
|-
| Xeon Prestonia 2.4 (dual) || 2x1/2 || 2.16 || 0.017 || || 130 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.4 || 
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 10.13 || 0.16 || || 120 || 2.6 || bitcoind || Roughly the same speed as the "c" algo in cpuminer
|-
| Xeon E3-1230 V2 (quad) || 4/8 || 19.7 || ? || ? || ? || 3.70 || cgminer 2.8.3 || -O2 -march=core-avx-i algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5355 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 22.76 || 0.09 || || 120 || 2.6 || cpuminer (v0.8.1-1-g69529c3) || -O2 -march=core2, algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5365 (dual) || 2x4/4 || 26.00 || ? || || ? || 3.0 || cpuminer git (2011-06-15) || algo=sse2_64
|-
| Xeon X5650 || 2x6/24 || 28.6 || ? || ? || ? || 2.67 || cpuminer 1.0.2 || --algo 4way
|-
| Xeon x5680 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 48 || ? || ? || ? || 3.33GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon x5690 (dual) || 2x6/24 || 52 || ? || ? || ? || 3.46GHz || Ufasoft 0.29 || CentOS 6.2 x86_64
|-
| Xeon E5-2690 (dual) || 2x8/32 || 66 || ? || ? || 2x135W || 2.9GHz || Ufasoft 64-bit 0.31 || Windows Server 2008R2 x64
|-
| Xeon E5335 || 4/4 || 9.35 || 0.12 || || 80 || 2.00 || ufasoft v0.11 || Vista-32
|-
| Xeon E5410 || 4/4 || 9.8 || ? || || 80 || 2.33|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5440 || 4/8 || 7.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.66|| Kiv's poclbm-gui || FIXME: Either wrong model # or wrong threads/speed info
|-
| Xeon E5506 || 4/4 || 9.6 || ? || || 80 || 2.13|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E5520 || 4/8 || 6.5 || 0.08 || || 80 || 2.27 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5530 || 4/8 || 7.14 || 0.09 || || 80 || 2.4 || bitcoind || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg19426#msg19426 source]
|-
| Xeon E5620 || 4/8 || 11.2 || ? || || 80 || 2.4 || ufasoft v0.10 -t 4 || CentOS 5.5 x64 Hyper-Threading is off
|-
| Xeon E5630 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 8 || 0.1 || || 80 || 2.53 || 0.3.17/Win7-64 || [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=1628.msg29471#msg29471 source]
|-
| Xeon E6520 (dual) || 2x4/8 || 24.7 || ||  ||  || 2.53 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon E7220 || 2/2 || 6.3 || ? || || 80 || 2.93|| ufasoft v0.10 || CentOS 5.5 x64 
|-
| Xeon E7320 (dual) || 2x2 || 1.5 || || ||  || 2.8 || cgminer v1.2.8 || 2x2.8ghz dual core running Ubuntu 11.04 x86 (individual cores get 0.4 MH/s)
|-
| Xeon E7450 (quad) || 4x6/24 || 60 || ||  ||  || 2.40 || ufasoft v0.13 || -t 24
|-
| Xeon E7520 (dual) || 2x4/16 || 18 || ||  || 95 || 1.87 || ufasoft v0.10 || windows 2008 R2 64bit (-t 16)
|-
| Xeon W3680 || 6/12 || 18 ||  || || 130 || 3.33 || cpuminer v1.0.2 --algo=4way || Ubuntu 11.04 64bit
|-
| Atom Z520 || 1/2 || 1.20 || || || 2 || 1.7 || ufasoft 1.18 || Asus Eee 1101HA with overclocking capabilities
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.375 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-cpu || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.245 || || || 4 || 1.6 || rpcminer-4way || 
|-
| Atom N230 || 1/2 || 0.97 || || || 4 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N270 || 1/2 || 1.19 || 0.24 || || 5 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N450 || 1/2 || 1.60 || 0.31 || || 6.5 || 2.06 || ufasoft v0.10 || 
|-
| Atom N550 || 2/4 || 1.97 || || || || 1.5 || ufasoft v0.21 || Windows 7/64 bit
|-
| Atom 330 || 2/4 || 1.80 ||  || || 8 || 1.6 || ufasoft v0.13  || -t 4
|-
| Atom D510 || 2/4 || 1.00 || || || || 1.6 || cpuminer w cryptopp_asm32 || debian linux 6.0, headless system, 2 GB RAM, running from usb-flash
|-
| Atom D510 || 4/4 || 2.3 || 0.07 || || 30  || 1.6 || bitcoin-miner 0.10 || Ubuntu 11.04 Server
|}

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name='amazon_20110625'&gt;$ Prices from http://www.amazon.com on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name='geizhals_20110625'&gt;€ Prices from http://geizhals.at/eu on 2011-06-25&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model !! p/t !! Mhash/s !! Mhash/J !! Mhash/s/$ !! ACP [W] !! Clock !! Version !! Comment
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.35 || 0.07 || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Total power usage of PS3 fat is 120W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| Cell || 7 || 26.6 || ? || ? || 60W || 3.2 GHz || Cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (FAT): Needs custom firmware. [https://github.com/verement/cellminer source] [http://www.bitcoin.org/smf/index.php?topic=4704.20 source] Running with 7th spu enabled and both ppe cores.
|-
| Cell || 6 || 21 || 0.7 || 0.07 || 35W || 3.2 GHz || cellminer || Sony Playstation 3 (SLIM): Total power usage of PS3 slim is 70W but only the Cell cpu is active.
|-
| MIPS || 1 || 0.026 || ? || ? || ? || 200 MHz || cpuminer || ASUS WL-500G Deluxe Router Running [http://openwrt.org/ OpenWrt]
|-
| VIA Eden || 1 || 1.3 || 0.17 || || 8W || 1600 MHz || cpuminer || VIA Eden w/ padlock
|-
| PowerPC 7447A || 1 || 0.53 || || || || 1420 MHz || cpuminer ||
|-
| PowerPC 7450 (G4e) || 1 || 1.29 || || || || 1670 MHz || cgminer 2.0.7 || PowerBook5,6; Mac OS X 10.5.8; Altivec
|-
| PowerPC 750 (G3) || 1 || 0.140 || || || || 600 MHz || cpuminer || iBook G3 600 w/ Cryptopp
|-
| IBM POWER4+ 2/way || 2/1 || 0.58 || || || || 1450 MHz || cpuminer 2.2.3 || CRUX PPC (64bit), cpuminer -a sha256d -t 1
|-
| IBM Power7 (PowerPC) || || 7.6 ||   ||   || || 3.5 Ghz || cgminer || IBM Power7 770, SuSE Linux 11.1, 4 cores, OpenCL, YASM, Altivec
|-
| Google App Engine || 1 || 0.144 || || || 0W || || pyminer || Modified version of [https://github.com/jgarzik/pyminer pyminer] for GAE.
|-
| Open Shift || 1 || 0.059 || || || 0W || || pyminer || 
|}

&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

==See Also==
* [[TP's Bitcoin Calculator]]
* [[Mining rig]]
* [[ZTEX FPGA Boards for Bitcoin Mining]]
* [[Generation Calculator]]
* [[Power Calc]]
* [[OpenCL miner]]
* [http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=745 ATI Stream vs. NVIDIA CUDA - GPGPU computing battle royale] 
* [http://bitminer.info/ Bitminer.info] 
* [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Currency-and-GPU-Mining-Performance-Comparison Bitcoin Mining Performance Compared]
** [http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/Bitcoin-Mining-Update-Power-Usage-Costs-Across-United-States Bitcoin Mining Power Costs Compared]

[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Hardware]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Satoshi Nakamoto</title>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: '''Satoshi Nakamoto''' is the pseudonymous person or group of people who designed and created the original [[Bitcoin]] software, currently known as [[Bitcoin-Qt]].  His involvement...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6043" sha1="n5eulv8pj2qlu3crivu8e49zw0xtz2i" xml:space="preserve">'''Satoshi Nakamoto''' is the pseudonymous person or group of people who designed and created the original [[Bitcoin]] software, currently known as [[Bitcoin-Qt]].

His involvement in the original [[Bitcoin]] software does not appear to extend past mid-2010.

==Identity==

There are no records of Nakamoto's identity or identities prior to the creation of [[Bitcoin]]. On his [[P2P foundation]] profile, Nakamoto claimed to be an individual male at the age of 37 and living in Japan, which was met with great skepticism due to his use of English and his Bitcoin [[software]] not being documented nor labeled in Japanese.

British formatting in his written work implies Nakamoto is of British origin. However, he also sometimes used American spelling, which may indicate that he was intentionally trying (but failed) to mask his writing style, or that he is more than one person.

The first release of his original [[Bitcoin]] software is speculated to be of a collaborative effort, leading some to claim that Satoshi Nakamoto was a collective pseudonym for a group of people.

Investigations into the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto have been attempted by ''The New Yorker'' and ''Fast Company''. ''The New Yorker'' arrived at Michael Clear, a young graduate student in cryptography at Trinity College in Dublin, who was named the top computer-science undergraduate at Trinity in 2008. The next year, he was hired by Allied Irish Banks to improve its currency-trading software, and he co-authored an academic paper on peer-to-peer technology.&lt;ref&gt;[http://betabeat.com/2011/10/did-the-new-yorkers-joshua-davis-nail-the-identity-of-bitcoin-creator-satoshi-nakamoto/ The New Yorker’s Joshua Davis Attempts to Identify Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto]&lt;/ref&gt;

''Fast Company'''s investigation brought up circumstantial evidence that indicated a link between an encryption patent application filed by Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry on 15 August 2008, and the bitcoin.org domain name which was registered 72 hours later. The [http://www.google.com/patents/US20100042841 patent application] contained networking and encryption technologies similar to Bitcoin's. After textual analysis, the phrase "...computationally impractical to reverse" was found in both the patent application and bitcoin's whitepaper.&lt;ref name="whitepaper"&gt;{{cite web |last= Nakamoto |first= Satoshi |title= Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System |url= http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf |date= 24 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; All three inventors explicitly denied being Satoshi Nakamoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last= Penenberg |first= Adam |title= The Bitcoin Crypto-Currency Mystery Reopened |url= http://www.fastcompany.com/1785445/bitcoin-crypto-currency-mystery-reopened |publisher= FastCompany |accessdate= 16 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last= Greenfield |first= Rebecca |title= The Race to Unmask Bitcoin's Inventor(s) |url= http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2011/10/race-unmask-bitcoins-inventors/43535/ |publisher= The Atlantic |date=11 October 2011|accessdate= 16 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Work==

Nakamoto has claimed that he has been working on Bitcoin since 2007. In 2008, he published a paper on The Cryptography Mailing List at metzdowd.com describing the Bitcoin digital currency. In 2009, he released the first [[Bitcoin]] software that launched the network and the first units of the Bitcoin [[currency]].

Version 0.1 was for Windows only and had no command-line interface. It was compiled using Microsoft Visual Studio. The code was elegant in some ways and inelegant in others. The code does not appear to have been written by either a total amateur or a professional programmer; some people speculate based on this that Satoshi was an academic with a lot of theoretical knowledge but not much programming experience. Version 0.1 was remarkably complete. If Satoshi truly only worked on it alone for two years, he must have spent a massive amount of time on the project.

Nakamoto was active in making modifications to the Bitcoin software and posting technical information on the [[Bitcoin Forum]] until his contact with other Bitcoin developers and the community gradually began to fade in mid-2010. Until a few months before he left, almost all modifications to the source code were done by Satoshi -- he accepted contributions relatively rarely. Just before he left, he set up [[Gavin Andresen]] as his successor by giving him access to the Bitcoin SourceForge project and a copy of the [[Alerts|alert key]].

==Motives==

Nakamoto's work appears to be politically motivated, as quoted:

"Yes, [we will not find a solution to political problems in cryptography,] but we can win a major battle in the arms race and gain a new territory of freedom for several years. Governments are good at cutting off the heads of a centrally controlled networks like Napster, but pure P2P networks like Gnutella and Tor seem to be holding their own." - Satoshi Nakamoto

"[Bitcoin is] very attractive to the libertarian viewpoint if we can explain it properly. I'm better with code than with words though." - Satoshi Nakamoto

In the Bitcoin network's transaction database, the original entry has a note by Nakamoto that reads as:

"The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks"

Some claim this quote implies Nakamoto had great concern or contempt for the current [[central banking]] system.

==Influence==
The smallest unit of the [[Bitcoin]] currency (1/100,000,000) has been named "satoshi" in collective homage to his founding of [[Bitcoin]].

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;
*[http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin/ The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin]
*[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor]
*[http://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=cryptography@metzdowd.com&amp;q=from:%22Satoshi+Nakamoto%22 Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list]


[[Category:Pseudonyms]]
[[de:Satoshi Nakamoto]]
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                                   }}
                                }}
                             }}
                          }}
                       }}
                     }}
                  }}
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            }}
         }}
      }}

   }}{{
     #if: {{{Coauthors|}}}
     |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}{{{Coauthors|}}}|
   }}{{
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     |&amp;#32;({{{Date}}}){{
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     |&amp;#32;[{{{YearNote}}}]
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   }}
  |{{&lt;!-- ============== No author: display editors first == --&gt;
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     |{{
        #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
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      }}{{
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        |{{
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          |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
        }}{{
           #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}}
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           |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
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         }}{{
           #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}}
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              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
            }}{{
              #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}}
              |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
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              |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
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            }}{{
              #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}
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       }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}{{
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      }}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============  Title of included work  ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;
   }}{{Citation/make link
     | 1={{
           #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
           |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{URL|}}}
              |{{{URL}}}
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         }}
     | 2={{
           #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
           |''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''
           |"{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{
             #if: {{{TransTitle|}}}
             |{{
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           }}"
         }}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Place (if different than PublicationPlace) ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{Place|}}}
  |{{
     #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
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     |{{
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   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Editor of compilation  ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{
        #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|.|I|i}}n&amp;#32;
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        #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}}
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           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
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        |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
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           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
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        #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}}
        |{{
          #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
            |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
            |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
          }}{{
           #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}}
           |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
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              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
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           |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
            }}
         }}{{
           #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#059;&amp;#32;
              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
            }}{{
              #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}}
              |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
               }}]]
              |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
               }}
            }}{{
              #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}
            }}
         }}
      }}{{
        #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |
        |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.||.}}
      }}
   }}
}}{{
  &lt;!--============  Periodicals  ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{Other|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Other|}}}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;}}{{
     #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
     |{{Citation/make link
        | 1={{
              #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
              |{{
                 #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                 |{{
                    #if: {{{URL|}}}
                    |{{{URL}}}
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               }}
              |{{
                 #if: {{{URL|}}}
                 |{{{URL}}}
               }}
            }}
        | 2="{{{Title}}}{{
          #if: {{{TransTitle|}}}
          |{{
             #if: {{{Title|}}}
             |&amp;#32;
           }}&amp;#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&amp;#93;
        }}"
      }}{{
        #if: {{{TitleNote|}}}
        |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{TitleNote}}}
      }}
   }}
}}{{
  #if: {{{language|}}}
  |&amp;#32;(in {{{language}}})
}}{{
  #if: {{{format|}}}
  |&amp;#32;({{{format}}})
}}{{
   #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
   |{{
      #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;
    }}''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Periodical}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''{{
      #if: {{{Series|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Series}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;: &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{Publisher}}})
         |&amp;#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}})
       }}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Publisher}}})
       }}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Volume|}}}
      |&amp;#32;{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}|'''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Volume}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;'''|{{{Volume}}}}}{{
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         |&amp;#32;({{{Issue}}})
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      |{{
         #if: {{{Issue|}}}
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       }}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{At|}}}
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   |{{
      &lt;!--============ Anything else with a title, including books ============--&gt;
      #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransItalic|}}}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}}
         |{{{Sep|,}}}
       }}&amp;#32;{{Citation/make link
         | 1={{
               #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
               |{{
                  #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                  |{{
                     #if: {{{URL|}}}
                     |{{{URL}}}
                   }}
                }}
               |{{
                  #if: {{{URL|}}}
                  |{{{URL}}}
                }}
             }}
         | 2=''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Title|}}}{{
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       }}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{TitleType|}}}
      |&amp;#32;({{{TitleType}}})
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Series|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Series}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Volume|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;'''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Volume}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;'''
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Other|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Other|}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Edition|}}}
      |&amp;#32;({{{Edition}}} ed.)
    }}{{
      #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{PublicationPlace}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
      |{{
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         |&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
         |{{{Sep|,}}}
       }}&amp;#32;{{{Publisher}}}
    }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ Date (if no author/editor) ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
  |
  |{{
     #if: {{{Date|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Date}}}{{
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     |&amp;#32;[{{{YearNote}}}]
     }}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ Publication date ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{PublicationDate|}}}
  |{{
     #ifeq: {{{PublicationDate|}}} | {{{Date|}}}
     |
     |{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}}
        |{{
           #if: {{{Surname1|}}}
           |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{PublicationDate}}}
           |&amp;#32;(published {{{PublicationDate}}})
         }}
        |{{
           #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
           |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{PublicationDate}}}
           |&amp;#32;(published {{{PublicationDate}}})
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ Page within included work ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
  |
  |{{
     #if: {{{At|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{At}}}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ arXiv ==============--&gt;
  #if: {{{ARXIV|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=arxiv |input1={{{ARXIV|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ ASIN ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{ASIN|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=asin |input1={{{ASIN|}}} |input2={{{ASIN-TLD|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ BIBCODE ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{BIBCODE|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=bibcode |input1={{{BIBCODE|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ DOI ================--&gt;
#if:{{{DOI|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=doi |input1={{{DOI|}}}  |input2={{{DoiBroken|}}} |input3={{{template doc demo|}}}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ ISBN ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{ISBN|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=isbn |input1={{{ISBN|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ ISSN ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{ISSN|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=issn |input1={{{ISSN|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ JFM ================--&gt;
  #if: {{{JFM|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=jfm |input1={{{JFM|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ JSTOR ==============--&gt;
  #if: {{{JSTOR|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=jstor |input1={{{JSTOR|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ LCCN ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{LCCN|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=lccn |input1={{{LCCN|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ MR =================--&gt;
  #if: {{{MR|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=mr |input1={{{MR|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ OCLC ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{OCLC|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=oclc |input1={{{OCLC|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ OL =================--&gt;
  #if: {{{OL|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=ol |input1={{{OL|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ OSTI ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{OSTI|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=osti |input1={{{OSTI|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ PMC ================--&gt;
  #if: {{{PMC|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=pmc |input1={{{PMC|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ PMID ===============--&gt;
  #if: {{{PMID|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=pmid |input1={{{PMID|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ RFC ================--&gt;
  #if: {{{RFC|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=rfc|input1={{{RFC|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ SSRN ================--&gt;
  #if: {{{SSRN|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=ssrn |input1={{{SSRN|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ ZBL ================--&gt;
  #if: {{{ZBL|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=zbl |input1={{{ZBL|}}} }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Misc. Identifier ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{ID|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{ID}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Archive data, etc ===========--&gt;
#if: {{{Archive|}}}
|{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Archive}}}[[Category:Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters]]
|{{
  #if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}{{{ArchiveDate|}}}
  | {{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{#ifeq: {{{DeadURL|}}} | no
    | {{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}
       |{{Citation/make link|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived}}&amp;#32;from the original
       |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived
      }}
    | {{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
       |{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|&amp;#32;from {{Citation/make link|{{{OriginalURL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}|the original}}}}
      }}
    }}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}|&amp;#32;on {{{ArchiveDate}}}}}{{
     #if:{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}||A}}{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||B}}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}||C}}
     |. {{citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}}
       |If you specify &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archiveurl|archivedate}}&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||&amp;#32;and &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;deadurl&amp;#61;no&lt;/code&gt;}}}}, you must {{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}| also specify &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archivedate|archiveurl}}&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;| {{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|also|first}} specify &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;url&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;}}}}
    }}
  }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ URL and AccessDate ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
     |&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{
                                      #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                                      |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
                                      |{{{URL}}}
                                    }}&lt;/span&gt;
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{
              #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
              |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
              |{{{URL}}}
            }}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{AccessDate|}}}
     | &lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|,|,&amp;#32;r|.&amp;#32;R}}etrieved {{{AccessDate}}}&lt;/span&gt;
     }}
}}{{#if:{{{laysummary|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;[{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{laysource}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''}}
}}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}}
  | &amp;#32;({{{laydate}}})
}}{{#if:{{{quote|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;"{{{quote}}}"
}}{{{PS|}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3d0flmxgobo91q1mvaifvkva4hgsovv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:Citation/make link</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>24</id>
    <revision>
      <id>62</id>
      <timestamp>2013-05-19T22:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: {{#if:{{{1|}}}  |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]  |{{{2}}} }}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--   Code notes (here so that people /read/ it)   1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}....</comment>
      <origin>62</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="535" sha1="kpq1iofpfn0fdo5bshpu1vjve3ehx2d" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{1|}}}
 |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]
 |{{{2}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--
  Code notes (here so that people /read/ it)
  1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}.
  2. It's up to {{Citation/core}} to stop italicized "'foo' &amp; 'bar'" from becoming
     "'''foo' &amp; 'bar'''". Citation/core does this by having a &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
     at both beginning and end of the call to this template. Since this is only
     needed once, it's more efficient to do it in {{Citation/core}} than here.
--&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kpq1iofpfn0fdo5bshpu1vjve3ehx2d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fișier:Total bitcoins over time graph.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>25</id>
    <revision>
      <id>86</id>
      <timestamp>2013-06-02T10:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>86</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bitcoin Wiki:Cafenea</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>26</id>
    <revision>
      <id>89</id>
      <timestamp>2013-06-04T00:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: Bine ai venit! Aici poti sa iei o pauza de la traducere si poti discuta idei si pareri legate de traducerea si mentinerea al acestui wiki.</comment>
      <origin>89</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138" sha1="otai5thw6r4oswxvbjb0oub9igdjasu" xml:space="preserve">Bine ai venit! Aici poti sa iei o pauza de la traducere si poti discuta idei si pareri legate de traducerea si mentinerea al acestui wiki.</text>
      <sha1>otai5thw6r4oswxvbjb0oub9igdjasu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>159</id>
      <parentid>89</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-01-31T03:10:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="144" sha1="ewyz95ufph4pmjflzuk44it79bxjpjv" xml:space="preserve">Bine ai venit! Aici poţi să iei o pauză de la traducere şi poţi discuta idei şi păreri legate de traducerea şi menţinerea acestui wiki.</text>
      <sha1>ewyz95ufph4pmjflzuk44it79bxjpjv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Discuție Bitcoin Wiki:Cafenea</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>27</id>
    <revision>
      <id>90</id>
      <timestamp>2013-06-04T00:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: Bine ai venit! Aici poti sa iei o pauza de la traducere si poti discuta idei si pareri legate de traducerea si mentinerea al acestui wiki.</comment>
      <origin>90</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138" sha1="otai5thw6r4oswxvbjb0oub9igdjasu" xml:space="preserve">Bine ai venit! Aici poti sa iei o pauza de la traducere si poti discuta idei si pareri legate de traducerea si mentinerea al acestui wiki.</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2013-06-04T00:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamstorg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* to do list */ secțiune nouă</comment>
      <origin>91</origin>
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      <text bytes="534" sha1="21iaoneqzngx14zf2nlrt0gdcip7dl1" xml:space="preserve">Bine ai venit! Aici poti sa iei o pauza de la traducere si poti discuta idei si pareri legate de traducerea si mentinerea al acestui wiki.

== to do list ==

Pentru cei care doresc sa ajute cripto-comunitatea si cei care vor urma, ii rog sa isi spuna parerea aici.

Momentan, Intrebari Frecvente se traduce. Ne miscam incet, dar cu siguranta intr-o zi vom reusi sa traducem tot wiki-ul ! :)

Daca ai de gand sa ne ajuti cu acest proiect, anunta-ne aici. Pareri, opinii, eticheta, sunt binevenite atata timp cat sunt constructive!

ham</text>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: Un '''satoshi''' reprezintă cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă (1/100,000,000 BTC sau 0.00000001 BTC). Această unitate a fost denumită "satoshi" în cinstea fondatorul...</comment>
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      <text bytes="223" sha1="jc8wh29xt4vhpladtmthaof355xwe27" xml:space="preserve">Un '''satoshi''' reprezintă cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă (1/100,000,000 BTC sau 0.00000001 BTC). Această unitate a fost denumită "satoshi" în cinstea fondatorului Bitcoin, [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

{{stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="223" sha1="enfsdyjood9oble1spuxu5qpox2trcd" xml:space="preserve">Un '''satoshi''' reprezintă cea mai mică denominare monetară posibilă (1/100,000,000 BTC sau 0.00000001 BTC). Această unitate a fost denumită "satoshi" în cinstea fondatorului Bitcoin, [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].

{{ciot}}</text>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;div class="plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid red; width: 100%; background-color: #fcc; padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 25px;"&gt;Acest articol este un '''ciot''', puteți contribui ...</comment>
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&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Stubs]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;noinclude&gt;{| class="wikitable" |- |&lt;/noinclude&gt;style="background:#ff9090; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="table-no" | {{{...</comment>
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{{documentation}}
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      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
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      <comment>Pentru tabelul paginii de Comparatie Hardware de minat.</comment>
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{{documentation}}
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  <page>
    <title>Rig de minat</title>
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      <timestamp>2014-01-30T03:32:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
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      <comment>Decat un punct de plecare momentan.</comment>
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      <text bytes="521" sha1="m45ir6aqshnskuzecgxz7691xaj96gy" xml:space="preserve">A '''mining rig''' is a computer system used for [[How_bitcoin_works#Bitcoin_mining|mining bitcoins]].  The rig might be a dedicated miner where it was procured, built and operated specifically for mining or it could otherwise be a computer that fills other needs, such as performing as a gaming system, and is used to mine only on a part-time basis.

'''Warning:''' GPU mining is not very profitable (if at all) anymore, and even if you have free electricity, GPU rigs will likely never pay for themselves at this point!</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mituri</title>
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      <comment>Pagină nouă: Let's clear up some common Bitcoin misconceptions.  == Bitcoin is just like all other digital currencies; nothing new ==  Nearly all other digital currencies are centrally controll...</comment>
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      <text bytes="32022" sha1="irks4cuwlzef0fnc97sbg4ops6a706e" xml:space="preserve">Let's clear up some common Bitcoin misconceptions.

== Bitcoin is just like all other digital currencies; nothing new ==

Nearly all other digital currencies are centrally controlled. This means that:
* They can be printed at the subjective whims of the controllers
* They can be destroyed by attacking the central point of control
* Arbitrary rules can be imposed upon their users by the controllers

Being decentralized, Bitcoin solves all of these problems.

== Bitcoins don't solve any problems that fiat currency and/or gold doesn't solve ==

Unlike gold, bitcoins are:
* Easy to transfer
* Easy to secure
* Easy to verify
* Easy to granulate

Unlike fiat currencies, bitcoins are:
* Predictable and limited in [[Controlled_Currency_Supply|supply]]
* Not controlled by a central authority (such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve The United States Federal Reserve])
* Not debt-based

Unlike electronic fiat currency systems, bitcoins are:
* Potentially anonymous
* Freeze-proof
* Faster to transfer
* Cheaper to transfer

== Bitcoin is backed by processing power ==

It is not correct to say that Bitcoin is "backed by" processing power. A currency being "backed" means that it is pegged to something else via a central party at a certain exchange rate yet you cannot exchange bitcoins for the computing power that was used to create them. Bitcoin is in this sense not backed by anything. It is a currency in its own right. Just as gold is not backed by anything, the same applies to Bitcoin. 

The Bitcoin currency is ''created'' via processing power, and the integrity of the block chain is ''protected'' by the existence of a network of powerful computing nodes from certain [[Weaknesses#Attacker_has_a_lot_of_computing_power|attacks]].

== Bitcoins are worthless because they aren't backed by anything ==

One could argue that gold isn't backed by anything either. Bitcoins have properties resulting from the system's design that allows them to be subjectively valued by individuals.  This valuation is demonstrated when individuals freely exchange for or with bitcoins.  Please refer to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value Subjective Theory of Value].

See also: the "[[#Bitcoin_is_backed_by_processing_power|Bitcoin is backed by processing power]]" myth.

== The value of bitcoins are based on how much electricity and computing power it takes to mine them ==

This statement is an attempt to apply to Bitcoin the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value labor theory of value], which is generally accepted as false. Just because something takes X resources to create does not mean that the resulting product will be worth X. It can be worth more, or less, depending on the utility thereof to its users.

In fact the causality is the reverse of that (this applies to the labor theory of value in general). The cost to mine bitcoins is based on how much they are worth. If bitcoins go up in value, more people will mine (because [[Mining|mining]] is profitable), thus [[difficulty]] will go up, thus the cost of mining will go up. The inverse happens if bitcoins go down in value. These effects balance out to cause mining to always cost an amount proportional to the value of bitcoins it produces.

== Bitcoins have no intrinsic value (unlike some other things) ==

This is simply not true. Each bitcoin gives the holder the ability to embed a large number of short in-transaction messages in a globally distributed and timestamped permanent data store, namely the bitcoin blockchain. There is no other similar datastore which is so widely distributed. There is a tradeoff between the exact number of messages and how quickly they can be embedded. But as of December 2013, it's fair to say that one bitcoin allows around 1000 such messages to be embedded, each within about 10 minutes of being sent, since a fee of 0.001 BTC is enough to get transactions confirmed quickly. This message embedding certainly has intrinsic value since it can be used to prove ownership of a document at a certain time, by including a one-way hash of that document in a transaction. Considering that electronic notarization services charge something like $10/document, this would give an intrinsic value of around $10,000 per bitcoin.

While some other tangible commodities do have intrinsic value, that value is generally much less than its trading price. Consider for example that gold, if it were not used as an inflation-proof store of value, but rather only for its industrial uses, would certainly not be worth what it is today, since the industrial requirements for gold are far smaller than the available supply thereof.

In any event, while historically intrinsic value, as well as other attributes like divisibility, fungibility, scarcity, durability, helped establish certain commodities as mediums of exchange, it is certainly not a prerequisite. While bitcoins are accused of lacking 'intrinsic value' in this sense, they make up for it in spades by possessing the other qualities necessary to make it a good medium of exchange, equal to or better than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_money commodity money].

Another way to think about this is to consider the value of bitcoin the global network, rather than each bitcoin in isolation. The value of an individual telephone is derived from the network it is connected to. If there was no phone network, a telephone would be useless. Similarly the value of an individual bitcoin derives from the global network of bitcoin-enabled merchants, exchanges, wallets, etc... Just like a phone is necessary to transmit vocal information through the network, a bitcoin is necessary to transmit economic information through the network.

Value is ultimately determined by what people are willing to trade for - by supply and demand.

== Bitcoins are illegal because they're not legal tender ==
In March 2013, the U.S. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network Financial Crimes Enforcement Network] issues a new set of guidelines on "de-centralized virtual currency", clearly targeting Bitcoin. Under the new guidelines, "a user of virtual currency is not a Money Services Businesses (MSB) under FinCEN's regulations and therefore is not subject to MSB registration, reporting, and record keeping regulations." [[Mining|Miners]] on the other hand, might need to register, if they sell bitcoins for "real currency or its equivalent".&lt;ref&gt;[http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/ US regulator: Bitcoin exchanges must comply with money-laundering laws | Ars Technica]&lt;/ref&gt;

In general, there are a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency number of currencies] in existence that are not official government-backed currencies. A currency is, after all, nothing more than a convenient unit of account. While national laws may vary from country to country, and you should certainly check the laws of your jurisdiction, in general trading in any commodity, including digital currency like Bitcoin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerkShares BerkShares], game currencies like WoW gold, or Linden dollars, is not illegal.

== Bitcoin is a form of domestic terrorism because it only harms the economic stability of the USA and its currency ==

According to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism#United_States the definition of terrorism in the United States], you need to do violent activities to be considered a terrorist for legal purposes.  Recent off-the-cuff remarks by politicians have no basis in law or fact.

Also, Bitcoin isn't domestic to the US or any other country. It's a worldwide community, as can be seen in this [https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2346.0 map of Bitcoin nodes].

== Bitcoin will only enable tax evaders which will lead to the eventual downfall of civilization ==

Cash transactions hold the same level of anonymity but are still taxed successfully. It is up to you to follow the applicable state laws in your home country, or face the consequences.

While it may be easy to transfer bitcoins anonymously, ''spending'' them anonymously on tangibles is just as hard as spending any other kind of money anonymously.  Tax evaders are often caught because their lifestyle and assets are inconsistent with their reported income, and not necessarily because government is able to follow their money.

== Bitcoins can be printed/minted by anyone and are therefore worthless ==

Bitcoins are not printed/minted. Instead, [[Blocks]] are computed by miners and for their efforts they are awarded a specific amount of bitcoins and transaction fees paid by others. See [[Mining]] for more information on how this process works.

== Bitcoins are worthless because they're based on unproven cryptography ==

SHA256 and ECDSA which are used in Bitcoin are well-known industry standard algorithms. SHA256 is endorsed and used by the US Government and is standardized (FIPS180-3 Secure Hash Standard). If you believe that these algorithms are untrustworthy then you should not trust Bitcoin, credit card transactions or any type of electronic bank transfer. Bitcoin has a sound basis in well understood cryptography.

== Early adopters are unfairly rewarded ==

Early adopters are rewarded for taking the higher risk with their time and money. The capital invested in bitcoin at each stage of its life invigorated the community and helped the currency to reach subsequent milestones. Arguing that early adopters do not deserve to profit from this is akin to saying that early investors in a company, or people who buy stock at a company IPO (Initial Public Offering), are unfairly rewarded.

This argument also depends on bitcoin early adopters using bitcoins to store rather than transfer value. The daily trade on the exchanges (as of Jan 2012) indicates that smaller transactions are becoming the norm, indicating trade rather than investment. In more pragmatic terms, "fairness" is an arbitrary concept that is improbable to be agreed upon by a large population. Establishing "fairness" is no goal of Bitcoin, as this would be impossible.

Looking forwards, considering the amount of publicity bitcoin received as of April 2013, there can be no reasonable grounds for complaint for people who did not invest at that time, and then see the value (possibly) rising drastically higher.

By starting to mine or acquire bitcoins today, you too can become an early adopter.

== 21 million coins isn't enough; doesn't scale ==

One Bitcoin is divisible down to eight decimal places. There are really 2,099,999,997,690,000 (just over 2 quadrillion) maximum possible atomic units in the bitcoin system.

The value of "1 BTC" represents 100,000,000 of these. In other words, each is divisible by up to 10^8. 

As the value of the unit of 1 BTC grows too large to be useful for day to day transactions, people can start dealing in smaller [[Units|units]], such as milli-bitcoins (mBTC) or micro-bitcoins (μBTC).

== Bitcoins are stored in wallet files, just copy the wallet file to get more coins! ==

No, your wallet contains your secret keys, giving you the rights to spend your bitcoins. Think of it like having bank details stored in a file. If you give your bank details (or bitcoin wallet) to someone else, that doesn't double the amount of money in your account. You can spend your money or they can spend your money, but not both.

== Lost coins can't be replaced and this is bad ==

Bitcoins are divisible to 0.00000001, so there being fewer bitcoins remaining is not a problem for the currency itself. If you lose your coins, all other coins will go up in value a little. Consider it a donation to all other bitcoin users.

A related question is: Why don't we have a mechanism to replace lost coins? The answer is that it is impossible to distinguish between a 'lost' coin and one that is simply sitting unused in someone's wallet.

== It's a giant ponzi scheme ==
In a Ponzi Scheme, the founders persuade investors that they’ll profit. Bitcoin does not make such a guarantee. There is no central entity, just individuals building an economy.

A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. In a ponzi scheme, early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters, and the late adopters always lose. Bitcoin has an expected win-win outcome.  Early and present adopters profit from the rise in value as Bitcoins become better understood and in turn demanded by the public at large.  All adopters benefit from the usefulness of a reliable and widely-accepted decentralized peer-to-peer currency.

== Finite coins plus lost coins means deflationary spiral ==
As deflationary forces may apply, economic factors such as hoarding are offset by human factors that may lessen the chances that a [[Deflationary spiral]] will occur.

== Bitcoin can't work because there is no way to control inflation ==

Inflation is simply a rise of prices over time, which is generally the result of the devaluing of a currency. This is a function of supply and demand. Given the fact that the supply of bitcoins is fixed at a certain amount, unlike fiat money, the only way for inflation to get out of control is for demand to disappear. Temporary inflation is possible with a rapid adoption of Fractional Reserve Banking but will stabilize once a substantial number of the 21 million "hard" bitcoins are stored as reserves by banks.

Given the fact that Bitcoin is a distributed system of currency, if demand were to decrease to almost nothing, the currency would be doomed anyway.

The key point here is that Bitcoin as a currency can't be inflated by any single person or entity, like a government, as there's no way to increase supply past a certain amount.

Indeed, the most likely scenario, as Bitcoin becomes more popular and demand increases, is for the currency to increase in value, or deflate, until demand stabilizes.

== Alternative Currencies are useless, Bitcoin is the only important cryptocurrency ==
Bitcoin is the biggest and most popular crypto currency, but other currencies like Litecoins shouldn't be neglected. Obviously, minor currencies with prices of $0.06 per coin aren't very interesting, but maybe worth an investment. Alternative cryptocurrencies will be especially important when the capacicty of all BTC has been reached.

== The Bitcoin community consists of anarchist/conspiracy theorist/gold standard 'weenies' ==

The members of the community vary in their ideological stances. While it may have been started by ideological enthusiasts, Bitcoin now speaks to a large number of regular pragmatic folk, who simply see its potential for reducing the costs and friction of global e-commerce.

== Anyone with enough computing power can take over the network ==

CONFIRMED, see [[Weaknesses]].

That said, as the network grows, it becomes harder and harder for a single entity to do so. Already the Bitcoin network's computing power is quite ahead of the world's fastest supercomputers, together.

What an attacker can do once the network is taken over is quite limited.  Under no circumstances could an attacker create counterfeit coins, fake transactions, or take anybody else's money.  An attacker's capabilities are limited to taking back their own money that they very recently spent, and preventing other people's transactions from receiving confirmations.  Such an attack would be very costly in resources, and for such meager benefits there is little rational economic incentive to do such a thing.

Furthermore, this attack scenario would only be feasible for as long as it was actively underway.  As soon as the attack stopped, the network would resume normal operation.

== Bitcoin violates governmental regulations ==

There is no known governmental regulation which disallows the use of Bitcoin.

See also: the "[[#Bitcoins_are_illegal_because_they.27re_not_legal_tender|Bitcoins are illegal because they're not legal tender]]" myth.

== Fractional reserve banking is not possible ==

It is possible. See the main article, [[Fractional Reserve Banking and Bitcoin]]

== Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation ==

It is true that transactions [[FAQ#Why_do_I_have_to_wait_10_minutes_before_I_can_spend_money_I_received.3F|can]] sometimes take tens of minutes to become ''confirmed''. Despite this, retailers can accept unconfirmed transactions with very little risk by simply 'listening' on the network for a double-spend transaction, or partnering with a company that provides this service. After a head start of merely several seconds, the original transaction would reach so much of the Bitcoin network that a fraudulent double-spend transaction would almost certainly be fruitless. An attacker would have to commit easily-detectable fraud, in person, several hundred or several thousand times, before one of these low-value double-spend attempts would likely succeed.

An attacker could work around the necessity of sending out a second fraudulent transaction to the Bitcoin network by attempting to [[Mining|solo-mine]] an attack block containing the attack transaction himself - temporarily withholding the block with the rest of the network - and then execute the fraudulent purchase within seconds, or minutes at most, of mining the attack block, before broadcasting the attack block.  However, the cost of such an activity would dramatically outweigh the value of anything typically offered without a confirmation wait for several reasons.

First, mining a block (attack or otherwise) entitles the miner to a valuable block reward, and because the attack involves temporarily withholding the block from the network, the attacker would put himself in the likely position of his block becoming [[Stale block|stale]], which would result in forfeiture of the entire reward.  Most solo miners solve less than one block per month, so this would represent the loss of proceeds of potentially several weeks of mining.

Second, it is not possible for a solo miner to know exactly when his mining activity will yield a block, and because the attack must be carried out within seconds or minutes of successfully mining a block, the attacker will not be able to know or plan in advance the brief window when the attack would be likely to succeed.  While it may be easy for a determined attacker to get low-value items that are sold and delivered online instantly without waiting for confirmations (such as downloads), this unpredictability and the briefness of the opportunity would make it extremely difficult to commit any kind of fraud where real-life interaction is required, such as visiting a merchant or taking possession of goods.   Petty shoplifting would be far simpler.  Even if an attacker went forward with this attack, the retailer would be notified of the fraud the moment the attack block is released seconds later.

In short, the 10-minute wait for confirmation is only practically necessary when delivering goods of value that significantly exceed the block reward an attacker would have to risk to perform an attack and where recourse after delivery is practically nonexistent, such as money transfers.

== After 21 million coins are mined, no one will generate new blocks ==

When operating costs can't be covered by the block creation bounty, which will happen some time before the total amount of BTC is reached, miners will earn some profit from [[transaction fees]].  However unlike the block reward, there is [http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/876/how-much-will-transaction-fees-eventually-be/895#895 no coupling between transaction fees and the need for security], so there is less of a guarantee that the amount of [[Mining|mining]] being performed will be sufficient to maintain the network's security.

== Bitcoin has no built-in chargeback mechanism, and this isn't good ==

'''Why some people think this is bad''': Chargebacks are useful for limiting fraud. The person handling your money has a responsibility to prevent fraud. If you buy something on eBay and the seller never ships it, PayPal takes funds from the seller's account and gives you back the money. This strengthens the eBay economy, because people recognize that their risk is limited and are more willing to purchase items from risky sellers.

'''Why it's actually a good thing''': Bitcoin is designed such that your money is yours and yours alone. Allowing chargebacks implies that it is possible for another entity to take your money from you. You can have either total ownership rights of your money, or fraud protection, but not both.  That said, nothing inherent in the dollar or euro or any other currency is necessary for chargebacks to be possible, and likewise, nothing prevents the creation of PayPal-like services denominated in Bitcoin that provide chargebacks or fraud protection.

The statement "The person handling your money has a responsibility to prevent fraud" is still true; the power has been shifted into your own hands. Fraud will always exist. It's up to you to only send bitcoins to trusted entities. It is possible to trust an online identity without ever knowing their physical identity; see the [http://wiki.bitcoin-otc.com/wiki/OTC_Rating_System OTC Web of Trust].

== Quantum computers would break Bitcoin's security ==

While ECDSA is indeed not secure under quantum computing, quantum computers don't yet exist and probably won't for a while.
The DWAVE system often written about in the press is, even if all their claims are true, not a quantum computer of a kind that could be used for cryptography.
Bitcoin's security, when used properly with a new address on each transaction, depends on more than just ECDSA: Cryptographic hashes are much stronger than ECDSA under QC.
Bitcoin's security was designed to be upgraded in a forward compatible way and could be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography upgraded] if this were considered an imminent threat.

See the implications of quantum computers on public key cryptography here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computer#Potential

The ''risk'' of quantum computers is also there for financial institutions, like banks, because they heavily rely on cryptography when doing transactions.

== Bitcoin makes self-sufficient artificial intelligence possible, which will in turn become self-aware and decide to exterminate humanity ==
An artificial intelligence powerful enough to be threatening to mankind wouldn't depend on mankind to make Bitcoin, it would just invent something like Bitcoin itself and design it to be so attractive to us that we couldn't resist using it.

== [[Mining|Bitcoin mining]] is a waste of energy and harmful for ecology ==
No more so than the wastefulness of mining gold out of the ground, melting it down and shaping it into bars, and then putting it back underground again. Not to mention the building of big fancy buildings, the waste of energy printing and minting all the various fiat currencies, the transportation thereof in armored cars by no less than two security guards for each who could probably be doing something more productive, etc. 

As far as mediums of exchange go, Bitcoin is actually quite economical of resources, compared to others.

'''Economic Argument 1'''

[[Mining|Bitcoin mining]] is a highly competitive, dynamic, almost [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_market perfect], market.   Mining rigs can be set up and dismantled almost anywhere in the world with relative ease.   Thus, market forces are constantly pushing mining activity to ''places'' and ''times'' where the marginal price of electricity is low or zero.    These electricity products are cheap for a reason.   Often it’s because the electricity is difficult (and wasteful) to transport, difficult to store, or because there is low demand and high supply.  Using electricity in this way is a lot less wasteful than simply plugging a mining rig into the mains indiscriminately. 

For example, Iceland produces an excess of cheap electricity from renewable sources, but it has no way of exporting electricity because of its remote location. It is conceivable that at some point in future Bitcoin mining will only be profitable in places like Iceland, and unprofitable in places like central Europe, where electricity comes mostly from nuclear and fossil sources.   

Market forces could even push mining into innovative solutions that have an effective electricity consumption of ''zero''.   Mining always produces heat equivalent to the energy consumed - for example, 1000 watts of mining equipment produces the same amount of heat as a 1000 watt heating element used in an electric space heater, hot tub, water heater, or similar appliance.  Someone already in a willing position to incur the cost of electricity for its heat value alone could run mining equipment specially designed to mine bitcoins while capturing and utilizing the heat produced, without incurring any energy costs beyond what they already intended to spend on heating.

'''Economic Argument 2'''

When the environmental costs of mining are considered, they need to be weighed up against the benefits.   If you question Bitcoin on the grounds that it consumes electricity, then you should also ask questions like this: Will Bitcoin promote economic growth by freeing up trade?  Will this speed up the rate of technological innovation? Will this lead to faster development of green technologies? Will Bitcoin enable new, border crossing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid smart grid] technologies?  …

Dismissal of Bitcoin because of its costs, while ignoring its benefits, is a dishonest argument. In fact, any environmental argument of this type is dishonest, not just pertaining to Bitcoin.  Along similar lines, it could be argued that wind turbines are bad for the environment because making the steel structure consumes energy.

'''Ratio of Capital Costs versus Electrical Costs'''

The BFL Jalapeno hashes at 5.5 Gh/s using 30W.  That device consumes about $40 per year in electricity (using U.S. residential average of about $0.15 per kWh.)   But the device costs over $300 including shipping.  Thus just about a quarter of all costs over a two-year useful life goes to electricity.  This compares to GPUs where more than 90% of costs over a two-year life went to electricity.  Even more efficient designs can be expected in the future.

== Shopkeepers can't seriously set prices in bitcoins because of the volatile exchange rate ==

The assumption is that bitcoins must be sold immediately to cover operating expenses. If the shopkeeper's back-end expenses were transacted in bitcoins as well, then the exchange rate would be irrelevant. Larger adoption of Bitcoin would make prices [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_%28economics%29 sticky]. Future volatility is expected to decrease, as the size and depth of the market grows. 

In the meantime, many merchants simply regularly pull the latest market rates from the exchanges and automatically update the prices on their websites. Also you might be able to buy a put option in order to sell at a fixed rate for a given amount of time. This would protect you from drops in price and simplify your operations for that time period.

== Like Flooz and e-gold, bitcoins serve as opportunities for criminals and will be shut down ==

* Visa, MasterCard, PayPal, and cash all serve as opportunities for criminals as well, but society keeps them around due to their recognized net benefit.
* Hopefully Bitcoin will grow to the point where no single organization can disrupt the network, or would be better served by helping it.
* Terrorists fly aircraft into buildings, but the governments have not yet abolished consumer air travel. Obviously the public good outweighs the possible bad in their opinion.
* Criminal law differs between jurisdictions.

== Bitcoins will be shut down by the government just like Liberty Dollars were ==

Liberty Dollars started as a commercial venture to establish an alternative US currency, including physical banknotes and coins, backed by precious metals. This, in and of itself, is not illegal. They were prosecuted under counterfeiting laws because the silver coins allegedly resembled US currency.

Bitcoins do not resemble the currency of the US or of any other nation in any way, shape, or form. The word "dollar" is not attached to them in any way.  The "$" symbol is not used in any way.

Bitcoins have no representational similarity whatsoever to US dollars. 

Of course, actually 'shutting down' Liberty Dollars was as easy as arresting the head of the company and seizing the offices and the precious metals used as backing. The decentralized Bitcoin, with no leader, no servers, no office, and no tangible asset backing, does not have the same vulnerability.

== Bitcoin is not decentralized because the developers can dictate the software's behavior ==

The Bitcoin protocol was originally defined by Bitcoin's inventor, [[Satoshi Nakamoto]], and this protocol has now been widely accepted as the standard by the community of miners and users. 

Though the developers of the original Bitcoin client still exert influence over the Bitcoin community, their power to arbitrarily modify the protocol is very limited.  Since the release of Bitcoin v0.3, changes to the protocol have been minor and always in agreement with community consensus.

Protocol modifications, such as increasing the block award from 25 to 50 BTC, are not compatible with clients already running in the network.  If the developers were to release a new client that the majority of miners perceives as corrupt, or in violation of the project’s aims, that client would simply not catch on, and the few users who do try to use it would find that their transactions get rejected by the network.

There are also other [[:Category:Clients|Bitcoin clients made by other developers]] that adhere to the Bitcoin protocol. As more developers create alternative clients, less power will lie with the developers of the original Bitcoin client. 

== Bitcoin is a pyramid scheme ==

Bitcoin is nearly opposite of a pyramid scheme in a mathematical sense. Because Bitcoins are algorithmically made scarce, no exponential benefit is derived from introducing new users to use of it. There is a quantitative benefit in having additional interest or demand, but this is in no way exponential.

== Bitcoin was hacked ==

In the history of Bitcoin, there has never been an attack on the [[block chain]]  that resulted in stolen money from a confirmed output.  Neither has there ever been a reported theft resulting directly from  a vulnerability in the [[Original Bitcoin client|original Bitcoin client]], or a vulnerability in the protocol.  Bitcoin is secured by standard cryptographic functions. These functions have been peer reviewed by cryptography experts and are considered unlikely to be breakable in the foreseeable future.

It is safe to say that the currency itself has never been 'hacked'.   However, several major ''websites'' using the currency have been hacked, often resulting in high profile Bitcoin heists.  These heists are misreported in some media as hacks on Bitcoin itself.   An analogy:  Just because someone stole US dollars from a supermarket till, doesn’t mean that the US dollar as a currency has been 'hacked'.

Most bitcoin thefts are the result of inadequate [[Securing your wallet|wallet security]].  In response to the wave of thefts in 2011 and 2012, the community has developed risk-mitigating measures such as [[Wallet_encryption|wallet encryption]], support for [[BIP_0011|multiple signatures]], [[How_to_set_up_a_secure_offline_savings_wallet|offline wallets]], [[Paper_wallet|paper wallets]], and [[Hardware_wallet|hardware wallets]].  As these measures gain adoption by merchants and users, it is expected that the number of thefts will drop.

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[de:Mythen]]
[[ru:Мифы о биткоине]]</text>
      <sha1>irks4cuwlzef0fnc97sbg4ops6a706e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Securizarea portofelului</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141</id>
      <timestamp>2014-01-30T03:37:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Deocamdata doar adaug pagina in limba engleza(ca sa nu mai apara link-ul rosu).</comment>
      <origin>141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22453" sha1="pcxqatt9du2b9g9y39lwp7jgft2lv4i" xml:space="preserve">==Introduction==

Wallet security can be broken down into two independent goals:
# Protecting your wallet against loss.
# Protecting your wallet against theft.

In the case that your current wallet hasn't been protected adequately (e.g. put online with a weaker password):
# Making a new secure wallet, using appropriate long-term protection.

''For a brief overview see also: [[Wallet Security Dos and Don'ts|Wallet Security Dos and Don'ts]]''

==Paper Wallets==
[[Paper wallet]]s can be used to store bitcoins offline in non-digital format. Using securely generated paper wallets significantly decreases the chances of your bitcoins being stolen by hackers or computer viruses.

Fundamentally, a paper wallet is merely a physical record of a [[private key]] (most commonly written as a sequence of fifty-one alphanumeric characters beginning with a '5') and its corresponding [[public key]]. The private key is used to prove your right to spend the bitcoins transferred to the paper wallet, and as such should be kept hidden and secret. If the private key on a paper wallet is exposed (for example in a photograph) then the wallet may be "swept" by anyone who sees the key. To guard against accidental revelation, the private key displayed on the paper wallet may be encrypted using a password ("BIP38") or split into several different parts ("Shamir's secret sharing scheme"). At the very least, the private key should be well hidden e.g. by folding the wallet in half and sealing it shut.

You can send bitcoins to the public address on your paper wallet as often as you like, and they will be inaccessible until the private key is imported into a "live" wallet. You can use a service such as blockchain.info to verify the balance of your paper wallet, which is a matter of public record. As of version 0.6.0, the bitcoin QT software has a command line feature called "importprivkey" that can load private keys. Online exchanges and wallets such as [[MtGox]], CoinBase and Blockchain.info have features for importing (or "sweeping") paper wallet private keys as well.

=== Software for generating paper wallets ===

Some [[Paper wallet|paper wallet generators]] have been written entirely in HTML/JavaScript to make it fairly easy to generate paper wallets on virtually any operating system. Although these generators use a web browser, they are generally capable of running offline since address generation happens entirely within the web browser. It's advisable to use those services from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD live disc], to ensure that private keys are not compromised by spyware. 

To generate a safer paper wallet, first save the paper wallet generating code to a newly-formatted USB stick and verify the integrity (SHA1 hash or PGP signature) of the code. Then "clean-boot" your computer with a bootable CD (such as a Linux Live CD) while disconnected from the Internet. Insert the USB stick and open the wallet generator's HTML file using a web browser. Print your paper wallets or store them on external media (do not save them on the computer), and then shut down the computer. You may need to load an appropriate printer driver in order to print while booted from the live CD.

=== Tips for making paper wallets ===

* Disconnecting from the Internet guarantees that that the paper wallet generator is truly self-contained and isn't transmitting your keys online. 

* Verifying the integrity of the code (and the trustworthiness of the author) is important to make sure a hacker hasn't modified the HTML so that it generates predictable addresses instead of truly random keys.

* Using a very basic printer is advisable since high-end office printers may have WiFi or internal storage that keeps a cache of printed documents.

* Remember, spyware and viruses often attempt to monitor your computer activities so that their authors can steal from you. They are interested in passwords to online accounts, and anything of value. Bitcoin wallets and private keys are something of value that have already been targeted by malware. If your computer is infected with spyware or viruses - even if there are no symptoms, or your antivirus isn't reporting anything - then anything you type, view, or save on your computer, could potentially be stolen by someone remotely controlling your computer. Your private key can then be intercepted while you enter it, so only enter a Bitcoin private key into your computer when your intent is to redeem its value ''immediately''.

== Hardware wallets ==
[[Hardware wallet]]s are a major effort to provide a good combination of enhanced security and usability.

So far only [http://www.pi-wallet.com/ Pi Wallet] is operational.

==Importance of security updates==

No software is perfect, and from time to time there may be security vulnerabilities found in your Bitcoin client as well.
Be sure you keep your client updated with the latest bug fixes, especially when a new vulnerability is discovered.
We maintain a [[CVEs|list a known vulnerabilities]] on this wiki - you can watch that page to get updates.
Note that you ''don't'' need to be running the latest major client version: some clients, including the popular Bitcoin-Qt, have older versions available with bugfix-only updates.

==Securing the Bitcoin-QT or bitcoind wallet==

Bitcoin transactions send Bitcoins to a specific public key. A Bitcoin address is an encoded hash of a public key. In order to use received Bitcoins, you need to have the private key matching the public key you received with. This is sort of like a super long password associated with an account (the account is the public key). Your Bitcoin wallet contains all of the private keys necessary for spending your received transactions. If you delete your wallet without a backup, then you no longer have the authorization information necessary to claim your coins, and the coins associated with those keys are lost forever.

The wallet contains a pool of queued keys. By default there are 100 keys in the [[key pool]].  The size of the pool is configurable using the "-keypool" command line argument.  When you need an address for whatever reason (send, “new address”, generation, etc.), the key is not actually generated freshly, but taken from this pool. A brand new address is generated to fill the pool back to 100. So when a backup is first created, it has all of your old keys plus 100 unused keys. After sending a transaction, it has 99 unused keys. After a total of 100 new-key actions, you will start using keys that are not in your backup. Since the backup does not have the private keys necessary for authorizing spends of these coins, restoring from the old backup will cause you to lose Bitcoins.

Creating a new address generates a new pair of public and private keys, which are added to your wallet. Each keypair is mostly random numbers, so they cannot be known prior to generation. If you backup your wallet and then create more than 100 new addresses, the keypair associated with the newest addresses will not be in the old wallet because the new keypairs are only known after creating them. Any coins received at these addresses will be lost if you restore from the backup.

The situation is made somewhat more confusing because the receiving addresses shown in the UI are not the only keys in your wallet. Each Bitcoin generation is given a new public key, and, more importantly, each sent transaction also sends some number of Bitcoins back to yourself at a new key. When sending Bitcoins to anyone, you generate a new keypair for yourself and simultaneously send Bitcoins to your new public key and the actual recipient's public key. This is an anonymity feature – it makes tracking Bitcoin transactions much more difficult.

So if you create a backup, do more than 100 things that cause a new key to be used, and then restore from the backup, some Bitcoins will be lost. Bitcoin has not deleted any keys (keys are never deleted) – it has created a new key that is not in your old backup and then sent Bitcoins to it.

== Making a new wallet ==

If a wallet or an encrypted wallet's password has been compromised, it is wise to create a new wallet and transfer the full balance of bitcoins to addresses contained only in the newly created wallet. Examples of ways a wallet may be compromised are through password re-use, minimal strength passwords, computer hack or virus attack.

There are a number of ways to create a new wallet with Bitcoin-QT or bitcoind but this is a process that has been tested with bitcoind 0.6.3. We use the copy command to minimize the chance of any data loss but you are warned to make backups of any wallet.dat that holds a balance for you.

:1. Shut down the Bitcoin program.
:2. Find and make a backup of the "compromised" wallet.dat file and rename it, perhaps adding a short description:
:::wallet.dat -&gt;  wallet-compromised.dat
:Depending on your OS, the wallet file will be located at:
:::Windows: %APPDATA%\Bitcoin\
:::Linux: ~/.bitcoin/
:::Mac: ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/
:3. Start the Bitcoin program and it will create a new wallet.dat. You may then encrypt the wallet as desired and make a new backup.
:4. Once you've made a new wallet, you can obtain one or more addresses and copy them into a text editor. After obtaining the new address(es), shut down the Bitcoin program, make a backup of the new wallet.dat file and copy it to a new file named wallet-new.dat.
:5. Copy the wallet-compromised.dat file back to wallet.dat, start the Bitcoin program and transfer your balance to the new address(es) you put in your text editor. Once the balance is back to 0 for your compromised wallet, you may want to wait a couple minutes or for a confirmation or check block explorer to be sure the transactions have been broadcasted. Then you may shut down the Bitcoin program.
:6. Rename wallet.dat to wallet-compromised.dat. 
:7. Rename wallet-new.dat to wallet.dat.

You should now have a new wallet with all the bitcoins from the old wallet.

==Making a secure workspace==

If you are using your computer to handle bitcoins, a wallet, Bitcoin-related passwords, or Bitcoin private keys, you must take care that the system is free of malware, viruses, keyloggers, remote access tools, and other tools that may be used to make remote copies of any of the above. In the case that your computer is compromised, the precautions taken below may provide additional protection.

===Debian-based Linux===

The first step is to make a [http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/ubuntu/add-a-user-on-ubuntu-server/ new user]. In order for that new user to have an encrypted home directory, you'll first need the encryption utility. Run:

&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install ecryptfs-utils&lt;/code&gt;

Now you're ready to create a new user

&lt;code&gt;sudo adduser --encrypt-home new_user_name&lt;/code&gt;

You'll need to come up with a [[#Choosing_A_Strong_Password|secure]] new password for that user.

When you get to the prompt 'Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default', just keep hitting ENTER.

Then switch user to the new user.  To get to the new user you can use the switch user icon for your system, which on Ubuntu is in the 'System/Quit' screen, or if there is no switch icon on your system you can log out and log back in as the new user.

Since the home folder of this user is encrypted, if you're not logged in as that user, data that is saved there can't be browsed, even by a root user. If something goes wrong with your system, and you need to decrypt the new user's files, you'll need its decryption key.

&lt;code&gt;ecryptfs-unwrap-passphrase&lt;/code&gt;

It will ask you for your user's password and give you the decryption key. '''WRITE DOWN OR SAVE THE CODE IT RETURNS''' because you will need it if you ever have to pull your data off while the OS is not working. (You can run it again later if you need to, but run it now so that you can get your data if your Linux install gets botched.)

The encrypted folder data is not encrypted while it's in memory, and so if it's ever sent to the swap partition it can be stolen from there unless that too is encrypted - be aware that this will mean you cannot use Hibernate anymore, as the bootloader won't be able to restore the hibernation data.

&lt;code&gt;ecryptfs-setup-swap&lt;/code&gt;

Then click on a folder in the new user to display the file browser, then keep going up folders until you see the new user home directory, then right click to bring up the Properties dialog, then click on the Permissions tab, then in the Others section, set the folder access to None.

For secure browsing, open Firefox, and then go into the Edit menu and click Preferences.  Starting from the left, click on the General tab, and in the 'Startup/When Firefox starts' pop up menu, choose 'Show a Blank Page'.  Then click on the Content tab, and deselect 'Load images automatically' and deselect 'Enable JavaScript'.  Then click on the Privacy tab, and in the 'History/Firefox will' pop up menu, choose 'Never remember history'.  Then click on the Security tab, and in the Passwords section, deselect 'Remember passwords for sites' and deselect 'Use a master password'.  Then click on the Advanced tab, then click on the Update tab, and then in the 'Automatically check for updates to' section, deselect 'Add-ons' and 'Search Engines'.

When JavaScript is disabled, the [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/files/Bitcoin/bitcoin-0.3.23/bitcoin-0.3.23-linux.tar.gz/download Linux download page] will not download automatically, so you'll have to click on the 'direct link' part of the "Problems with the download? Please use this 'direct link' or try another mirror." line.

===Mac===
This solution '''does not scale'''; the amount of needed space can grow beyond the image size.

===Windows===

Due to the frequency with which Windows computers are compromised, it is advised to encrypt your wallet or to keep your wallet on an encrypted disk image created by third-party software, such as [http://www.truecrypt.org/ TrueCrypt] (open source) or [http://www.jetico.com/encryption-bestcrypt/ Jetico BestCrypt] (commercial). This also applies to the storage of passwords, private keys and other data that can be used to access any of your Bitcoin balances.

Assuming that you have installed the Windows Bitcoin client and run it at least once, the process is described below.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To mount the Bitcoin data directory on an encrypted drive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol start=1 type=1&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Use the third-party disk image encryption program of your choice to create and mount an encrypted disk image of at least 5GB in size. This procedure stores the entire block chain database with the wallet.dat file so the required size of the encrypted disk image required may grow in the future.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Locate the Bitcoin data directory, and copy the directory with all contents to the encrypted drive.
&lt;p&gt;For help finding this directory, see &lt;b&gt;[[Securing_your_wallet#Locating_Bitcoin_s_data_directory|Locating Bitcoin's Data Directory]]&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Create a Windows shortcut that starts Bitcoin with the &lt;code&gt;-datadir&lt;/code&gt; parameter and specifies the encrypted drive and directory.
&lt;p&gt;For example, if you installed Bitcoin in the default directory, mounted your Bitcoin encrypted drive as &lt;code&gt;E:\&lt;/code&gt;, and stored your Bitcoin data directory on it as &lt;code&gt;Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;, you would type the following command as the shortcut Target:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\Program Files\Bitcoin\bitcoin.exe -datadir=E:\Bitcoin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Bitcoin's settings and configure it &lt;b&gt;NOT&lt;/b&gt; to start automatically when you start Windows.
&lt;p&gt;This is to allow you to mount the Bitcoin encrypted disk image before starting Bitcoin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Shut down Bitcoin, and then restart it from the new shortcut.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

After doing this, any time you want to use Bitcoin, you must first mount the Bitcoin encrypted disk image using the same drive designation, and then run Bitcoin from the shortcut that you created, so that it can find its data and your wallet.


=== General Solutions ===

Your wallet.dat file is not encrypted by the Bitcoin program by default but the most current release of the Bitcoin client provides a method to encrypt with a passphrase the private keys stored in the wallet. Anyone who can access an unencrypted wallet can easily steal all of your coins.  Use one of these encryption programs if there is any chance someone might gain access to your wallet.
* [http://www.7-zip.org/ 7-zip] - Supports strongly-encrypted archives.
* [http://www.axantum.com/axcrypt/ AxCrypt by Axantum]
* [http://lrzip.kolivas.org lrzip] - Compression software for Linux and OSX that supports very high grade password protected encryption
* [http://www.truecrypt.org/ TrueCrypt] - Volume-based on-the-fly encryption (for advanced users)

There is also a list of [[OpenSourceEncryptionSoftware|open source encryption software.]]

Decrypting and encrypting the wallet.dat every time you start or quit the Bitcoin client can be ''tedious'' (and outright error-prone). If you want to keep your wallet encrypted (except while you're actually running the Bitcoin client), it's better to relegate the automation to a [http://lorelei.kaverit.org/bitcoin.sh small shell script] that handles the en/decryption and starting up Bitcoin client for you (Linux and OSX). 

There is also a method to print out and encrypt your wallet.dat as a special, scannable code. See details here: [[WalletPaperbackup]]

==== Password Strength ====
Brute-force password cracking has come a long way. A password including capitals, numbers, and special characters with a length of 8 characters can be trivially solved now (using appropriate hardware). The recommended length is '''at least''' 12 characters long.  You can also use a multi-word password and there are techniques to increase the strength of your passwords without sacrificing usability. [http://www.baekdal.com/tips/password-security-usability The Usability of Passwords] 

However, simply using dictionary words is also insecure as it opens you up to a dictionary attack. If you use dictionary words, be sure to include random symbols and numbers in the mix as well.

If you use keyfiles in addition to a password, it is unlikely that your encrypted file can ever be cracked using brute-force methods, even when even a 12 character password might be too short.

Assume that any encrypted files you store online (eg. Gmail, Dropbox) will be stored somewhere forever and can never be erased.

===== Choosing A Strong Password =====
Make sure you pick at least one character in each group:&lt;br /&gt;

  Lowercase: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
  Uppercase: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
  Number: 1234567890
  Symbol: `~!@#$%^&amp;*()-_=+\|[{]};:'",&lt;.&gt;/? (space)

  &lt;9 char = unsuitable for use
  09 char = insecure
  10 char = low security
  11 char = medium security
  12 char = good security (good enough for your wallet)
  13 char = very good, enough for anything.

You might want to read [http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/662/what-is-your-way-to-create-good-passwords-that-can-actually-be-remembered What is your way to create good passwords that can actually be remembered?] and [http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/6095/xkcd-936-short-complex-password-or-long-dictionary-passphrase XKCD #936: Short complex password, or long dictionary passphrase?]

== Backing up your wallet ==
See [[Backingup_your_wallet|Backing up your wallet]].

==Erasing Plain-text Wallets==

In most operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X, simply deleting a wallet.dat file will ''not'' generally destroy it. It is likely that advanced tools can still be used to recover the wallet.dat file, even after it has been deleted.

The Linux '''shred''' command can be used to overwrite the wallet file with random data prior to deleting; this particular copy of the file will then be practically impossible to recover.  Using shred (and similar tools on Windows) however does not guarantee that still other copies don't exist somewhere hidden on your HD. That will depend on your system configuration and what packages you have installed. Some system restore and backup tools, for instance, create periodic snapshots of your  filesystem, duplicating your wallet.dat.

In Mac OS, the equivalent of '''shred''' is '''srm''' (introduced in Leopard). Using the Finder to remove files, clicking "Secure Empty Trash" in the Finder menu will shred the contents of the trash can. As with any OS this doesn't guarantee that there are not other copies elsewhere on your system.

For Windows, the built-in command ''cipher /W'' will shred all previously-deleted files. [http://www.cylog.org/utilities/cybershredder.jsp CyberShredder] can securely deleted individual files.

==Online and Mobile Wallets==

Thus far, this article has been discussing the security of a wallet file for Bitcoin-QT or bitcoind that is under your sole control. Additional wallets applications and services have become available that offer other features and more convenience but not without introducing additional risk. When storing bitcoins with an [[eWallet]] such as Instawallet or Easywallet, you are essentially storing your private keys or wallet with that provider. 

Online wallets have a number of pros and cons to consider. For example, you can access your wallet on any computer in the world, but depending on the service, your bitcoins may be lost if the service is compromised. 

Mobile wallet applications are available for Android devices that allow you to send bitcoins by QR code or NFC, but this opens up the possibility of loss if mobile device is compromised. It may be possible to encrypt and backup the wallet or private keys on a mobile device but it is not advisable to store a large amount of bitcoins there without doing your own research and testing.

==See Also==

* [[Data directory]]
* [[How to import private keys]]
* [http://startbitcoin.com/how-to-create-a-secure-bitcoin-wallet/ Secure Bitcoin Wallet Tutorial]
* [[How to set up a secure offline savings wallet]]
* [http://arimaa.com/bitcoin/ Bitcoin Gateway - A Peer-to-peer Bitcoin Vault and Payment Network]
* [http://blog.cyplo.net/2012/04/01/bitcoin-wallet-recovery-photorec/ Find lost wallet eg. after disk format, using Photorec]

[[Category:Security]]

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[[zh-cn:保护你的钱包]]</text>
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      <comment>Alta pagina populara, in engleza(deocamdata).</comment>
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      <text bytes="7529" sha1="lie6jxjxpznrj9rhglrekvgt9a7bpqh" xml:space="preserve">Bitcoin uses a simple broadcast network to propagate transactions and blocks. All communications are done over TCP. Bitcoin is fully able to use ports other than 8333 via the -port parameter. IPv6 is [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=81378.0 suported] with Bitcoind/Bitcoin-Qt v0.7.

== Messages ==
* ''version'' - Information about program version and block count. Exchanged when first connecting.
* ''verack'' - Sent in response to a version message to acknowledge that we are willing to connect.
* ''addr'' - List of one or more IP addresses and ports.
* ''inv'' - "I have these blocks/transactions: ..." Normally sent only when a ''new'' block or transaction is being relayed. This is only a list, not the actual data.
* ''getdata'' - Request a single block or transaction by hash.
* ''getblocks'' - Request an ''inv'' of all blocks in a range.
* ''getheaders'' - Request a ''headers'' message containing all block headers in a range.
* ''tx'' - Send a transaction. This is sent only in response to a ''getdata'' request.
* ''block'' - Send a block. This is sent only in response to a ''getdata'' request.
* ''headers'' - Send up to 2,000 block headers. Non-generators can download the headers of blocks instead of entire blocks.
* ''getaddr'' - Request an ''addr'' message containing a bunch of known-active peers (for bootstrapping).
* ''submitorder'', ''checkorder'', and ''reply'' - Used when performing an [[IP address|IP transaction]].
* ''alert'' - Send a network alert.
* ''ping'' - Does nothing. Used to check that the connection is still online. A TCP error will occur if the connection has died.

More information and in-depth technical information is in the [[Protocol Specification]].

== Connection ==

To connect to a peer, you send a ''version'' message containing your version number, block count, and current time. The remote peer will send back a ''verack'' message and his own ''version'' message if he is accepting connections from your version. You will respond with your own ''verack'' if you are accepting connections from his version.

The time data from all of your peers is collected, and the median is used by Bitcoin for all network tasks that use the time (except for other version messages).

You then exchange ''getaddr'' and ''addr'' messages, storing all addresses that you don't know about. ''addr'' messages often contain only one address, but sometimes contain up to 1000. This is most common at the beginning of an exchange.

== Standard relaying ==

When someone sends a transaction, they send an ''inv'' message containing it to all of their peers. Their peers will request the full transaction with ''getdata''. If they consider the transaction valid after receiving it, they will also broadcast the transaction to all of their peers with an ''inv'', and so on. Peers ask for or relay transactions only if they don't already have them. A peer will never rebroadcast a transaction that it already knows about, though transactions will eventually be forgotten if they don't get into a block after a while. The sender and receiver of the transaction will rebroadcast, however.

Anyone who is generating will collect valid received transactions and work on including them in a block. When someone does find a block, they send an ''inv'' containing it to all of their peers, as above. It works the same as transactions.

Everyone broadcasts an ''addr'' containing their own IP address every 24 hours. Nodes relay these messages to a couple of their peers and store the address if it's new to them. Through this system, everyone has a reasonably clear picture of which IPs are connected to the network at the moment. After connecting to the network, you get added to everyone's address database almost instantly because of your initial ''addr''.

Network alerts are broadcast with ''alert'' messages. No ''inv''-like system is used; these contain the entire alert. If a received alert is valid (signed by one of the people with the private key), it is relayed to all peers. For as long as an alert is still in effect, it is rebroadcast at the start of every new connection.

== Initial block download ==

At the start of a connection, you send a ''getblocks'' message containing the hash of the latest block you know about. If the peer doesn't think that this is the latest block, it will send an ''inv'' that contains up to 500 blocks ahead of the one you listed. You will then request all of these blocks with ''getdata'', and the peer will send them to you with ''block'' messages. After you have downloaded and processed all of these blocks, you will send another ''getblocks'', etc., until you have all of the blocks.

== Thin SPV Clients ==

[[BIP 0037]] introduced support for thin or lite clients by way of Simple Payment Verification. SPV clients do not need to download the full block contents to verify the existence of funds in the blockchain, but rely on the chain of block headers and bloom filters to obtain the data they need from other nodes. This method of client communication allows high security trustless communication with full nodes, but at the expensive of some privacy as the peers can deduce which addresses the SPV client is seeking information about. 

[[MultiBit]] and [[Bitcoin Wallet]] work in this fashion using the library [[bitcoinj]] as their foundation.  

== Bootstrapping ==

You choose which peers to connect to by sorting your address database by the time since you last saw the address and then adding a bit of randomization.

Bitcoin has three methods of finding peers.

=== Addr ===

The ''addr'' messages described above create an effect similar to the IRC bootstrapping method. You know reasonably quickly whenever a peer joins, though you won't know for a while when they leave.

Bitcoin comes with a list of addresses known as "seed nodes". If you are unable to connect to IRC and you've never connected to the network before, the client will update the address database by connecting to one of the nodes from this list.

The -addnode command line option can be used to manually add a node.  The -connect option can force bitcoin to connect only to a specific node.

=== DNS ===

Bitcoin looks up the IP Addresses of several host names and adds those to the list of potential addresses.  This is the default seeding mechanism, as of v0.6.x and later.

=== IRC ===

As-of version 0.6.x of the Bitcoin client, IRC bootstrapping is no longer enabled by default.  The information below is accurate for most versions prior.

Bitcoin joins a random channel between #bitcoin00 and #bitcoin99 on irc.lfnet.org. Your nick is set to an encoded form of your IP address. By decoding all the nicks of all users on the channel, you get a list of all IP addresses currently connected to Bitcoin.

For hosts that cannot make outbound connections on port 6667, the lfnet servers are also [[FAQ#Do_I_need_to_configure_my_firewall_to_run_bitcoin?|listening on port 7777]].

== Heartbeat ==

If thirty minutes or more has passed since the client has transmitted any messages it will transmit a message to keep the connection to the peer node alive.

If ninety minutes has passed since a peer node has communicated any messages, then the client will assume that connection has closed.

== See Also ==

* [[Protocol Specification]]
* [[Satoshi Client Node Discovery]]
* [http://bitcoinstatus.rowit.co.uk/ Historical Network Status (no longer updated)]
* [http://getaddr.bitnodes.io/ Bitnodes.io's network size estimate]

[[Category:Technical]]

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      <comment>Pagină nouă: M-ai găsit!</comment>
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      <comment>Format nou.</comment>
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|Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|&amp;#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }}
|template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}}
|Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}}
}}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}}
|[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5g1u9hp5j9js9q4dk7da3j3a3939bvu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:As of</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>41</id>
    <revision>
      <id>172</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:47:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;!--{{As of}} begin--&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--  ## param 1 is the year ## optional param 2 is the month ## optional param 3 is the day of the month ## optional named parameter alt=[text] ...</comment>
      <origin>172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2015" sha1="mizf5fclexkr9gy8zvivhx260yw9fm5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{As of}} begin--&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--

## param 1 is the year
## optional param 2 is the month
## optional param 3 is the day of the month
## optional named parameter alt=[text] is alternative display text (may include wiki markup)
## optional named parameter df=US produces American date format in displayed text
## optional named parameter lc=on gives lower-case-first output
## optional named parameter url=[URL] gives statement reference

## displayed text ([A/a]s of [Start date] by default)
--&gt;{{#if: {{{alt|}}} | {{{alt}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{lc}}} | {{{lc|}}} | a | A }}s of {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{Start date | {{{1}}} | {{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}} | {{{3}}} | df={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{df|}}}}}|us||yes}} }} | {{#if: {{{2|}}} | {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} }} {{{1}}} }}}}&lt;!--

## ref/update inline banner (hidden by default)
--&gt;&lt;sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag {{#if:{{{url|}}}|ref|update}}" style="display:none;"&gt;[{{#if:{{{url|}}}|{{{url}}} &amp;#91;ref&amp;#93;|{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} &amp;#91;update&amp;#93;}}]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--

## categorisation disabled outside main namespace
--&gt;{{DMCA|Articles containing potentially dated statements|from|&lt;!--

## temporal category for template (word method)
--&gt;{{#if: {{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} = 1 }} | {{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} &gt; 2004 | {{{1}}} | {{#ifexpr: {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} &gt; 1989 | {{#time:Y|{{{1}}}}} | before 1990 }}}} | &lt;!--

## temporal category for template (parameter method)
--&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &gt; 2004 | {{#if:{{{2|}}} | {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} }} {{{1}}} | {{#ifexpr:{{{1}}} &gt; 1989 | {{{1}}} | before 1990 }}}}}}|&lt;!--

## global category for template
--&gt;All articles containing potentially dated statements}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;!--{{As of}} end--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- 

## dynamic example (as of today, self ref)

--&gt;As of {{Start date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|df=yes}}&lt;sup class="plainlinks"&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:As_of &amp;#91;ref&amp;#93;]&lt;/sup&gt;

{{documentation}}

&lt;!-- Add categories and inter-wikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt; 

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mizf5fclexkr9gy8zvivhx260yw9fm5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:Start date</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>42</id>
    <revision>
      <id>173</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:48:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if: {{{4|}}}   |{{#if: {{{5|}}}      |{{padleft:{{{4}}}|2|0}}:{{padleft:{{{5}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{6|}}}                                                    |&amp;#58;{{padl...</comment>
      <origin>173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1041" sha1="gv7yy9puklvf23fh75dyfhgipe0mkrt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if: {{{4|}}}
  |{{#if: {{{5|}}}
     |{{padleft:{{{4}}}|2|0}}:{{padleft:{{{5}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{6|}}}
                                                   |&amp;#58;{{padleft:{{{6}}}|2|0}} }},&amp;#32;}} }}&lt;!--ABOVE FOR TIME; BELOW FOR DATE
--&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}
     |{{#if: {{{2|}}}
        |{{#if: {{{3|}}}
           |{{#if: {{{df|}}}|{{#expr:{{{3}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{#expr:{{{3}}}}},}} {{{1}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{{1}}}}}|{{{1}}}}}}}{{#if: {{{7|}}}
              |&amp;#32;({{#ifeq: {{{7}}}|Z|UTC|{{{7}}}}})}}&lt;!-- BELOW FOR hCalendar
--&gt;&lt;span style="display:none"&gt;&amp;#160;(&lt;span class="bday dtstart published updated"&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}
  | {{{1}}}{{#if: {{{2|}}}
     | -{{padleft:{{{2}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{3|}}}
        | -{{padleft:{{{3}}}|2|0}} }} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{4|}}}
     | T{{padleft:{{{4}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{5|}}}
        | &amp;#58;{{padleft:{{{5}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{6|}}}
           | &amp;#58;{{padleft:{{{6}}}|2|0}} }} }} }} }}{{{7|}}}&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gv7yy9puklvf23fh75dyfhgipe0mkrt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:MONTHNAME</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>43</id>
    <revision>
      <id>174</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:49:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incor...</comment>
      <origin>174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="387" sha1="4cf5sge5nt8b4gwjre9u8yifa3kstt2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4cf5sge5nt8b4gwjre9u8yifa3kstt2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:MONTHNUMBER</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>44</id>
    <revision>
      <id>175</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}  |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}}   |january|jan=1   |february|feb=2   |march|mar=3   |apr|april=4   |may=5   |june|jun=6   |july|jul=7   |august|aug=8   |sept...</comment>
      <origin>175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="mqnyq8bnd6mmrrl70a3uwqgeo8aevfc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}
 |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}}
  |january|jan=1
  |february|feb=2
  |march|mar=3
  |apr|april=4
  |may=5
  |june|jun=6
  |july|jul=7
  |august|aug=8
  |september|sep|sept=9
  |october|oct=10
  |november|nov=11
  |december|dec=12
  |{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&lt;0
   |{{#ifexpr:(({{{1}}})round 0)!=({{{1}}})
    |{{#expr:12-(((0.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}}
    |{{#expr:12-(((11.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}}
   }}
  |{{#expr:(((10.5+{{{1}}})round 0)mod 12)+1}}
  }}
 }}
 |Missing required parameter 1=''month''!
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mqnyq8bnd6mmrrl70a3uwqgeo8aevfc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:DMCA</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>45</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: {{Dated maintenance category  |onlyarticles=yes  |1={{{1|}}}  |2={{{2|}}}  |3={{{3|}}}  |4={{{4|}}}  |5={{{5|}}} }}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation|Template:Dated maintenance category/d...</comment>
      <origin>176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="197" sha1="cl1tba6o83bu6hpmnvwvbcse6qwofoo" xml:space="preserve">{{Dated maintenance category
 |onlyarticles=yes
 |1={{{1|}}}
 |2={{{2|}}}
 |3={{{3|}}}
 |4={{{4|}}}
 |5={{{5|}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation|Template:Dated maintenance category/doc}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cl1tba6o83bu6hpmnvwvbcse6qwofoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:Dated maintenance category</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>46</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;!-- n/a on this wiki --&gt;</comment>
      <origin>177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25" sha1="0mrxndgr3x6ia0tdckaw8p61bnhx02f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- n/a on this wiki --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0mrxndgr3x6ia0tdckaw8p61bnhx02f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:Citation needed</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>47</id>
    <redirect title="Format:Cite" />
    <revision>
      <id>178</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:51:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecționat înspre [[Format:Cite]]</comment>
      <origin>178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="s12n6xpnz34ei05i7sctzrbotu0o3xt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Cite]]</text>
      <sha1>s12n6xpnz34ei05i7sctzrbotu0o3xt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Format:Cite</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48</id>
    <revision>
      <id>179</id>
      <timestamp>2014-02-01T01:52:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pagină nouă: &lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[Citation Needed]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Pages needing citations]]&lt;/includeonly&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt;  == Usage == * &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; gen...</comment>
      <origin>179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="349" sha1="1obva8t3fqx5zo9kygxrivb23cychyy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[Citation Needed]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Pages needing citations]]&lt;/includeonly&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt;

== Usage ==
* &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; generates:
::Trading might benefit from an escrow such that bitcoins are disbursed only after contract terms have been met..{{cite}}

[[Category:Formatting templates|Cite]]</text>
      <sha1>1obva8t3fqx5zo9kygxrivb23cychyy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>CryptoPayment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49</id>
    <revision>
      <id>196</id>
      <timestamp>2014-03-22T23:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CyrusV</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adaugat si tradus pagina CryptoPayment.</comment>
      <origin>196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1608" sha1="0ep2sch4c5n3a01pg7hb6clb7aefqh6" xml:space="preserve">=Despre=

'''CryptoPayment''' este o extensie a MediaWiki menită să limiteze spam-ul prin solicitarea unei mici plăti unice înainte ca un utilizator să fie lăsat să editeze sau să creeze pagini.

Deşi această plată este una mică pentru un utilizator obişnuit, aceasta devine o adevărată barieră pentru cineva care face spam în masă. 

Fondurile trimise către acest wiki for fi folosite pentru a menţine wiki-ul online(găzduire, protecţie DDoS, securitate şi mentenanţă), iar fondurile rămase vor fi folosite pentru a ajuta dezvoltarea Bitcoin.

=Utilizare=

Pentru a putea edita pagini de pe contul vostru de utilizator, vizitaţi '''[[Special:CryptoPayment]]''', unde veţi primi o adresă la care va trebui să trimiteţi o suma modică.

De îndată ce trimiteţi suma către adresa oferită şi tranzacţia este confirmată, contul va fi adăugat automat în [https://en.bitcoin.it/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;group=trusted grupul 'trusted'] şi veţi avea privilegii de editare.

==Confirmarea plăţii==

Plata se va considera achitată după confirmarea sa într-un bloc Bitcoin.

==Codul sursă==

Codul sursă va fi eliberat după rescrierea interfeţei cu bitcoind.

==Întrebări sau comentarii?==

Dacă aveţi întrebări, comentarii sau aveţi nevoie de ajutor, postaţi pe [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=168.0 Forumul Bitcoin Wiki]. De asemenea ne puteţi găsi şi pe canalul [http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#bitcoin-wiki #bitcoin-wiki pe freenode IRC]. Va rugăm adresaţi întrebările acolo şi aşteptaţi câteva ore pentru un răspuns.</text>
      <sha1>0ep2sch4c5n3a01pg7hb6clb7aefqh6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bitcoin Fog</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50</id>
    <revision>
      <id>204</id>
      <timestamp>2014-07-23T18:38:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salivann</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bitcoin Fog</comment>
      <origin>204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="222" sha1="bqnl47yamy5kdip5ridp4kret60x4or" xml:space="preserve">[http://www.bitcoinfog.org Bitcoin Fog] - Serviciu de amestec sau de un portofel on-line.

* [http://www.bitcoinfog.org Bitcoin Fog]
* [http://kho5kdoolpw5lssj.onion Bitcoin Fog] .onion

[[Category:Serviciu de amestecare]]</text>
      <sha1>bqnl47yamy5kdip5ridp4kret60x4or</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>208</id>
      <parentid>204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-10-04T20:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taras</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="125" sha1="4hou156cy7fa1yv4hkvcl7c7j2botur" xml:space="preserve">[http://www.bitcoinfog.com Bitcoin Fog] - Serviciu de amestec sau de un portofel on-line.
[[Category:Serviciu de amestecare]]</text>
      <sha1>4hou156cy7fa1yv4hkvcl7c7j2botur</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categorie:Serviciu de amestecare</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>51</id>
    <revision>
      <id>205</id>
      <timestamp>2014-07-23T18:53:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salivann</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anonimatul</comment>
      <origin>205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="71" sha1="f2xamugqs2zdemixwd53za2luhtpi22" xml:space="preserve">Scopul unui serviciu de amestecare este de a îmbunătăți anonimatul.</text>
      <sha1>f2xamugqs2zdemixwd53za2luhtpi22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52</id>
    <redirect title="Pagina principală" />
    <revision>
      <id>207</id>
      <timestamp>2014-10-04T20:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taras</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecționat înspre [[Pagina principală]]</comment>
      <origin>207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="f1ezx86ansyad5gvx8o7a0pihoam7z3" xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Pagina principală]]</text>
      <sha1>f1ezx86ansyad5gvx8o7a0pihoam7z3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>